Identity formation, marijuana and "the self": A study of cannabis normalization among university students

Frontiers in Psychiatry

Volumn 4, Issue DEC, 2013, Pages

  Mostaghim, Amir ^a   Hathaway, Andrew D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cannabis; Identity formation; Marijuana; Normalization; Youth

Indexed keywords

CANNABIS;

ADULT; ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; CANADA; CANNABIS USE; CONTROLLED STUDY; HUMAN; IDENTITY; INTERVIEW; PILOT STUDY; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL INTERACTION; SOCIAL STATUS; UNDERGRADUATE STUDENT; UNIVERSITY STUDENT;

EID: 84891718666     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16640640     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00160     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Parker H, Aldrige J, Measham F. Illegal Leisure: The Normalization of Adolescent Recreational Drug Use. New York: Routledge (1998).
2. Duff C. Drug and youth cultures: is Australia experiencing the 'normalization' of adolescent drug use? J Youth Stud (2003) 6(4):433-46. doi:10.1080/1367626032000162131.
3. Parker H, Lisa W, Judith A. The normalization of sensible recreational drug use: further evidence from the north west England longitudinal study. Sociology (2002) 36(4):941-64. doi:10.1177/003803850203600408.
4. United Nations International Drug Control Program (UNIDCP). World Drug Report. Oxford: Oxford University Press (2006).
5. Hathaway AD. Marijuana and lifestyle: exploring tolerable deviance. Deviant Behav (1997) 18(3):213-32. doi:10.1080/01639625.1997.9968056.
6. Adlaf EM, Begin P, Sawka ED editors. Canadian Addiction Survey (CAS): A National Survey of Canadians' Use of Alcohol and Other Drugs: Prevalence of Use and Related Harms: Detailed Report. Ottawa: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse (2005).
7. Adlaf EM, Demers A, Gliksman L editors. Canadian Campus Survey 2004. Toronto: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (2005).
8. Adlaf EM, Mann RE, Paglia A. Drinking, cannabis use and driving among Ontario students. Can Med Assoc J (2003) 168(5):565-6.
9. Jarvinen M, Demant J. The normalization of cannabis use among young people: symbolic boundary work in focus groups. Health Risk Soc (2011) 13(2):165-82. doi:10.1080/13698575.2011.556184.
10. Mayock P. Scripting' risk: young people and the construction of drug journeys. Drugs Educ Prevent Policy (2005) 12(5):349-68. doi:10.1080/09687630500183020.
11. Hathaway AD. Cannabis users' informal rules for managing stigma and risk. Deviant Behav (2004) 25:559-77. doi:10.1080/01639620490484095.
12. Peretti-Watel P. How does one become a cannabis smoker? A quantitative approach. Rev Françoise Soc (2003) 44:3-27. doi:10.2307/3323104.
13. Hammersley R, Jenkins R, Reid M. Cannabis use and social identity. Addict Res Theory (2001) 9(2):133-50. doi:10.3109/16066350109141745.
14. Jenkins R. Social Identity (Key Ideas). London: Routledge (1996).
15. Glaser BG, Strauss AL. The Discovery of Grounded Theory. Chicago: Aldine (1967).
16. Dey I. Creating Categories: Qualitative Data Analysis. London: Routledge (1993).
17. Goetz JP, LeCompte MD. Ethnographic research and the problem of data reduction. Anthropol Educ Q (1981) 12:51-70. doi:10.1525/aeq.1981.12.1.05x1283i.
18. Harrison LD. The validity of self-reported data on drug use. J Drug Issues (1995) 25:91-111.
19. Reinarman C, Cohen PD, Kaal HL. The limited relevance of drug policy: cannabis in Amsterdam and San Francisco. Am J Public Health (2004) 94(5):836-42. doi:10.2105/AJPH.94.5.836.
20. Boys A, Fountain J, Marsden J, Griffiths P, Stillwell G, Strang J. Drug Decisions: A Qualitative Study of Young People. London: Health Education Authority (2000).
21. Moore D. Raves and the Bohemian search for self and community: contribution to the anthropology of public events. Anthropol Forum (1995) 7(2):193-214. doi:10.1080/00664677.1995.9967451.
22. Hathaway AD, Erickson P, Lucas P. Canadian public opinion on cannabis: how far out of step with it is the existing law? Can Rev Soc Policy (2007) 59:44-55.
23. Pearson G. Normal drug use: ethnographic fieldwork among an adult network of recreational drug users in inner London. Subst Use Misuse (2001) 36(1-2):167-200. doi:10.1081/JA-100000234.
24. Zinberg N. Drug, Set and Setting. New Haven: Yale University Press (1984).
25. Kaplan D. The darker side of the original affluent society. J Anthropol Res (2000) 56(3):301-24.
26. Douglas M. Risk and Blame: Essays in Cultural Theory. London: Routledge (1992).
27. Giddens A. Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. California: Stanford University Press (1991).
28. Jones G. From Dependency to Citizenship? Transitions to Adulthood in Britain. Longitudinal Strategy in the Study of Youth. Moscow: Moscow Youth Institute (1991).
29. Chishlom L, Bergeret J-M. Young People in European Community: Towards an Agenda for Research and Policy. Youth Task Force Report. London: Commission of the European Community (1991).
30. Adam B, Beck U, van Loon J. The Risk Society and Beyond. London: Sage (2000).
31. Warde A. Consumption, identity-formation and uncertainty. Sociology (1994) 28(4):877-98. doi:10.1177/0038038594028004005.
32. Fletcher A, Bonell C, Sorhaindo A, Rhodes T. Cannabis use and 'safe' identities in an inner-city school risk environment. Int J Drug Policy (2009) 20:244-50. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2008.08.006.
33. Rhodes T, Robert L, Cesareo F. Risk factors associated with drug use: the importance of 'risk environment. Drugs Educ Prevent Policy (2003) 10:303-29. doi:10.1080/0968763031000077733.
34. Bauman Z. Freedom. Milton Keynes: Open University Press (1988).
35. Beck U. Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. London: Sage (1992).
36. Brain K. Youth Alcohol and the Emergence of the Post-Modern Alcohol Order. Occasional Paper (1). London: Institute of Alcohol Studies (2000).
37. Fox N. Postmodern reflection on "risk", "hazards", and life choices. In: Deborah L editor. Risk and Socio-Cultural Theory. New York: Cambridge University Press (1999). p. 12-33.
38. Shildrick T. Young people, illicit drug use and the question of normalization. J Youth Stud (2002) 5(1):35-48. doi:10.1080/13676260120111751.
39. Wearing S, Wearing B. Smoking as a fashion accessory in the 90s: conspicuous consumption, identity and adolescent women's leisure choices. Leisure Stud (2000) 19:45-8. doi:10.1080/026143600374833.
40. Tseëlon E. Is the presented self sincere? Goffman, impression management and the postmodern self. Theory Cult Soc (1992) 9:115-28.
41. Jameson F. Postmodernism or the cultural logic of late capitalism. New Left Rev (1984) 146:53-92.
42. Harre R. Social sources of mental content and order. In: Manicas P, Harre R, Secord P editors. Psychology Designing the Discipline. Oxford: Blackwell (1986). p. 91-127.
43. Park R. Human nature and collective behavior. Am J Sociol (1927) 32:733-41. doi:10.1086/214190.
44. McCall GJ. The social looking-glass: a sociological perspective on self development. In: Mischel T editor. The Self: Psychological and Philosophical Issues. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield (1977). p. 274-87.
45. Goffman E. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Anchor Books (1959).
46. Welsh J. Dramaturgical Analysis and Societal Critique Piscataway. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers (1990).
47. Baudrillard J. In the Shadow of the Silent Majorities or the End of the Social and Other Essays. New York: Semiotext(e) (1983).
48. Branaman A. Goffman's social theory. In: Charles L, Ann B editors. The Goffman Reader. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing (1997). p. xlv-lxxxii.
49. Goffman E. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. 2nd ed. London: Allen Lane (1969).
50. Scheff TJ. Goffman Unbound! A New Paradigm for Social Science. London: Paradigm Publishers (2006).
51. Jones EE, Pittman TS. Toward a general theory of strategic self-presentation. In: Jerry S editor. Psychological Perspectives on the Self (Vol. 1), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum (1982). p. 231-62.
52. Tseëlon E. The method is the message: on the meaning of methods as ideologies. Theory Psychol (1991) 1(3):299-316.
53. Arkin RM, Appleman AJ, Burger JM. Social anxiety, self presentation and the self-serving bias in causal attribution. J Pers Soc Psychol (1980) 38:23-35. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.1.23.
54. Baumeister RF. A self-presentational view of social phenomena. Psychol Bull (1982) 91:3-26. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.91.1.3.
55. Schneider D. Tactical self-presentations: toward a broader conception. In: Tedeschi JJ editor. Impression Management Theory and Social Psychological Research. New York: Academic Press (1981). p. 23-40.
56. Snyder M. Impression management. In: Wrightman LS, Deaux K editors. Social Psychology in the 80s. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole (1981). p. 92-123.