Tobacco harm reduction: The need for new products that can compete with cigarettes

Addictive Behaviors

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 507-511

  Fagerström, Karl Olov ^a   Bridgman, Kevin ^b  

^a Smoker's Information Centre   (Sweden)

^b Nicoventures Limited   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

E cigarettes; Nicotine; Nicotine replacement therapy; Tobacco harm reduction

Indexed keywords

ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE; NICOTINE;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CONTROLLED STUDY; HARM REDUCTION; NICOTINE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SMOKELESS TOBACCO; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION; SWEDEN; TOBACCO; UNITED KINGDOM;

E-CIGARETTES; NICOTINE; NICOTINE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; TOBACCO HARM REDUCTION;

DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; HARM REDUCTION; HUMANS; NEBULIZERS AND VAPORIZERS; NICOTINE; NICOTINIC AGONISTS; PUBLIC HEALTH; SMOKING; TOBACCO PRODUCTS; TOBACCO USE; TOBACCO USE CESSATION PRODUCTS;

EID: 84891746076     PISSN: 03064603     EISSN: 18736327     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.11.002     Document Type: Review

References (61)

1. ASH (Action on Smoking, Health) Nicotine replacement therapy guidelines for healthcare professionals on using nicotine replacement therapy for smokers not yet ready to stop smoking 2007, (17 pp.).
2. ASH (Action on Smoking, Health) E-cigarette use in Great Britain: 2010 and 2012 2012, (5 pp.).
3. ASH (Action on Smoking, Health) Use of e-cigarettes in Great Britain among adults and young people 2013, (4 pp.).
4. Benowitz N.L. Clinical pharmacology of nicotine: Implications for understanding, preventing, and treating tobacco addiction. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2008, 83:531-541.
5. Benowitz N.L., Hansson A., Jacob P.I. Cardiovascular effects of nasal and transdermal nicotine and cigarette smoking. Hypertension 2002, 39:1107-1112.
6. British American Tobacco British American Tobacco establishes stand-alone company, Nicoventures Limited. News release Available at:. http://www.bat.com/group/sites/uk__3mnfen.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/DO8FLL93opendocument&SKN=1.
7. Bullen C., McRobbie H., Thornley S., Glover M., Lin R., Laugesen M. Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery device (e cigarette) on desire to smoke and withdrawal, user preferences and nicotine delivery: Randomised cross-over trial. Tobacco Control 2010, 19:98-103.
8. Caldwell B., Sumner W., Crane J. A systematic review of nicotine by inhalation: Is there a role for the inhaled routeα. Nicotine &Tobacco Research 2012, 14:1127-1139.
9. Caponnetto P., Polosa R., Russo C., Leotta C., Campagna D. Successful smoking cessation with electronic cigarettes in smokers with a documented history of recurring relapses: A case series. Journal of Medical Case Reports 2011, 5:585.
10. Corey C., Wang B., Johnson S.E., Apelberg B., Husten C., et al. Notes from the field: Electronic cigarette use among middle and high school students - United States, 2011-2012. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2013, 62:729-730.
11. Department of Health Smoking kills: A white paper on tobacco 1998.
12. Etter J.-F., Bullen C. Electronic cigarette: Users profile, utilization, satisfaction and perceived efficacy. Addiction 2011, 106:2017-2028.
13. European Commission Attitudes of Europeans towards tobacco: Special Eurobarometer 385 2012, (167 pp.).
14. Fagerström K.O. Effects of a nicotine-enriched cigarette on nicotine titration, daily cigarette consumption, and levels of carbon monoxide, cotinine, and nicotine. Psychopharmacology 1982, 77:164-167.
15. Fagerström K.O. Determinants of tobacco use and renaming the FTND to the Fagerstrom Test for Cigarette Dependence. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2012, 14:75-78.
16. FDA (Food, Drug Administration) Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act Available at:. http://www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/ucm298595.htm.
17. FDA (Food, Drug Administration) Harmful and potentially harmful constituents in tobacco products and tobacco smoke; established list. Federal Register 2012, 77:20034-20037.
18. Gartner C., Hall W., McNeill A. Harm reduction policies for tobacco. Harm reduction: Evidence, impacts and challenges 2010, 255-273. EMCDAA, Europa. T. Rhodes, D. Hedrich (Eds.).
19. Goniewicz M.L., Kuma T., Gawron M., Knysak J., Kosmider L. Nicotine levels in electronic cigarettes. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2013, 15:158-166.
20. Greenland S., Satterfield M.H., Lanes S.F. A meta-analysis to assess the incidence of adverse effects associated with the transdermal nicotine patch. Drug Safety 1998, 18:297-308.
21. Hansson J., Galanti M.R., Hergens M.-P., Fredlund P., Ahlbom A., et al. Use of snus and acute myocardial infarction: Pooled analysis of eight prospective observational studies. European Journal of Epidemiology 2012, 27:771-779.
22. HM Government Healthy lives, healthy people: A tobacco control plan for England 2011, (57 pp.).
23. Hubbard R., Lewis S., Smith C., Godfrey C., Smeeth L., et al. Use of nicotine replacement therapy and the risk of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, and death. Tobacco Control 2005, 14:416-421.
24. International Agency for Research on Cancer Some tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines. IACR Monograph 2007, 89. (583 pp.).
25. Joseph A., Norman S., Ferry L., Prochazka A.V., Westman E.C., et al. The safety of transdermal nicotine as an aid to smoking cessation in patients with cardiac disease. New England Journal of Medicine 1996, 335:1792-1798.
26. Kimmel S.E., Berlin J.A., Miles C., Jaskowiak J., Carson J.L., Strom B.L. Risk of acute first myocardial infarction and use of nicotine patches in a general population. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2001, 37:1297-1302.
27. Kozlowski L.T., O'Connor R.J. Cigarette filter ventilation is a defective design because of misleading taste, bigger puffs, and blocked vents. Tobacco Control 2002, 11(Suppl. 1):I40-I50.
28. Lee P.N. Summary of the epidemiological evidence relating snus to health. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 2011, 59:197-214.
29. Lewin F., Norell S.E., Johansson H., Gustavsson P., Wennerberg J., et al. Smoking tobacco, oral snuff, and alcohol in the etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: A population-based case-referent study in Sweden. Cancer 1998, 82:1367-1375.
30. Lewis S., Arnott D., Godfrey C., Britton J. Public health measures to reduce smoking prevalence in the UK: How many lives could be savedα. Tobacco Control 2005, 14:251-254.
31. Luo J., Ye W., Zendehdel K., Adami J., Adami H.O., et al. Oral use of Swedish moist snuff (snus) and risk for cancer of the mouth, lung, and pancreas in male construction workers: A retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2007, 369:2015-2020.
32. McRobbie H., Hajek P. Nicotine replacement therapy in patients with cardiovascular disease: Guidelines for health professionals. Addiction 2001, 96:1547-1551.
33. MHRA (Medicines, Healthcare products Regulatory Agency) Report of the Committee on Safety of Medicines Working Group on nicotine replacement therapy 2005.
34. MHRA (Medicines, Healthcare products Regulatory Agency) Public assessment report. The use of nicotine replacement therapy to reduce harm in smokers 2009, December, (9 pp.).
35. MHRA (Medicines, Healthcare products Regulatory Agency) Drug safety update 2010, (8 pp.).
36. MHRA (Medicines, Healthcare products Regulatory Agency) Consultation letter MLX 364: The regulation of nicotine containing products 2010, (28 pp.).
37. MHRA (Medicines, Healthcare products Regulatory Agency) MHRA public assessment report. The use of nicotine replacement therapy to reduce harm in smokers 2010, (9 pp.).
38. Murray R.P., Bailey W.C., Daniels K., Bjornson W.M., Kurnow K., et al. Safety of nicotine polacrilex gum used by 3,094 participants in the Lung Health Study. Chest 1996, 109:438-445.
39. Murray R.P., Connett J.E., Zapawa L.M. Does nicotine replacement therapy cause cancerα Evidence from the Lung Health Study. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2009, 11:1076-1082.
40. NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) Public health guidance scope: Tobacco: Harm-reduction approaches to smoking 2011, (London).
41. NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) Public Health Guideline 45. Tobacco: Harm-reduction approaches to smoking 2013, (London).
42. Office for National Statistics General lifestyle survey overview 2011, (10 pp.).
43. Pearson J.L., Richardson A., Niaura R.S., Vallone D.M., Abrams D.B. E-cigarette awareness, use, and harm perceptions in US adults. American Journal of Public Health 2012, 102:1758-1766.
44. Polosa R., Caponnetto P., Morjaria J.B., Papale G., Campagna D., Russo C. Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery device (e-cigarette) on smoking reduction and cessation: A prospective 6-month pilot study. BMC Public Health 2011, 11:786.
45. Ramström L. Commentary on Lund et al. (2011): Consolidating the evidence on effectiveness of snus for smoking cessation - Implications for public health. Addiction 2011, 106:168-169.
46. Ramström L.M., Foulds J. Role of snus in initiation and cessation of tobacco smoking in Sweden. Tobacco Control 2006, 15:210-214.
47. Rodu B., Cole P. Evidence against a gateway from smokeless tobacco use to smoking. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2010, 12:530-534.
48. Rodu B., Stegmayr B., Nasic S., Asplund K. Impact of smokeless tobacco use on smoking in northern Sweden. Journal of Internal Medicine 2002, 252:398-404.
49. Rose J.E. Nicotine and nonnicotine factors in cigarette addiction. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 2006, 184:274-285.
50. Royal College of Physicians Harm reduction in nicotine addiction: Helping people who can't quit. A report by the Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians 2007.
51. Royal College of Physicians Fifty years since smoking and health. Progress, lessons and priorities for a smoke-free UK. Report of conference proceedings 2012, RCP, London, (64 pp.). J. Britton (Ed.).
52. Russell M.A. Low-tar medium-nicotine cigarettes: A new approach to safer smoking. British Medical Journal 1976, 1:1430-1433.
53. Schildt E.B., Eriksson M., Hardell L., Magnuson A. Oral snuff, smoking habits and alcohol consumption in relation to oral cancer in a Swedish case-control study. International Journal of Cancer 1998, 77:341-346.
54. Schneider N., Lunell E., Olmstead R.E., Fagerström K.O. Clinical pharmacokinetics of nasal nicotine delivery. A review and comparison to other nicotine systems. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 1996, 31:65-80.
55. Schneider N.G., Olmstead R.E., Franzon M.A., Lunell E. The nicotine inhaler: Clinical pharmacokinetics and comparison with other nicotine treatments. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 2001, 40:661-684.
56. Siegel M.B., Tanwar K.L., Wood K.S. Electronic cigarettes as a smoking-cessation: Tool results from an online survey. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2011, 40:472-475.
57. Stead L.F., Perera R., Bullen C., Mant D., Hartmann-Boyce J. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, 11:CD000146.
58. Stead L.F., Perera R., Bullen C., Mant D., Lancaster T. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, 1:CD000146.
59. Trehy M.L., Ye W., Hadwiger M.E., Moore T.W., Allgire J.F., Woodruff J.T., et al. Analysis of electronic cigarette cartridges, refill solutions, and smoke for nicotine and nicotine related impurities. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 2011, 34:1442-1458.
60. US Department of Health and Human Services How tobacco smoke causes disease: The biology and behavioral basis for smoking-attributable disease. A report of the Surgeon General 2010, (19 pp.).
61. Williams M., Villarreal A., Bozhilov K., Lin S., Talbot P. Metal and silicate particles including nanoparticles are present in electronic cigarette cartomizer fluid and aerosol. PloS One 2013, 8:e57987.