The Assessment and Treatment of Trichotillomania

The Oxford Handbook of Impulse Control Disorders

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages

  Christenson, Gary A H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

Assessment; Behavioral therapy; Clomipramine; Cognitive behavioral therapy; Habit reversal; Hair pulling; Hypnosis; N acetylcysteine; Naltrexone; Olanzapine; SNRI; SSRI; Trichotillomania

Indexed keywords

EID: 84891736838     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0095     Document Type: Chapter

References (143)

1. Abramowitz, J. S. (1997). Effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A quantitative review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(1), 44-52.
2. Adewuya, E. C., Zinser, W., & Thomas, C. (2008). Trichotillomania: A case of response to valproic acid. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 18(5), 533-536.
3. Altman, K, Grahs, C., & Friman, P. (1982). Treatment of unobserved trichotillomania by attention-reflection and punishment of an apparent covariant. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 13(4), 337-340.
4. Altman, K., Haavik, S., & Cook, J.W. (1978). Punishment of self-injurious behavior in natural settings using contingent aromatic ammonia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 16(2), 85-96.
5. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., Text Revision). Washington, DC: Author.
6. Anthony, W. Z. (1978). Brief intervention in a case of childhood trichotillomania by self-monitoring. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 9(2), 173-178.
7. Azrin, N. H., & Nunn, R. G. (1973). Habit reversal: A method of eliminating nervous habits and tics. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 11(4), 619-628.
8. Azrin, N. H., Nunn, R. G., & Frantz, S. E. (1980). Treatment of hair pulling (trichotillomania): A comparative study of habit reversal and negative practice training. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 11(1), 13-20.
9. Barmann, B. C., & Vitali, D. L. (1982). Facial screening to eliminate trichotillomania in developmentally disabled persons. Behavior Therapy, 13(5), 735-742.
10. Barrett, R. P., & Shapiro, E. S. (1980). Treatment of stereotyped hair-pulling with overcorrection: A case study with long term follow-up. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 11(4), 317-320.
11. Bayer, C. A. (1973). Self-monitoring and mild aversion treatment of trichotillomania. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 3, 139-141.
12. Begotka, A. M., Woods, D. W., & Wetterneck, C. T. (2004). The relationship between experiential avoidance and the severity of trichotillomania in a nonreferred sample. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 35(1), 17-24.
13. Benarroche, C. L. (1990). Trichotillomania symptoms and fluoxetine response. In New research program and abstracts of the 143rd annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Philadelphia, NR327.
14. Bernard, M. E., Kratochwill, T. R., & Keefauver, L. W. (1983). The effects of rational-emotive therapy and selfinstructional training on chronic hair pulling. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 7(3), 273-280.
15. Bhanji, N. H., & Margolese, H. C. (2004). Alternative pharmacotherapy for trichotillomania: A report of successful bupropion use. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65(9), 1283.
16. Black, D. W., & Blum, N. (1992). Trichotillomania treated with clomipramine and a topical steroid. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(6), 842-843.
17. Bloch, M. H., Landeros-Weisenberger, A., Dombrowski, P., Kelmendi, B., Wegner, R., Nudel, J., et al. (2007). Systematic review: Pharmacological and behavioral treatment for trichotillomania. Biological Psychiatry, 62(8), 839-846.
18. Blum, N. J., Barone, V. J., & Friman, P. C. (1993). A simplified behavioral treatment for trichotillomania: Report of two cases. Pediatrics, 91(5), 993-995.
19. Bornstein, P. H., & Rychtarik, R. G. (1978). Multi-component behavioral treatment of trichotillomania: A case study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 16(3), 217-220.
20. Boughn, S., & Holdom, J. A. J. (2002). Trichotillomania: Women's reports of treatment efficacy. Research in Nursing and Health, 25(2), 135-144.
21. Chakrabarty, K., Bhattacharyya, S., Christopher, R., & Khanna, S. (2005). Glutamatergic dysfunction in OCD. Neuropsychopharmacology, 30(9), 1735-1740.
22. Christenson, G. A., & Crow, S. J. (1996). The characterization and treatment of trichotillomania. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 57(8, Suppl), 42-49.
23. Christenson, G. A., Crow, S. J., & MacKenzie, T. B. (1994a). A placebo controlled double blind study of naltrexone for trichotillomania. In New research program and abstracts of the 150th annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. Philadelphia, NR597.
24. Christenson, G. A., Crow, S. J., Mitchell, J. E. Mackenzie, T. B., Crosby, R. D., & Falls, J. (1998). Fluvoxamine in the treatment of trichotillomania: An eight-week, open-label study. CNS Spectrums, 3(10), 64-71.
25. Christenson, G. A., Mackenzie, T. B., & Mitchell, J. E. (1991a). Characteristics of 60 adult hair pullers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148(3), 365-370.
26. Christenson, G. A., Mackenzie, T. B., Mitchell, J. E., & Callies. A. (1991b). A placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study of fluoxetine in trichotillomania. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148(11), 1566-1571.
27. Christenson, G. A., Popkin, M. K., Mackenzie, T. B., & Realmuto, G.M. (1991c). Lithium treatment of chronic hair pulling. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 52(3), 116-120.
28. Christenson, G. A., Pyle, R. L., & Mitchell, J. E. (1991d). Estimated lifetime prevalence of trichotillomania in college students. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 52(10), 415-417.
29. Christenson, G. A., Raymond, N. C., Faris, P. L., McAllister, R. D., Crow, S. J., Howard, L. A., et al. (1994b). Pain thresholds are not elevated in trichotillomania. Biological Psychiatry, 36(5), 347-349.
30. Christenson, G. A., Risvedt, S. L., & MacKenzie, T. B. (1995). Identification of trichotillomania cue profiles. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31(3), 315-320.
31. Cordle, C. J., & Long, C. C. (1980). The use of operant self-control procedures in the treatment of compulsive hairpulling. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 11(2), 127-130.
32. Coric, V., Kelmendi, B., Pittenger, C., Wasylink, S., Bloch, M. H., & Green, J. (2007). Beneficial effects of the antiglutamatergic agent riluzole in a patient diagnosed with trichotillomania. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68(1), 170-171.
33. Crescente, J. A. B, Guzman, C. A., & Tavares, H. (2003). Quetiapine for the treatment of trichotillomania. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 30(4), 402.
34. De Souza, A. (2008). An open-label pilot study of naltrexone in childhood-onset trichotillomania. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 18(1), 30-33.
35. Dia, D. A. (2008). "I can't stop pulling my hair!" Using numbing cream as an adjunct treatment for trichotillomania. Health and Social Work, 33(2), 155-158.
36. Diefenbach, G. J., Tolin, D. F., Crocetto, J., Maltby, N., & Hannan, S. (2005). Assessment of trichotillomania: A psychometric evaluation of hair-pulling scales. Journal Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 27(3), 169-178.
37. Diefenbach, G. J., Tolin, D. F., Hannan, S., Maltby, N., & Crocetto, J. (2006). Group treatment for trichotillomania:Behavior therapy versus supportive therapy. Behavior Therapy, 37(4), 353-363.
38. Dodman, N. H., Shuster, L.,White, S., Court, M. H., Parke, D., & Dixon, R. (1988). Use of narcotic antagonists to modify stereotypic self-licking, self-chewing, and scratching behavior in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 193(7), 815-819.
39. Dougherty, D. D., Loh, R., Jenike, M. A., & Keuthen, N. J. (2006). Single modality versus dual modality treatment for trichotillomania: Sertraline, behavioral therapy, or both. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(7), 1086-1092.
40. Du Toit, P. L., van Kradenburg, J., Niehaus, D. J. H., & Stein, D. J. (2001). Characteristics and phenomenology of hair-pulling: An exploration of subtypes. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42(3), 247-256.
41. Epperson, C. N., Fasula, D., Wasylink, S., Price, L. H., & McDougle, C. J. (1999). Risperidone addition in serotonin reuptake inhibitor-resistant trichotillomania: Three cases. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 9(1), 43-49.
42. Epstein, L. H., & Peterson, G. L. (1973). The control of undesired behavior by self-imposed contingencies. Behavior Therapy, 4(1), 91-95.
43. Evans, B. (1976). A case of trichotillomania in a child treated in a home token program. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 7(2), 197-198.
44. Flessner, C. A., Busch, A. M., Heideman, P. W., & Woods, D. W. (2008a). Acceptance-Enhanced Behavior Therapy (AEBT) for trichotillomania and skin picking: Exploring the effects of component sequencing. Behavior Modification, 32(5), 579-594.
45. Flessner, C. A., Conelea, C. A., Woods, D. W., Franklin, M. E., Keuthen, N. J., & Cashin, S. E. (2008b). Styles of pulling in trichotillomania: Exploring differences in symptom severity, phenomenology, and functional impact. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(3), 345-357.
46. Flessner, C. A., Woods, D. W., Franklin, M. E., Keuthen, N. J., & Piacentini, J. (2009a). Cross-sectional study of women with trichotillomania: A preliminary examination of pulling styles, severity, phenomenology, and functional impact. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 40(1), 153-167.
47. Flessner, C. A., Woods, D. W., Franklin, M. E., Keuthen, N. J., & Piacentini, J. (2009b). The Milwaukee Inventory of Styles of Trichotillomania-Child Version (MIST-C). Initial development and psychometric styles. Behavior Modification, 31(6), 896-918.
48. Franklin, M. E., Flessner, M. A., Woods, D. W., Keuthen, N. J., Piacentini, J. C., Moore, P., et al. (2008). The Child and Adolescent Trichotillomania Impact Project: Descriptive psychopathology, comorbidity, functional impairment, and treatment utilization. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 29(6), 493-500.
49. Franklin, M. E., & Tolin, D. F. (2007). Treating trichotillomania: Cognitive-behavioral therapy for hairpulling and related problems. New York: Springer.
50. Friman, P. C., & Hove, G. (1987). Apparent covariation between child habit disorders: Effects of successful treatment for thumb sucking on untargeted chronic hair pulling. Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, 20(4), 421-425.
51. Gabriel, A. (2001). A case of resistant trichotillomania treated with risperidone-augmented fluvoxamine [Letter to the Editor]. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 46(3), 285-286.
52. Gadde, K. M., Wagner, H. R., Conner, K. M, & Foust, M. S. (2007). Escitalopram treatment of trichotillomania. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 22(1), 39-41.
53. Gluhoski, L. (1995). A cognitive approach for treating trichotillomania. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice & Research, 4(4), 277-285.
54. Grant, J. E., Odlaug, B. L., & Kim, S. W. (2009). N-acetylcysteine, a glutamate modulator, in the treatment of trichotillomania: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66(7), 756-763.
55. Gray, J. J. (1979). Positive reinforcement and punishment in the treatment of childhood trichotillomania. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 10(2), 125-129.
56. Gross, A. M., Farrar, M. J., & Liner, D. (1982). Reduction of trichotillomania in a retarded cerebral palsied child using over-correction, facial screening and differential reinforcement of other behavior. Education and Treatment of Children, 5, 133-140.
57. Gupta, S., & Freimer, M. (1993). Trichotillomania, clomipramine, topical steroids [Letter]. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150(3), 524.
58. Guy, W. (1976). ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology (DHHS Publication No. ADM 76-338). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
59. Hallopeau, H. (1889). Alopecie par grattage (trichomanie ou trichotillomanie). Annales de Dermatologie et de Syphiligraphie, 10, 440-441.
60. Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York: Guilford Press.
61. Himle, J. A., Perlman, D. M., & Lokers, L. M. (2008). Prototype awareness enhancing and monitoring device for trichotillomania. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(10), 1187-1191.
62. Hoogduin C. A. L., Hagenaars, M. A., Minnen, A. van, & Keijsers, G. P. J. (2004). Protocollaire behandeling van patiënten met ongewenste gewooten: Zelfcontroleprocedures [Manualized treatment of nervous habits: Selfcontrol procedures]. In G. P. J. Keijsers, A van Minnen, & C. A. L. Hoogduin (Eds.), Protcallaire behandelingen in de ambulante geestlijke gezondheidszorg, Deel 1 (2nd ed., pp. 261-278). Houten, Netherlands: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum.
63. Horne, D. J. (1977). Behaviour therapy for trichotillomania. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 15 (2), 192-196.
64. Hussain, S. H. (1992). Trichotillomania. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 42(1), 19-20.
65. Inglesias, A. (2003). Hypnosis as a vehicle for choice and self-agency in the treatment of children with trichotillomania. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 46(2), 129-137.
66. Jeffreys, D., & Burrows, G. (2008). Reversal of trichotillomania with aripiprazole. Depression and Anxiety, 25(6), 37-40.
67. Keijsers, G. P. J., Van Minnen, A., Hoogduin, C. A. L., Klassen, B. N. W., Hendriks, M. J., & Tanis-Jacobs, J. (2006). Behavioural treatment of trichotillomania: Two-year follow-up results. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(3), 359-370.
68. Keuthen, N. J., Aronowitz, B., Badenoch, B. A., & Wilhelm, S. (1999). Behavioral treatment for trichotillomania. In D. J. Stein, G. A. Christenson, & E. Hollander, (Eds.), Trichotillomania, (pp. 147-166). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
69. Keuthen, N. J., Flessner, C. A., Woods, D. W., Franklin, M. E., Stein, D. J., Cashin, S. E., et al. (2007a). Factor analysis of the Massachusetts General Hospital Hairpulling Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 62, 707-709.
70. Keuthen, N. J., Jameson, M., Loh, R., Deckersbach, T., Wilhelm, S., & Dougherty D. D. (2007b). Open-label escitalopram treatment for pathological skin picking. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 22(5), 268-274.
71. Keuthen, N. J., O'Sullivan, R. L., Goodchild, P., Rodriquez, B. A., Jenike, M. A., & Baer, L. (1998a). Behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy for trichotillomania: Choice of treatment, patient acceptance, and long-term outcome. CNS Spectrums, 3(10), 72-78.
72. Keuthen, N. J., O'Sullivan, R. L., Goodchild, P., Rodriquez, B. A., Jenike, M. A., & Baer, L. (1998b). Retrospective review of treatment outcome for 63 patients with trichotillomania. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(4), 560-561.
73. Keuthen, N. J., O'Sullivan, R. L., Ricciardi, J. N., Shera, D., Savage, C. R., Borgmann, A. S., et al. (1995). The Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Hairpulling Scale, 1: Development and factor analysis. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 64(3-4), 141-145.
74. Keuthen, N. J., Stein, D. J., & Christenson, G. A. (2001) Help for hair pullers: Understanding and coping with trichotillomania. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Press.
75. Khouzam, H. R., Battista, M. A., & Byers, P. E. (2002). An overview of trichotillomania and its response to treatment with quetiapine. Psychiatry, 65(3), 261-270.
76. Knell, S. M., & Moore, D. J. (1988). Childhood trichotillomania treated indirectly by punishing thumb sucking. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 19(4), 303-310.
77. Koran, L. M., Ringold, A., & Hewlett, W. (1992). Fluoxetine for trichotillomania: An open clinical trial. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 28(2), 145-149.
78. Krishnan, R. R., Davidson, J., & Miller, R. (1984). MAO inhibitor therapy in trichotillomania associated with depression: Case report. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 45(6), 267-268.
79. Leonard, H. L., Swedo, S. E., Rapoport, J. L., Koby, E. V., Lenane, M. C., Cheslow, D. L., et al. (1989). Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder with clomipramine and desipramine in children and adolescents: A double-blind crossover comparison. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46(12), 1088-1092.
80. Lerner, J., Franklin, M. E., Meadows, E. A., Hembree, E., & Foa, E. B. (1998). Effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral treatment program for trichotillomania: An uncontrolled evaluation. Behavior Therapy, 29(1), 157-171.
81. Levine, B. A. (1976). Treatment of trichotillomania by covert sensitization. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 7(1), 75-76.
82. Lochner, C., Seedat, S., Niehaus, D. J. H, & Stein, D. J. (2006). Topiramate in the treatment of trichotillomania: An open-label pilot study. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 21(5), 255-259.
83. Mahr, G. (1993). Fenfluramine and trichotillomania. Psychosomatics, 34(3), 284.
84. Mancini, C., Van Amerigan, M., Patterson, B., Simpson, W., & Truong, C. (2009). Trichotillomania in youth: A retrospective case series. Depression and Anxiety, 26(7), 661-665.
85. Mansueto, C. S., Golomb, R. G., Thomas, A. M., & Stemberger, R. M. T. (1999). A comprehensive model for behavioral treatment of trichotillomania. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 6, 23-43.
86. Mastellone, M. (1974). Aversion therapy: A new use for the old rubber band. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 5(3), 311-312.
87. Matson, J. L., Stephens, R. M., & Smith, C. (1978). Treatment of self-injurious behavior with overcorrection. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 22(3), 175-178.
88. Moretti, M. (2008). Trichotillomania and comorbidity-lamotragine in a new perspective. Neuropsychopharmacologia Hungarica, 10(4), 201-212.
89. Ninan, P. T. (2000). Conceptual issues in trichotillomania, a prototypical impulse control disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 2(1), 72-75.
90. Ninan, P. T., Knight, B., Kirk, L., Rothbaum, B. O., Kelsey, J., & Nemeroff, C. B. (1998). A controlled trial of venlafaxine in trichotillomania: Interim phase I results. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 34(2), 221-224.
91. Ninan, P. T., Rothbaum, B. O., Marsteller, F. A., Knight, B. T., & Eccard, M. B. (2000). A placebo-controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy and clomipramine in trichotillomania. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61(1), 47-50.
92. Odlaug, B. L., & Grant, J. E. (2007). N-acetyl cysteine in the treatment of grooming disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 27(2), 227-229.
93. O'Sullivan, R. L., Christenson, G. A., & Stein, D. J. (1999). Pharmacotherapy of trichotillomania. In D. J. Stein, G. A. Christenson, & E. Hollander (Eds.), Trichotillomania (pp. 93-123). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
94. O'Sullivan, R. L., Keuthen, N. J., Hayday, C. F., Ricciardi, J. N, Buttolph, M. L., Jenike, M. A., et al. (1995). The Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Hairpulling Scale:2. Reliability and validity. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 64(3-4), 146-148.
95. O'Sullivan, R. L., Keuthen, N. J., Rodriguez, D., Goodchild, P., Christenson, G. A., & Rauch, S. L. (1998). Venlafaxine treatment of trichotillomania: An open series of ten cases. CNS Spectrums, 3(10), 56-63.
96. Özcan, Y. D., Özcan, H., & Ensari, H. (2003). Efficacy of hydroxyzine in the treatment of trichotillomania: An openlabel study. Klinic Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni, 13(1), 19-22.
97. Pathak, S., Danielyan A., & Kowatch, R. A. (2004). Successful treatment of trichotillomania with olanzapine augmentation in an adolescent. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 14(1), 153-154.
98. Perciaccannte, M., & Perciaccannte, R. G. (1993). Progestin treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychosomatics, 34(3), 284-285.
99. Pigott, T., L'Heueux, F., Grady, T., Bernstein, S., Dubbert, B., Rubenstein, C., et al. (1992). Controlled comparison of clomipramine and fluoxetine in trichotillomania. In Abstracts of panels and posters of the 31st annual meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, San Juan, Puerto Rico, p. 157.
100. Pollard, C. A., Ibe, I. O., Kronjanker, D. N., Kitchen, A. D., Bronson, S. S., & Flynn, T. M. (1991). Clomipramine treatment of trichotillomania: A follow-up report on four cases. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 52(3), 128-130.
101. Potenza, M. N., Wasylink, S., Epperson, C. N., & McDougle, C. J. (1998). Olanzapine augmentation of fluoxetine in the treatment of trichotillomania. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(9), 1299-1300.
102. Ravindran, A. V., Tran, V., & Van Ameringen, M. (2004). Trichotillomania: Effective treatment with quetiapine: A case series [Abstract P02.240]. 24th International College of Neuropsychopharmacology (CINP) Congress (Paris), 47.
103. Reeve, E. A., Bernstein, G. A., & Christenson, G. A. (1992). Clinical characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity in children with trichotillomania. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(1), 132-138.
104. Reid, T. L. (1992). Treatment of generalized anxiety disorder and trichotillomania with buspirone. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(4), 573-574.
105. Ristvedt, S. L., & Christenson, G. A. (1996). The use of pharmacological pain sensitization in the treatment of repetitive hair-pulling. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34(8), 647-648.
106. Robiner, W. N., Edwards, P. E., & Christenson, G. A. (1999). Hypnosis in the treatment of trichotillomania. In D. J. Stein, G. A. Christenson, & E. Hollander (Eds.), Trichotillomania (pp. 167-199). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
107. Rothbaum, R. O, & Ninan, P. T. (1999). Manual for the cognitive-behavioral treatment of ttrichotillomania. In D. J. Stein, G. A. Christenson, & E. Hollander (Eds.), Trichotillomania (pp. 263-284). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
108. Rothbaum, R. O., Opdyke, D. C., & Ninan, P. T. (1999). Assessment of trichotillomania. In D. J Stein, G. A. Christenson, & E. Hollander (Eds.), Trichotillomania (pp. 285-298). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
109. Sanchez, V. (1979). Behavioral treatment of chronic hair pulling in a two-year-old. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 10(3), 241-245.
110. Saper, B. (1971). A report on behavior therapy with outpatient clinic patients. Psychiatric Quarterly, 45(2), 209-215.
111. Seedat, S., Stein, D. J., & Harvey, B. H. (2001). Inositol in the treatment of trichotillomania and compulsive skin picking. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62(1), 60-61.
112. Şentürk, V., & Tanrιverdi, N. (2002). Resistant trichotillomania and resperidone. Psychosomatics, 43(5), 429-430.
113. Sonne, S., Rubey, R., Brady, K., Malcolm, R., & Morris, T. (1996). Naltrexone treatment of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 184(3), 192-195.
114. Stabler, B., & Warren, A. B. (1974). Behavioral contracting in treating trichotillomania: A case note. Psycholological Reports, 34(2), 401-402.
115. Stanley, M. A., Bowers, T. C., Swann, A. C., & Taylor, D. J. (1991). Treatment of trichotillomania with fluoxetine. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 52(6), 282.
116. Stanley, M. A., Breckenridge, J. K., Swann, A. C., Freeman, B. E, & Reich, L. (1997). Fluvoxamine treatment of trichotillomania. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 17(4), 278-283.
117. Stanley, M.A., & Mouton, S. G. (1996). Trichotillomania treatment manual. In V. B. Van Hasselt & M. Hersen (Eds.), Sourcebook of psychiatric treatment manuals for adult disorders (pp. 657-687). New York: Plenum Press.
118. Stanley, M. A., Prather R. C., Wagner, A. L., Davis, M. L., & Swann, A. C. (1993). Can the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale be used to assess trichotillomania? A preliminary report. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31(2), 171-178.
119. Stein, D. J., Bouwer, C., & Maud, C. M. (1997). Use of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram in treatment of trichotillomania. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 247(4), 234-236.
120. Stein, D. J., & Hollander, E. (1992). Low-dose pimozide augmentation of serotonin reuptake blockers in the treatment of trichotillomania. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 53(4), 123-126.
121. Stevens, M. J. (1984). Behavioral treatment of trichotillomania. Psychological Reports, 55(3), 987-990.
122. Stewart, R. S., & Nejtek, V. A. (2003). An open-label, flexible-dose study of olanzapine in the treatment of trichotillomania. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64(1), 49-52.
123. Streichenwein, S. M., & Thornby, J. I. (1995). A long-term, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of the efficacy of fluoxetine for trichotillomania. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(8), 1192-1196.
124. Sunkureddi, K., & Markovitz, P. (1993). Trazodone treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and trichotillomania. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150(3), 523-524.
125. Swedo, S. E., Lenane, M. C., & Leonard, H. L. (1993). Long-term treatment of trichotillomania (hair pulling). New England Journal of Medicine, 329(2) 141-142.
126. Swedo, S. E., Leonard, H. L., Rapoport, J. L., Lenane, M. C., Goldberger, E. L., & Cheslow D. L. (1989). A doubleblind comparison of clomipramine and desipramine in the treatment of trichotillomania (hair pulling). New England Journal of Medicine, 321(8), 497-501.
127. Tayler, J. G. (1963). A behavioural interpretation of obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1(2-4), 237-244.
128. Taylor, D. V., Hetrick, W. P., Neri, C. L. Touchette, P., Barron, J. L., & Snadman, C. A. (1991). Effect of naltrexone upon self-injurious behavior, learning and activity: A case study. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 40(1), 79-82.
129. Tolin, D. F., Diefenbach, G. J., Flessner, C. A., Franklin, M. E., Keuthen, N. J., Moore, P., et al. (2008). The Trichotillomania Scale for Children: Development and validation. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 39(3), 331-349.
130. Tolin, D. F., Franklin, M. E., Diefenbach, G. J., Anderson, E., & Meunier, S. A. (2007). Pediatric trichotillomania:Descriptive psychopathology and an open trial of cognitive behavioral therapy. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 36(3), 129-144.
131. Twohig, M. P., & Woods, D. W. (2004). A preliminary investigation of acceptance and commitment therapy and habit reversal as a treatment for trichotillomania. Behavior Therapy, 35(4), 803-820.
132. Üçok, A., & Gaebel, W. (2008). Side effects of atypical antipsychotics: A brief overview. World Psychiatry, 7(1), 58-62.
133. Van Ameringen, M., Mancini C., Oakman, J. M., & Farvolden, P. (1999). The potential role of haloperidol in the treatment of trichotillomania. Journal of Affective Disorders, 56(2-3), 219-226.
134. Van Ameringen, M., Mancini, C., Patterson, B., Bennett, M., & Oakman, J. (2010). A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of olanzapine in the treatment of trichotillomania. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71(10), 1336-1343.
135. van Minnen, A., Hoogduin, K. A. L., Keijsers, G. P. J., Hellenbrand, I., & Hendriks, G. J. (2003). Treatment of trichotillomania with behavioral therapy or fluoxetine: A randomized, waiting-list controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(5), 517-522.
136. Volavka, J., Neziroglu, F., & Yaryura-Tobias, J. A. (1985). Clomipramine and imipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 14(1), 83-91.
137. White, S. (1990). Naltrexone for treatment of acral lick dermatitis in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 196(7), 1073-1076.
138. Winchel, R. M., Jones, J. S., Molcho, A., Parsons, B., Stanley, B., & Stanley, M. (1992a). The Psychiatric Institute Trichotillomania Scale (PITS). Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 28(4), 463-476.
139. Winchel, R. M., Jones, J. S., Stanley, B., Molcho, B., & Stanley, M. (1992b). Clinical characteristics of trichotillomania and its response to fluoxetine. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 53(9), 304-308.
140. Woods, D. W., Flessner, C. A., Franklin, M. E., Keuthen, N. J., Goodwin, R. D., Stein, D. J., et al. (2006a). The Trichotillomania Impact Project (TIP): Exploring phenomenology, functional impairment and treatment utilization. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(12), 1877-1888.
141. Woods, D. W., Wetterneck, C. T., & Flessner, C. A. (2006b). A controlled evaluation of acceptance and commitment therapy plus habit reversal for trichotillomania. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(5), 639-656.
142. Wulfsohn, D., & Barling, J. (1978). From external to self-control: Behavioral treatment of trichotillomania in an eleven-year-old girl. Psychological Reports, 42(3 Pt. 2), 1171-1174.
143. Zalsman, G., Hersmesh, H., & Sever, J. (2001). Hypnotherapy in adolescents with trichotillomania: Three cases. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 44(1), 63-68.