Impacts of climate change in three hydrologic regimes in British Columbia, Canada

Hydrological Processes

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 1170-1189

  Schnorbus, Markus ^a   Werner, Arelia ^a   Bennett, Katrina ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA FAIRBANKS   (United States)

Author keywords

British Columbia; Climate change; Hydrologic modelling; Hydrology; Snow; Streamflow

Indexed keywords

BRITISH COLUMBIA; BRITISH COLUMBIA , CANADA; CLIMATE PROJECTION; GLOBAL CLIMATE MODEL; HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION; HYDROLOGIC MODELLING; SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT; WINTER PRECIPITATION;

CLIMATE CHANGE; HYDROLOGY; RAIN; SNOW; SNOW MELTING SYSTEMS; STREAM FLOW; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS; WATERSHEDS;

CLIMATE MODELS;

CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATE EFFECT; DOWNSCALING; EMISSION INVENTORY; HYDROLOGICAL MODELING; HYDROLOGICAL REGIME; HYDROLOGICAL RESPONSE; RAINFALL; SNOW ACCUMULATION; SNOWMELT; SPATIAL RESOLUTION; STREAMFLOW;

BRITISH COLUMBIA; CAMPBELL RIVER; CANADA; COLUMBIA RIVER; PEACE RIVER; VANCOUVER ISLAND;

EID: 84891743632     PISSN: 08856087     EISSN: 10991085     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/hyp.9661     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Adam JC, Lettenmaier DP. 2003. Adjustment of global gridded precipitation for systematic bias. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 108(D9): DOI: 10.1029/2002JD002499.
2. Adam JC, Clark EA, Lettenmaier DP, Wood EF. 2006. Correction of global precipitation products for orographic effects. Journal of Climate 19(1): 15-38.
3. Adam JC, Hamlet AF, Lettenmaier DP. 2009. Implications of global climate change for snowmelt hydrology in the twenty-first century. Hydrological Processes 23(7): 962-972.
4. Andreadis KM, Lettenmaier DP. 2006. Assimilating remotely sensed snow observations into a macroscale hydrology model. Advances in Water Resources 29(6): 872-886, DOI: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2005.08.004.
5. Annan JD, Hargreaves JC. 2010. Reliability of the CMIP3 ensemble. Geophysical Research Letters 37, DOI: 10.1029/2009GL041994.
6. Auer Jr AH. 1974. The rain versus snow threshold temperatures. Weatherwise 27(2): 67.
7. Bahr DB, Meier MF, Peckham SD. 1997. The physical basis of glacier volume-area scaling. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth 102(B9): 20, 355-20, 362.
8. Barnett TP, Adam JC, Lettenmaier DP. 2005. Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions. Nature 438(7066): 303-309.
9. Barnett TP, Pierce DW, Hidalgo HG, Bonfils C, Santer BD, Day T, Bala G, Wood AW, Nozawa T, Mirin AA, Cayan DR, Dettinger MD. 2008. Human-induced changes in the hydrology of the western United States. Science 319(5866): 1080-1083.
10. Barry RG. 1992. Mountain weather and climate, 2nd edn. Routledge physical environment series: Routledge, London, UK and New York, NY.
11. Bartlett PA, MacKay MD, Verseghy DL. 2006. Modified snow algorithms in the Canadian land surface scheme: model runs and sensitivity analysis at three boreal forest stands. Atmos Ocean 44(3): 207-222.
12. Batjes N. 1995. A homogenized soil data file for global environmental research: a subset of FAO, ISRIC and NRCS profiles (Version 1.0). Working Paper and Preprint 95/10b, International Soil Reference and Information Centre, Wagenigen, The Netherlands
13. BC Integrated Land Management Bureau. 1995. Baseline thematic mapping, release 1.0.
14. Bennett KE, Werner AT, Schnorbus MA. 2012. Uncertainties in hydrologic and climate change impact analyses in headwater basins of British Columbia. Journal of Climate 25(17): 5711-5730, DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00417.1
15. Blöschl G, Montanari A. 2010. Climate change impacts-throwing the dice? Hydrological Processes 24(3): 374-381.
16. Bonfils C, Santer BD, Pierce DW, Hidalgo HG, Bala G, Das T, Barnett TP, Cayan DR, Doutriaux C, Wood AW, Mirin A, Nozawa T. 2008. Detection and attribution of temperature changes in the mountainous western United States. Journal of Climate 21(23): 6404-6424.
17. Bras RL. 1990. Hydrology: An Introduction to Hydrologic Science. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company: Reading, MA.
18. Bürger G, Schulla J, Werner AT. 2011. Estimates of future flow, including extremes, of the Columbia River headwaters. Water Resources Research 47: W10520, DOI: 201110.1029/2010WR009716
19. Campbell GS, Norman JM. 1998. An introduction to environmental biophysics, 2nd edn. Springer: New York, NY.
20. Carroll A, Regniere J, Logan J, Taylor S, Bentz B, Powell J. 2006. Impacts of climate change on range expansion by mountain pine beetle. Mountain Pine Beetle Initiative Working Paper 2006-14, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, BC.
21. Chang H, Jung I. 2010. Spatial and temporal changes in runoff caused by climate change in a complex large river basin in Oregon. Journal of Hydrology 388(3-4): 186-207, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.04.040
22. Christensen NS, Wood AW, Voisin N, Lettenmaier DP, Palmer RN. 2004. The effects of climate change on the hydrology and water resources of the Colorado River Basin. Climate Change 62(1-3): 337-363.
23. Climate Prediction Center. 2010. Historical el nino/la nina episodes (1950-present). URL http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ ensostuff/ensoyears.shtml, last accessed 2 December, 2010.
24. Cohen SJ, Miller KA, Hamlet AF, Avis W. 2000. Climate change and resource management in the Columbia River basin. Water International 25(2): 253-272.
25. Collins WD, Bitz CM, Blackmon ML, Bonan GB, Bretherton CS, Carton JA, Chang P, Doney SC, Hack JJ, Henderson TB, Kiehl JT, Large WG, McKenna DS, Santer BD, Smith RD. 2006. The community climate system model version 3 (CCSM3). Journal of Climate 19: 2122-2143, DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3761.1
26. Collins M, Tett SFB, Cooper C. 2001. The internal climate variability of HadCM3, a version of the Hadley Centre coupled model without flux adjustments. Climate Dynamics 17: 61-81, DOI: 10.1007/s003820000094
27. Daly C, Neilson RP, Phillips DL. 1994. A statistical topographic model for mapping climatological precipitation over mountainous terrain. Journal of Applied Meteorology 33(2): 140-158.
28. Debeer CM, Sharp MJ. 2007.Recent changes in glacier area and volume within the southern Canadian Cordillera. Annals of Glaciology 46(1): 215-221, DOI: 10.3189/172756407782871710
29. Delworth TL, Broccoli AJ, Rosati A, Stouffer RJ, Balaji V, Beesley JA, Cooke WF, Dixon KW, Dunne J, Dunne KA, Durachta JW, Findell KL, Ginoux P, Gnanadesikan A, Gordon CT, Griffies SM, Gudgel R, Harrison MJ, Held IM, Hemler RS, Horowitz LW, Klein SA, Knutson TR, Kushner PJ, Langenhorst AR, Lee H, Lin S, Lu J, Malyshev SL, Milly PCD, Ramaswamy V, Russell J, Schwarzkopf MD, Shevliakova E, Sirutis JJ, Spelman MJ, Stern WF, Winton M, Wittenberg AT, Wyman B, Zeng F, Zhang R. 2006. GFDL's CM2 global coupled climate models. Part I: formulation and simulation characteristics. Journal of Climate 19: 643-674, DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3629.1
30. Demarchi DA. 1996. An introduction to the ecoregions of British Columbia. URL http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/ecology/ecoregions/title_author.html, last accesed 18 August 2010.
31. Demaria EM, Nijssen B, Wagener T. 2007. Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis of land surface parameters using the Variable Infiltration Capacity model. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 112(D11).
32. Déry SJ, Stahl K, Moore RD, Whitfield PH, Menounos B, Burford JE. 2009. Detection of runoff timing changes in pluvial, nival, and glacial rivers of western Canada. Water Resources Research 45, DOI: 10.1029/2008WR006975
33. Dickinson RE, Henderson-Sellers A, Rosenzweig C, Sellers PJ. 1991. Evapotranspiration models with canopy resistance for use in climate models - a review. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 54(2-4): 373-388.
34. Ducoudré NI, Laval K, Perrier A. 1993. SECHIBA, a new set of parameterizations of the hydrologic exchanges at the land atmosphere interface within the LMD atmospheric general-circulation model. Journal of Climate 6(2): 248-273.
35. Dyurgerov M, Meier M. 2005. Glaciers and the changing earth system: a 2004 snapshot. Occasional paper 58, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.
36. Eaton B, Moore R. 2010. Regional hydrology. In Compendium of Forest Hydrology and Geomorphology in British Columbia, Land Management Handbook 66, vol 1, B.C., chap 4, Pike R, Redding T, Moore R, Winkler R, Bladon K (eds). Ministry of Forests and Range, Forest Science Program and FORREX Forum for Research and Extension in Natural Resources: Victoria, BC and Kamloops, BC, URL http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/docs/Lmh/Lmh66.htm
37. Elsner MM, Lan C, Voisin N, Deems JS, Hamlet AF, Vano JA, Mickelson KEB, Se-Yeun L, Lettenmaier DP. 2010. Implications of 21st century climate change for the hydrology of Washington State. Climate Change 102(1/2): 225-260.
38. FAO. 1995. Digital soil map of the world. Dataset Version 3.5, Land and Water Development Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
39. Farr TG, Rosen PA, Caro E, Crippen R, Duren R, Hensley S, Kobrick M, Paller M, Rodriguez E, Roth L, Seal D, Shaffer S, Shimada J, Umland J, Werner M, Oskin M, Burbank D, Alsdorf D. 2007. The shuttle radar topography mission. Reviews of Geophysics 45(2): DOI: 10.1029/2005rg000183
40. Fernandes R, Butson C, Leblanc S, Latifovic R. 2003. Landsat-5 TM and landsat-7 ETM+based accuracy assessment of leaf area index products for Canada derived from SPOT-4 VEGETATION data. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 29(2): 241-258.
41. Fleming SW, Whitfield PH. 2010. Spatiotemporal mapping of ENSO and PDO surface meteorological signals in British Columbia, Yukon, and southeast Alaska. Atmosphere-Ocean 48(2): 122-131.
42. Fleming SW, Whitfield PH, Moore RD, Quilty EJ. 2007. Regime-dependent streamflow sensitivities to Pacific climate modes cross the Georgia-Puget transboundary ecoregion. Hydrological Processes 21(24): 3264-3287.
43. Global Soil Data Task Group. 2000. Global gridded surfaces of selected soil characteristics (International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme - Data and Information System). Available on-line at http://www.daac.ornl.gov, DOI: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/569
44. Gonzalez P, Neilson RP, Lenihan JM, Drapek RJ. 2010. Global patterns in the vulnerability of ecosystems to vegetation shifts due to climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography 19(6): 755-768.
45. Hamlet AF, Lettenmaier DP. 1999. Effects of climate change on hydrology and water resources in the Columbia River basin. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35(6): 1597-1623.
46. Hamlet AF, Lettenmaier DP. 2005. Production of temporally consistent gridded precipitation and temperature fields for the continental United States. Journal of Hydrometeorology 6(3): 330-336.
47. Hamlet AF, Mote PW, Clark MP, Lettenmaier DP. 2005. Effects of temperature and precipitation variability on snowpack trends in the western United States. Journal of Climate 18(21): 4545-4561.
48. Hamlet AF, Se-Yeun L, Mickelson KEB, Elsner MM. 2010. Effects of projected climate change on energy supply and demand in the Pacific Northwest and Washington State. Climate Change 102(1/2): 103-128.
49. Hayhoe K, Cayan D, Field CB, Frumhoff PC, Maurer EP, Miller NL, Moser SC, Schneider SH, Cahill KN, Cleland EE, Dale L, Drapek R, Hanemann RM, Kalkstein LS, Lenihan J, Lunch CK, Neilson RP, Sheridan SC, Verville JH. 2004. Emissions pathways, climate change, and impacts on California. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101(34): 12, 422-12, 427.
50. Helsel D, Hirsch R. 2002. Statistical methods in water resources. Statistical Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations Book 4, Chapter A3, U.S. Geological Survey. Available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri4a3/ Accessed on December 11 2012.
51. Hock R, Jansson P, Braun LN. 2005. Modelling the response of mountain glacier discharge to climate warming. In Global Change and Mountain Regions, Advances in Global Change Research, vol 23, Huber UM, Bugmann HKM, Reasoner MA (eds), Springer: Netherlands, pp 243-252.
52. Hollander M, Wolfe DA. 1999. Nonparametric Statistical Methods, 2nd edn. John Wiley and Sons: New York, NY.
53. Huang JG, Bergeron Y, Denneler B, Berninger F, Tardif J. 2007. Response of forest trees to increased atmospheric CO2. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 26(5-6): 265-283.
54. Huss M, Jouvet G, Farinotti D, Bauder A. 2010. Future high-mountain hydrology: a new parameterization of glacier retreat. Hydrology Earth System Sciences 14(5): 815-829, DOI: 10.5194/hess-14-815-2010
55. IPCC. 2007. Summary for policymakers. In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt K, Tignor M, Miller H (eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp 1-18.
56. Jackson RB, Canadell J, Ehleringer JR, Mooney HA, Sala OE, Schulze ED. 1996. A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes. Oecologia 108(3): 389-411.
57. JISAO. 2010. The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). URL http://jisao.washington.edu/pdo, last accessed 2 December 2010.
58. Jost G, Moore RD, Menounos B, Wheate R. 2011. Quantifying the contribution of glacier runoff to streamflow in the Upper Columbia River basin, Canada. Hydrology Earth System Sciences Discussions 8: 4979-5008, DOI: 10.5194/hessd-8-4979-2011
59. K-1 Model Developers. 2004. K-1 coupled model (MIROC) description. K-1 Technical Report 1, Center for Climate System Research, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, URL http://www.ccsr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/kyosei/hasumi/MIROC/tech-repo.pdf
60. Kaser G, Cogley JG, Dyurgerov MB, Meier MF, Ohmura A. 2006. Mass balance of glaciers and ice caps: consensus estimates for 1961-2004. Geophysical Research Letters 33(19): DOI: 10.1029/2006gl027511
61. Kienzle SW. 2008. A new temperature based method to separate rain and snow. Hydrological Processes 22(26): 5067-5085.
62. Kim J. 2001. A nested modeling study of elevation-dependent climate change signals in California induced by increased atmospheric CO2. Geophysical Research Letters 28(15): 2951-2954.
63. Knowles N, Cayan DR. 2004. Elevational dependence of projected hydrologic changes in the San Francisco estuary and watershed. Climate Change 62(1-3): 319-336.
64. Knutti R, Abramowitz G, Collins M, Eyring V, Gleckler P, Hewitson B, Mearns L. 2010. Good practice guidance paper on assessing and combining multi model climate projections. In Meeting Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Expert Meeting on Assessing and Combining Multi Model Climate Projections, Stocker T, Qin D, Plattner GK, Tignor M, Midgley P (eds), IPCC Working Group I Technical Support Unit, University of Bern: Bern, Switzerland.
65. Leavesley GH. 1994. Modeling the effects of climate-change on water-resources - a review. Climate Change 28(1-2): 159-177.
66. Liang X, Lettenmaier DP, Wood EF, Burges SJ. 1994. A simple hydrologically based model of land-surface water and energy fluxes for general-circulation models. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 99(D7): 14, 415-14, 428.
67. Liang X, Wood EF, Lettenmaier DP. 1996. Surface soil moisture parameterization of the VIC-2L model: evaluation and modification. Global Planet Change 13(1-4): 195-206.
68. Lohmann D, NolteHolube R, Raschke E. 1996. A large-scale horizontal routing model to be coupled to land surface parametrization schemes. Tellus Series A 48(5): 708-721.
69. Loukas A, Vasiliades L, Dalezios NR. 2002a. Climatic impacts on the runoff generation processes in British Columbia, Canada. Hydrology Earth System Sciences 6(2): 211-227.
70. Loukas A, Vasiliades L, Dalezios NR. 2002b. Potential climate change impacts on flood producing mechanisms in southern British Columbia, Canada using the CGCMA1 simulation results. Journal of Hydrology 259(1-4): 163.
71. Mantua N, Tohver I, Hamlet A. 2010. Climate change impacts on streamflow extremes and summertime stream temperature and their possible consequences for freshwater salmon habitat in Washington State. Climate Change 102(1/2): 187-223.
72. Marlon JR, Bartlein PJ, Walsh MK, Harrison SP, Brown KJ, Edwards ME, Higuera PE, Powerh MJ, Anderson RS, Briles C, Brunelle A, Carcaillet C, Daniels M, Hu FS, Lavoie M, Long C, Minckley T, Richard PJH, Scott AC, Shafer DS. 2009. Wildfire responses to abrupt climate change in North America. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(8): 2519-2524.
73. Martin GM, Ringer MA, Pope VD, Jones A, Dearden C, Hinton TJ. 2006. The physical properties of the atmosphere in the New Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model (HadGEM1). Part I: model description and global climatology. Journal of Climate 19: 1274-1301. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3636.1.
74. Maurer EP, Hidalgo HG. 2008. Utility of daily vs. monthly large-scale climate data: an intercomparison of two statistical downscaling methods. Hydrol Earth System Science 12(2): 551-563.
75. Maurer EP, Wood AW, Adam JC, Lettenmaier DP, Nijssen B. 2002. A long-term hydrologically based dataset of land surface fluxes and states for the conterminous United States. Journal of Climate 15(22): 3237.
76. Meehl GA, Covey C, Delworth T, Latif M, McAvaney B, Mitchell JFB, Stouffer RJ, Taylor KE. 2007. The WCRP CMIP3 multimodel dataset: a new era in climate change research. B Am Meteorol Soc 88(9): 1383-1394.
77. Merritt WS, Alila Y, Barton M, Taylor B, Cohen S, Neilsen D. 2006. Hydrologic response to scenarios of climate change in sub watersheds of the Okanagan basin, British Columbia. Journal of Hydrology 326(1-4): 79-108.
78. Milly P, Betancourt J, Falkenmark M, Hirsch RM, Kundzewicz ZW, Lettenmaier DP, Stouffer RJ. 2008. Stationarity is dead: whither water management? Science 319(5863): 573-574.
79. Moore RD, McKendry IG. 1996. Spring snowpack anomaly patterns and winter climatic variability, British Columbia, Canada. Water Resources Research 32(3): 623-632.
80. Mote PW, Hamlet AF, Clark MP, Lettenmaier DP. 2005.erican Declining mountain snowpack in western North America. Bulletin of the Am Meteoroligical Society 86(1): 39-49.
81. Mote PW, Parson E, Hamlet AF, Keeton WS, Lettenmaier D, Mantua N, Miles EL, Peterson D, Peterson DL, Slaughter R, Snover AK. 2003. Preparing for climatic change: the water, salmon, and forests of the Pacific Northwest. Clim Change 61(1-2): 45-88.
82. Nakićenović N, Swart R (eds). 2000. Emissions scenarios. IPCC Special Reports, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.
83. Nijssen B, O'Donnell GM, Hamlet AF, Lettermaier DP. 2001. Hydrologic sensitivity of global rivers to climate change. Climate Change 50(1/2): 143-175.
84. Payne JT, Wood AW, Hamlet AF, Palmer RN, Lettenmaier DP. 2004. Mitigating the effects of climate change on the water resources of the Columbia River basin. Climate Change 62(1-3): 233-256.
85. Pierce DW, Barnett TP, Hidalgo HG, Das T, Bonfils C, Santer BD, Bala G, Dettinger MD, Cayan DR, Mirin A, Wood AW, Nozawa T. 2008. Attribution of declining western U.S. snowpack to human effects. Journal of Climate 21(23): 6425-6444.
86. Pietroniro A, Leconte R, Toth B, Peters DL, Kouwen N, Conly FM, Prowse T. 2006. Modelling climate change impacts in the Peace and Athabasca catchment and delta: III - integrated model assessment. Hydrological Processes 20(19): 4231-4245.
87. Prudhomme C, Davies H. 2009. Assessing uncertainties in climate change impact analyses on the river flow regimes in the UK. Part 2: future climate. Climate Change 93(1/2): 197-222.
88. Quick M. 1995. The UBC watershed model. In Computer Models in Watershed Hydrology, chap 8, Singh V (ed). Water Resources Publications: Highlands Ranch, CO.
89. Regonda SK, Rajagopalan B, Clark M, Pitlick J. 2005. Seasonal cycle shifts in hydroclimatology over the western United States. Journal of Climate 18(2): 372-384.
90. Roberts J. 2000. The influence of physical and physiological characteristics of vegetation on their hydrological response. Hydrological Processes 14(16-17): 2885-2901.
91. Roeckner E, Brokopf R, Esch M, Giorgetta M, Hagemann S, Kornblueh L, Manzini E, Schlese U, Schulzweida U. 2006. Sensitivity of simulated climate to horizontal and vertical resolution in the ECHAM5 atmosphere model. Journal of Climate 19(16): 3771-3791. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3824.1
92. Romolo L, Prowse TD, Blair D, Bonsal BR, Martz LW. 2006. The synoptic climate controls on hydrology in the upper reaches of the Peace River basin. Part I: snow accumulation. Hydrological Processes 20(19): 4097-4111.
93. Rotstayn LD, Collier MA, Dix MR, Feng Y, Gordon HB, O'Farrell SP, Smith IN, Syktus J. 2010. Improved simulation of Australian climate and ENSO-related rainfall variability in a global climate model with an interactive aerosol treatment. International Journal of Climatology 30(7): 1067-1088. DOI: 10.1002/joc.1952
94. Salathé EP. 2005. Downscaling simulations of future global climate with application to hydrologic modelling. International Journal of Climatology 25(4): 419-436.
95. Schiefer E, Menounos B, Wheate R. 2007. Recent volume loss of British Columbian glaciers, Canada. Geophysical Research Letters 34(16): DOI: 10.1029/2007gl030780
96. Schindler DW, Donahue WF. 2006. An impending water crisis in Canada's western prairie provinces. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103(19): 7210-7216.
97. Schnorbus MA, Bennett KE, Arelia WT, Berland AJ. 2011. Hydrologic impacts of climate change in the Peace, Campbell and Columbia Watersheds, British Columbia, Canada. Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, URL http://pacificclimate.org/sites/default/files/publications/Schnorbus.HydroModelling.FinalReport2.Apr2011.pdf
98. Schnorbus M, Bennett K, Werner A. 2010. Quantifying the water resource impacts of mountain pine beetle and associated salvage harvest operations across a range of watershed scales: hydrologic modelling of the Fraser River basin. Information Report BC-X-423, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, BC.
99. Scinocca JF, McFarlane NA, Lazare M, Li J, Plummer D. 2008. Technical note: the CCCma third generation AGCM and its extension into the middle atmosphere. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8(23): 7055-7074, DOI: 10.5194/acp-8-7055-2008.
100. Shuttleworth WJ. 1993. Evaporation. In Handbook of Hydrology, chap 4, Maidment DR (ed). McGraw-Hill: New York, NY.
101. Smithson P, Addison K, Atkinson K. 2002. Fundamentals of the Physical Environment, 3rd edn. Routledge: London, UK and New York, NY.
102. Stahl K, Moore RD. 2006. Influence of watershed glacier coverage on summer streamflow in British Columbia, Canada. Water Resources Research 42(6): DOI: 10.1029/2006wr005022
103. Stahl K, Moore RD, Floyer JA, Asplin MG, McKendry IG. 2006. Comparison of approaches for spatial interpolation of daily air temperature in a large region with complex topography and highly variable station density. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 139(3/4): 224-236.
104. Stahl K, Moore RD, Shea JM, Hutchinson D, Cannon AJ. 2008. Coupled modelling of glacier and streamflow response to future climate scenarios. Water Resources Research 44(2): W02422, DOI: 10.1029/2007WR005966
105. Toth B, Pietroniro A, Conly FM, Kouwen N. 2006. Modelling climate change impacts in the Peace and Athabasca catchment and delta: I - hydrological model application. Hydrological Processes 20(19): 4197-4214.
106. Vano JA, Scott MJ, Voisin N, Stöckle CO, Hamlet AF, Mickelson KEB, Elsner MM, Lettenmaier DP. 2010a. Climate change impacts on water management and irrigated agriculture in the Yakima River Basin, Washington, USA. Climate Change 102(1/2): 287-317.
107. Vano JA, Voisin N, Cuo L, Hamlet AF, Elsner MM, Palmer RN, Polebitski A, Lettenmaier DP. 2010b. Climate change impacts on water management in the Puget Sound region, Washington State, USA. Climate Change 102(1-2): 261-286.
108. VanRheenen NT, Wood AW, Palmer RN, Lettenmaier DP. 2004. Potential implications of PCM climate change scenarios for Sacramento-San Joaquin River Basin hydrology and water resources. Climate Change 62(1-3): 257-281.
109. Wang T, Hamann A, Spittlehouse DL, Aitken SN. 2006. Development of scale-free climate data for western Canada for use in resource management. International Journal of Climatology 26(3): 383-397.
110. Werner AT. 2011. BCSD downscaled transient climate projections for eight select GCMs over British Columbia, Canada. Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, URL http://pacificclimate.org/sites/default/files/publications/Werner.HydroModelling.FinalReport1.Apr2011.pdf
111. Whitfield PH, Cannon AJ. 2000. Recent variations in climate and hydrology in Canada. Canadian Water Resources Journal 25(1): 19-65.
112. Whitfield PH, Cannon AJ, Reynolds CJ. 2002. Modelling streamflow in present and future climates: examples from the Georgia Basin, British Columbia. Canadian Water Resources Journal 27(4): 427-456.
113. Wilby RL. 2005. Uncertainty in water resource model parameters used for climate change impact assessment. Hydrological Processes 19(16): 3201-3219.
114. Wood AW, Leung LR, Sridhar V, Lettenmaier DP. 2004. Hydrologic implications of dynamical and statistical approaches to downscaling climate model outputs. Climate Change 62(1-3): 189-216.
115. Wood AW, Maurer EP, Kumar A, Lettenmaier DP. 2002. Long-range experimental hydrologic forecasting for the eastern United States. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 107(D20): DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000659
116. Wulder MA, Dechka JA, Gillis MA, Luther JE, Hall RJ, Beaudoin A. 2003. Operational mapping of the land cover of the forested area of Canada with Landsat data: EOSD land cover program. The Forestry Chronicle 79(6): 1075-1083.
117. Yapo PO, Gupta HV, Sorooshian S. 1998. Multi-objective global optimization for hydrologic models. Journal of Hydrology 204(1-4): 83-97.