A preliminary investigation into the effect of yoga practice on mindfulness and flow in elite youth swimmers

Sport Psychologist

Volumn 27, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 349-359

  Briegel Jones, Richard M H ^a   Knowles, Zoe ^a   Eubank, Martin R ^a   Giannoulatos, Katie ^b   Elliot, Diane ^c  

^a LIVERPOOL JOHN MOORES UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b Yoga Inspiration   (United Kingdom)

^c UK Amateur Swimming Association   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Mixed methods; Performance based intervention

Indexed keywords

EID: 84891764736     PISSN: 08884781     EISSN: 15432793     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1123/tsp.27.4.349     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Anderson, D., Ferreira, C., & Ferretti, A. (2010). Yoga of champions. Yoga Journal, 226, 34-36. Retrieved from http:// www.yogajournal.com/lifestyle/2981
2. Aherne, C., Moran, A.P., & Lonsdale, C. (2011). The effect of mindfulness training on athletes' flow: An initial investigation. The Sport Psychologist, 25, 177-189.
3. Baer, R.A., Smith, G.T., & Allen, K.B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky inventory of mindfulness skills. Assessment, 11, 191-206 10.1177/1073191104268029.
4. Bal, B.S., & Kaur, P.J. (2009). Effects of selected asanas in hatha yoga on agility and flexibility level. Journal of Sport and Health Research, 1(2), 75-87.
5. Beilock, S.L., Afremow, J.A., Rabe, A.L., & Carr, T.H. (2001). "Don't miss!" The debilitating effects of suppressive imagery on golf putting performance. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 23, 200-221.
6. Benson, H. (1975). The Relaxation Response. New York: Morrow.
7. Benson, H. (1983). The relaxation response: Its subjective and objective historical precedents and physiology. Trends in Neurosciences, 6, 281-284. doi:10.1016/0166- 2236(83)90120-0
8. Bernier, M., Thienot, E., Codron, R., & Fournier, J.F. (2009). Mindfulness and acceptance approaches in sport performance. Journal of Clinical Sports Psychology, 4, 320-333.
9. Binsch, O., Oudejeans, R.R.D., Bakker, F.C., & Savelsbergh, G.J.P. (2009). Unwanted effects in aiming actions: The relationship between gaze behaviour and performance in a golf putting task. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, 628-635. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.05.005
10. Bodner, T., & Langer, E. (2001). Individual differences in mindfulness: The Langer Mindfulness Scale. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Society, Toronto, Canada.
11. Brisbon, N.M., & Lowery, G.A. (2011). Mindfulness and levels of stress: A comparison of beginner and advanced Hatha yoga practitioners. Journal of Religion and Health, 50(4), 931-941. PubMed doi:10.1007/s10943-009-9305-3
12. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. New York: Harper Collins.
13. Cox, R.H. (2007). Sport Psychology: Concepts and Applications. New York: McGraw-Hill.
14. Gardner, F.L., & Moore, Z.E. (2004). A mindfulness-acceptance- commitment-based approach to athletic performance enhancement: Theoretical considerations. Behavior Therapy, 35, 707-723. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80016-9
15. Gibson, F. (2007). Conducting focus groups with children and young people: Strategies for success. Journal of Research in Nursing, 12(5), 473-483. doi:10.1177/1744987107079791
16. Gooding, A., & Gardner, F.L. (2009). An empirical investigation on the relationship between mindfulness, pre shot routine, and basketball free throw percentage. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 3, 303-319.
17. Greco, L.A., Baer, R.A., & Smith, G.T. (2011). Assessing mindfulness in children and adolescents: Development and validation of the child and adolescent mindfulness measure (CAMM). Psychological Assessment, 23(3), 606-614. PubMed doi:10.1037/a0022819
18. Greco, L.A., & Hayes, S.C. (Eds.). (2008). Acceptance and mindfulness treatments for children and adolescents: A practitioner's guide. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.
19. Harinath, K., Malhotra, A.S., Pal, K., Prasad, R., Kumar, R., Kain, T.C., & Sawhney, R.C. (2004). Effects of hatha yoga and omkar meditation on cardiorespiratory performance, psychologic profile, and melatonin secretion. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.), 10(2), 261-268. PubMed doi:10.1089/107555304323062257
20. Hart, C.E.F., & Tracy, B.L. (2008). Yoga as steadiness training: Effects on motor variability in young adults. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(5), 1659-1669. PubMed doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31818200dd
21. Hartfiel, N., Havenhand, J., Khalsa, S.B., Clarke, G., & Krayer, A. (2011). The effectiveness of yoga for the improvement of well-being and resilience to stress in the workplace. Scandanavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 37(1), 70-76. PubMed doi:10.5271/sjweh.2916
22. Hatzigeorgiadis, A., & Biddle, S.J.H. (2000). Assessing cognitive interference in sport: Development of the Thought Occurrence Questionnaire for Sport. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 13, 65-86 10.1080/10615800008248334.
23. Jackson, S.A. (2000). Joy, fun, and flow state in sport. In Y.L. Hanin (Ed.), Emotions in Sport (pp. 135-155). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
24. Jackson, S.A., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1999). Flow in sports: The key to optimal experience and performances. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
25. Jackson, S.A., Martin, A.J., & Eklund, R.C. (2008). Long and short measures of flow: The construct validity of the FSS-2, DFS-2, and new brief counterparts. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 30, 561-587. PubMed
26. Jackson, S.A., & Roberts, G.C. (1992). Positive performance states of athletes: Towards a conceptual understanding of peak performance. The Sport Psychologist, 6, 156-171.
27. Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 144-156. doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg016
28. Kaufman, K.A., Glass, C.R., & Arnkoff, D.B. (2009). An evaluation of Mindful Sport Performance Enhancement (MSPE): A new mental training approach for promoting flow in athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 3(4), 334-356.
29. Kee, Y.H., & Wang, C.K.J. (2008). Relationships between mindfulness, flow dispositions and mental skills adoption: A cluster analytic approach. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9, 393-411. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.07.001
30. Khalsa, S.B.S., Shorter, S.M., Cope, S., Wyshak, G., & Sklar, E. (2009). Yoga ameliorates performance anxiety and mood disturbance in young professional musicians. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 34, 279-289. PubMed doi:10.1007/s10484-009-9103-4
31. Knowles, Z.R., Parnell, D., Stratton, G., & Ridgers, N.D. (2013).Learning from the experts: Exploring playground experience and activities using a write and draw technique. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 10(3), 406-415. PubMed
32. Lutkenhouse, J., Gardner, F.L., & Moore, Z.E. (2007). A randomized controlled trial comparing the performance enhancement effects of Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment (MAC) performance enhancement and psychological skills training procedures.
33. Mackintosh, K.A., Knowles, Z.R., Ridgers, N.D., & Fairclough, S.J. (2011). Using formative research to develop physical activity. CHANGE!: A curriculum-based health-education intervention. BMC Public Health, 11, 831 10.1186/1471- 2458-11-831. PubMed doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-831
34. Patton, M.Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
35. Ravizza, K. (2002). A philosophical construct: A framework for performance enhancement. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 33, 4-18.
36. Reise, S.P., & Waller, N.G. (2009). Item response theory and clinical measurement. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, 27-48. PubMed doi:10.1146/annurev. clinpsy.032408.153553
37. Ridgers, N.D., Knowles, Z., & Sayers, J. (2012). Play in the natural environment: A child-focused evaluation of forest school. Children's Geographies, 1(10), 55-71.
38. Ross, A., & Thomas, S. (2010). The health benefits of yoga and exercise: a review of comparison studies. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.), 16(1), 3-12. PubMed doi:10.1089/acm.2009.0044
39. Salmon, P., Lush, E., Jablonski, M., & Sephton, S.E. (2009). Yoga and mindfulness: Clinical aspects of an ancient mind/body practice. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16, 59-72. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2008.07.002
40. Schwanhausser, L. (2009). Application of the mindfulnessacceptance- commitment (MAC) protocol with an adolescent springboard diver. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 4, 377-395.
41. Smith, C., Hancock, H., Blake-Mortimer, J., & Eckert, K. (2007). A Randomised comparative trial of yoga and relaxation to reduce stress and anxiety. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 15(2), 77-83. PubMed doi:10.1016/j. ctim.2006.05.001
42. Streeter, C.C., Whitfield, T.H., Owen, L., Rein, T., Karri, S.K., Yakhkind, A., & Jensen, J.E. (2010). Effects of yoga versus walking on mood, anxiety, and brain GABA levels: A randomized controlled MRS study. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.), 16(11), 1145-1152. PubMed doi:10.1089/acm.2010.0007
43. Thompson, R.W., Kaufman, K.A., De Petrillo, L.A., Glass, C.R., & Arnkoff, D.B. (2011). One year follow-up of mindful sport performance enhancement (MSPE) with archers, golfers, and runners. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 5, 99-116.
44. Vaughn, S., Schumm, J.S., & Sinagub, J. (1996). Focus group interviews in education and psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
45. Vishnudevananda, S. (1995). The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga. New York: Crown Publications.
46. Wegner, D.M. (1994). Ironic processes of mental control. Psychological Review, 101, 34-52. PubMed doi:10.1037/0033-295X.101.1.34
47. Wegner, D.M., Ansfield, M., & Pilloff, D. (1998). The putt and the pendulum: Ironic effects of the mental control of action. Psychological Science, 9, 196-199. doi:10.1111/1467- 9280.00037
48. Woodman, T., & Davis, P.A. (2008). The role of repression in the incidence of ironic errors. The Sport Psychologist, 22, 183-196.