The society for vascular surgery lower extremity threatened limb classification system: Risk stratification based on Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI)

Journal of Vascular Surgery

Volumn 59, Issue 1, 2014, Pages

  Mills, Joseph L ^a   Conte, Michael S ^b   Armstrong, David G ^a   Pomposelli, Frank B ^c   Schanzer, Andres ^d   Sidawy, Anton N ^e   Andros, George ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c ST ELIZABETH'S MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

^e GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^f Valley Presbyterian Hospital   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMPUTATION; ARTICLE; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; HUMAN; INFECTION; ISCHEMIA; POPULATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVASCULARIZATION; RISK ASSESSMENT; WOUND; WOUND ISCHEMIA AND FOOT INFECTION;

EID: 84891633077     PISSN: 07415214     EISSN: 10976809     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2013.08.003     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. P.R.F. Bell, D. Charlesworth, R.G. DePalma, H.H.G. Eastcott, B. Eklöf, and C.W. Jamieson et al. The definition of critical ischemia of a limb. Working Party of the International Vascular Symposium Br J Surg 69 Suppl 1982 S2
2. M.H. Criqui Peripheral arterial disease and subsequent cardiovascular mortality: a strong and consistent association Circulation 82 1990 2246 2247
3. J. Caro, K. Migliaccio-Walle, K.J. Ishak, and I. Proskorovsky The morbidity and mortality following a diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease: long-term follow-up of a large database BMC Cardiovasc Disord 5 2005 14
4. J.R.W. Brownrigg, J. Davey, P.J. Hoilt, W.A. Davis, M.M. Thompson, and K.K. Ray et al. The association of ulceration of the foot with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis Diabetologia 55 2012 2906 2912
5. M.H. Criqui, R.D. Langer, A. Fronek, H.S. Feigelson, M.R. Klauber, and T.J. McCann et al. Mortality over a period of 10 years in patients with peripheral arterial-disease N Engl J Med 326 1992 381 386
6. M.M. McDermott, J. Feinglass, R. Slavensky, and W.H. Pearce The ankle-brachial index as a predictor of survival in patients with peripheral arterial disease J Gen Intern Med 9 1994 445 449 (Pubitemid 24258782)
7. M.A. McGrath, A.R. Graham, D.A. Hill, R.S.A. Lord, and G.D. Tracy The natural history of chronic leg ischemia World J Surg 7 1983 314 318 (Pubitemid 13027733)
8. R.B. Rutherford, J.D. Baker, C. Ernst, K.W. Johnston, J.M. Porter, and S. Ahn et al. Recommended standards for reports dealing with lower extremity ischemia: revised version J Vasc Surg 26 1997 517 538 (Pubitemid 27408567)
9. J.A. Dormandy, and R.B. Rutherford Management of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). TASC Working Group: TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) J Vasc Surg 31 Suppl 2000 S1 S296
10. C. Setacci, J.B. Ricco, J. Apelqvist, F. Becker, and P. Cao Management of critical limb ischemia and diabetic foot Eur J Vas Endovas Surg 42 S2 2011 S1 90
11. E.P. Brass, R. Anthony, J. Dormandy, W.R. Hiatt, J. Jiao, and A. Nakanishi et al. Parenteral therapy with lipo-ecraprost, a lipid-based formulation of a PGE1 analog, does not alter six-month outcomes in patients with critical leg ischemia J Vasc Surg 43 2006 752 759
12. W.A. Marston, S.W. Davies, B. Armstrong, M.A. Farber, R.C. Mendes, and J.J. Fulton et al. Natural history of limbs with arterial insufficiency and chronic ulceration treated without revascularization J Vasc Surg 44 2006 108 114
13. T. Elgzyri, J. Larsson, J. Thörne, K.F. Eriksson, and J. Apelqvist Outcome of ischemic foot ulcer in diabetic patients who had no invasive vascular intervention Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 46 2013 110 117
14. R. Fontaine, M. Kim, and R. Kieny [Surgical treatment of peripheral circulation disorders] Helv Chir Acta 21 1954 499 533
15. th International Symposium on the Diabetic Foot. Diabetes/Metabolism, Research and Reviews Diabetes Metab Res Rev 24 Suppl 1 2008 S34 S39
16. D.M. Ihnat, and J.L. Mills Current assessment of endovascular therapy for infrainguinal arterial occlusive disease in patients with diabetes J Vasc Surg 52 2010 92S 95S
17. R.J. Hinchliffe, J. Andros, J. Apelqvist, K. Bakker, S. Fiedrichs, and J. Lammer et al. A systematic review of the effectiveness of revascularization of the ulcerated foot in patients with diabetes and peripheral arterial disease Diabetes Metab Res Rev 28 Suppl 1 2012 179 217
18. R.J. Powell, M. Simons, F.O. Mendelsohn, G. Daniel, T.D. Henry, and M. Koga et al. Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study to assess the safety of intramuscular injection of hepatocyte growth factor plasmid to improve limb perfusion in patients with critical limb ischemia Circulation 118 2008 58 65
19. E. Tateishi-Yuyama, H. Matsubara, T. Murohara, U. Ikeda, S. Shintani, and H. Masaki et al. Therapeutic angiogenesis for patients with limb ischaemia by autologous transplantation of bone-marrow cells: a pilot study and a randomised controlled trial Lancet 360 2002 427 435
20. E. Benoit, T.F. O'Donnell, M.D. Iafrati, E. Ascher, D.F. Bandyk, and J.W. Hallett et al. The role of amputation as an outcome measure in cellular therapy for critical limb ischemia: implications for clinical trial design JTM 9 2011 165
21. R.J. Powell Update on clinical trials evaluating the effect of biologic therapy in patients with critical limb ischemia J Vasc Surg 56 2012 264 266
22. S.M. Taylor, J.W. York, D.L. Cull, C.A. Kalbaugh, A.L. Cass, and E.M. Langan Clinical success using patient-oriented outcome measures after lower extremity bypass and endovascular intervention for ischemic tissue loss J Vasc Surg 50 2009 534 541
23. D.G. Armstrong, K. Cohen, S. Courric, M. Bharara, and W. Marston Diabetic foot ulcers and vascular insufficiency: our population has changed, but our methods have not J Diabetes Sci Technol 52 2011 1591 1595
24. A.W. Bradbury, C.V. Ruckley, F.G.R. Fowkes, J.F. Forbes, I. Gillespie, and D.J. Adam et al. Bypass versus Angioplasty in Severe Ischemia of the Leg (BASIL): multicentre, randomised controlled trial Lancet 366 2005 1925 1934 (Pubitemid 41713982)
25. A.W. Bradbury, D.J. Adams, J. Bell, J.F. Forbes, I. Gillespie, and C.V. Ruckley et al. Bypass versus Angioplasty in Severe Ischemia of the Leg (BASIL) trial: a survival prediction model to facilitate clinical decision making J Vasc Surg 51 5 Suppl 2010 52S 68S
26. A.W. Bradbury, D.J. Adam, J. Bell, J.F. Forbes, F.G. Fowkes, and I. Gillespie et al. Bypass versus Angioplasty in Severe Ischemia of the Leg (BASIL) trial: an intention-to-treat analysis of amputation-free and overall survival in patients randomized to a bypass surgery-first or a balloon angioplasty-first revascularization strategy J Vasc Surg 51 5 Suppl 2010 5S 17S
27. M.S. Conte, D.F. Bandyk, A.W. Clowes, G.L. Moneta, L. Seely, and T.J. Lorenz et al. Results of PREVENT III: a multicenter, randomized trial of edifoligide for the prevention of vein graft failure in lower extr rgery J Vasc Surg 43 2006 742 750
28. E. Faglia, L. Dalla Paola, G. Clerici, J. Clerissi, L. Graziani, and M. Fusaro et al. Peripheral angioplasty as the first-choice revascularizatuion procedure in diabetic patients with critical limb ischemia: prospective study of 993 consecutive patients hospitalized and followed between 1999 and 2003 Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 29 2005 620 627 (Pubitemid 40626707)
29. K.R. Goshima, J.L. Mills, and J.D. Hughes A new look at outcomes following infrainguinal bypass surgery: Traditional reporting standards systematically underestimate the expenditure of effort required to attain limb salvage J Vasc Surg 39 2004 330 335 (Pubitemid 38174314)
30. A. Ndip, and E.B. Jude Emerging evidence for neuroischemic diabetic foot ulcers: model of care and how to adapt practice Int J Low Ext Wounds 8 2009 82 94
31. L. Norgren, W.R. Hiatt, J.A. Dormandy, M.R. Nehler, K.A. Harris, and F.G. Fowkes Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II) J Vasc Surg 45 Suppl S 2007 S5 67
32. A. Bollinger, K. Breddin, H. Hess, F.M. Heystraten, J. Kollath, and A. Kontilla et al. Semiquantitative assessment of lower limb atherosclerosis from routine angiographic images Atherosclerosis 38 1981 339 346 (Pubitemid 11166896)
33. L. Graziani, A. Silvestro, V. Bertone, E. Manara, R. Adreini, and A. Sigala et al. Vascular involvement in diabetic subjects with ischemic foot ulcer: a new morphologic categorization of disease severity Eur J Vas Endovasc Surg 33 2007 453 460 (Pubitemid 46349954)
34. D.G. Armstrong, L.A. Lavery, and L.B. Harkless Validation of a diabetic wound classification system. The contribution of depth, infection, and ischemia to risk of amputation Diabetes Care 21 1998 855 859 (Pubitemid 28487086)
35. B. Meggitt Surgical management of the diabetic foot Br J Hosp Med 16 1976 227 232
36. F.W. Wagner Jr. The dysvascular foot: a system for diagnosis and treatment Foot Ankle 2 1981 64 122 (Pubitemid 12170741)
37. K.A. Treece, R.M. Macfarlane, N. Pound, F.L. Game, and W.J. Jeffcoate Validation of a system of foot ulcer classification in diabetes mellitus Diabet Med 21 2004 987 991 (Pubitemid 39215318)
38. S. Beckert, M. Witte, C. Wicke, A. Königsrainer, and S. Coerper A new wound-based severity score for diabetic foot ulcers: a prospective analysis of 1000 patients Diabetes Care 29 2006 988 992 (Pubitemid 44115232)
39. F.R. Martinez-de Jesús A checklist to score healing progress of diabetic foot ulcers Int J Low Extrem Wounds 9 2010 74 83
40. R.M. Macfarlane, and W.J. Jeffcoate Classification of diabetic foot ulcers: the S(AD) SAD system Diabetic Foot 2 1999 123 131
41. S. Beckert, A.M. Pietsch, M. Küper, C. Wicke, A. Königsrainer, and S. Coerper M.A.I.D.: a prognostic score estimating probability of healing in chronic lower extremity wounds Ann Surg 249 2009 677 681
42. B.A. Lipsky, A.R. Berendt, P.B. Cornia, J.C. Pile, E.J.G. Peters, and D.G. Armstrong et al. 2012 IDSA clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections Clin Infect Dis 54 2012 e132 e173
43. N.C. Schaper Diabetic foot ulcer classification system for research purposes: a progress report on criteria for including patients in research studies Diabet Metab Res Rev 20 2004 S90 S95
44. J. Apelqvist, T. Elgzyri, J. Larrson, M. Löndahl, P. Nyberg, and J. Thörne Factors related to outcome of neuroischemic/ischemic foot ulcer in diabetic patients J Vasc Surg 53 2011 1582 1588
45. M.A. Gershater, M. Löndahl, P. Nyberg, J. Larsson, J. Thörne, and M. Eneroth et al. Complexity of factors related to outcome of neuropathic and neuroischemic/ischemic diabetic foot ulcers: a cohort study Diabetologia 52 2009 398 407
46. L.A. Lavery, D.G. Armstrong, D.P. Murdoch, E.J. Peters, and B.A. Lipsky Validation of the Infectious Diseases Society of America's diabetic foot infection classification system Clin Infect Dis 44 2007 562 565 (Pubitemid 46233260)
47. V.N. Varu, M.E. Hogg, and M.R. Kibbe Critical limb ischemia J Vasc Surg 51 2010 230 241
48. J. Virkkunen, M. Heikkinen, M. Lepantalo, R. Metsanoja, and J.P. Salenius Diabetes as an independent risk factor for early postoperative complications in critical limb ischemia J Vasc Surg 40 2004 761 767 (Pubitemid 39311645)
49. J.D. Abbott, M.S. Lomardrero, G.W. Barsness, I. Pena-Sing, L.V. Buitrón, and P.S. Singh et al. Ankle-brachial index and cardiovascular outcomes in the bypass angioplasty revascularization investigation 2 diabetes trial Am Heart J 164 2012 585 590.e4
50. N.C. Schaper, G. Andros, J. Apelqvist, K. Bakker, J. Lammer, and M. Lepantalo et al. Diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial disease in diabetic patients with a foot ulcer. A progress report of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot Diabetes Metab Res Rev 28 Suppl 1 2012 218 224
51. N.C. Schaper, G. Andros, J. Apelqvist, K. Bakker, J. Lammer, and M. Lepantalo et al. Specific guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial disease in a patient with diabetes and ulceration of the foot Diabetes Metab Res Rev 28 Suppl 1 2012 236 237
52. F. Dick, N. Diehm, A. Galimanis, M. Husmann, J. Schmidli, and I. Baumgartner Surgical or endovascular revascularization in patients with critical limb ischemia: influence or diabetes mellitus on clinical outcome J Vasc Surg 45 2007 751 761 (Pubitemid 46483943)
53. L. Prompers, M. Huijberts, J. Apelqvist, E. Jude, A. Piaggesi, and K. Bakker et al. High prevalence of ischaemia, infection and serious comorbidity in patients with diabetic foot disease in Europe. Baseline results from the Eurodiale study Diabetolgia 50 2007 18 25 (Pubitemid 46035847)
54. L. Prompers, N. Schaper, J. Apelqvist, M. Edmonds, E. Jude, and D. Mauricio Prediction of outcome in individuals with diabetic foot ulcers: focus on the differences between individuals with and without peripheral arterial disease. The EURODIALE Study Diabetologia 51 2008 747 755
55. B.A. Lipsky A report from the international consensus on diagnosing and treating the infected diabetic foot Diabetes Metab Res Rev 20 Suppl 1 2004 S68 S77
56. A. Schanzer, and M.S. Conte Critical limb ischemia Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med 12 2010 214 229
57. H.H. Feringa, J.J. Bax, S. Hoeks, W.V. van, A. Elhendy, and S. Karagiannis et al. A prognostic risk index for long-term mortality in patients with peripheral arterial disease Arch Intern Med 167 2007 2482 2489 (Pubitemid 350254908)
58. J.H.N. Wolfe, and M.G. Wyatt Critical and sub critical ischemia Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 13 1997 578 582
59. J.V. White, R.B. Rutherford, and C. Ryjewski Chronic subcritical ischemia: a poorly recognized stage of critical limb ischemia Semin Vasc Surg 20 2007 62 67 (Pubitemid 46453127)
60. A. Karthikesalingam, P.J. Holt, P. Moxey, K.G. Jones, M.M. Thompson, and R.J. Hinchliffe A systematic review of scoring systems for diabetic foot ulcers Diabet Med 27 2010 544 549
61. A. Schanzer, P.P. Goodney, Y. Li, M. Eslami, J. Cronenwett, and L. Messina et al. Validation of the PIII CLI risk score for the prediction of amputation-free survival in patients undergoing infrainguinal autogenous vein bypass for critical limb ischemia J Vasc Surg 50 2009 769 775
62. S.M. Taylor, C.A. Kalbaugh, B.H. Gray, P.J. Mackrell, E.M. Langan, and D.L. Cull et al. The LEGS score: a proposed grading system to direct treatment of chronic lower extremity ischemia Ann Surg 237 2003 812 818 discussion: 818-9
63. A. Kechagias, J. Perala, K. Ylonen, M.A. Mahar, and F. Biancari Validation of the Finnvasc score in infrainguinal percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for critical lower limb ischemia Ann Vasc Surg 22 2008 547 551
64. A. Albäck, F. Biancari, O. Saarinen, and M. Lepäntalo Prediction of the immediate outcome of femoropopliteal saphenous vein bypass by angiographic runoff score Eur J Vas Endovasc Surg 15 1998 220 224 (Pubitemid 28163671)
65. S.M. Taylor, C.A. Kalbaugh, D.W. Blackhurst, A.L. Cass, E.A. Trent, and E.M. Langan et al. Determinants of functional outcome after revascularization for critical limb ischemia: an analysis of 1000 consecutive vascular interventions J Vasc Surg 44 2006 747 755
66. M. Kalani, K. Brismar, B. Fagrell, J. Ostergren, and G. Jorneskog Transcuta- neous oxygen tension and toe blood pressure as predictors for outcome of diabetic foot ulcers Diab Care 22 1999 147 151 (Pubitemid 29028312)
67. J.C. DeGraaff, D.T. Ubbink, D.A. Legemate, J.G.P. Tijssen, and M.J.H.M. Jacobs Evaluation of toe pressures and transcutaneous oxygen measurements in management of chronic critical leg ischemia: a diagnostic randomized clinical trial J Vasc Surg 38 2003 528 534 (Pubitemid 41123220)
68. J.J. Castronuovo, H.M. Adera, J.M. Smiell, and R.M. Price Skin perfusion pressure measurement is valuable in the diagnosis of critical limb ischemia J Vasc Surg 26 1997 629 637 (Pubitemid 27459609)
69. J.L. Ballard, C.C. Eke, T.J. Bunt, and J.D. Killeen A prospective evaluation of transcutaneous oxygen measurements in the management of diabetic foot problems J Vasc Surg 22 1995 485 490 discussion: 490-2
70. J.D. Braun, M. Trinidad-Hernandez, D. Perry, D.G. Armstrong, and J.L. Mills Early quantitative evaluation of indocyanine green angiography in patients with critical limb ischemia J Vasc Surg 57 2013 1213 1218
71. K.O. McGraw, and S.P. Wong Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients Psychol Methods 1 1996 30 46 (Pubitemid 126421252)
72. J.L. Cronenwett, D.S. Likosky, M.T. Russell, J. Eldrup-Jorgensen, A.C. Stanley, and B.W. Nolan et al. A regional registry for quality assurance and improvement: the Vascular Study Group of Northern New England (VSGNNE) J Vasc Surg 46 2007 1093 1101
73. S. Subherwal, K.J. Anstrom, W.S. Jones, M.G. Felker, S. Misra, and M.S. Conte et al. Use of alternative methodologies for evaluation of composite end points in trials of therapies for critical limb ischemia Am Heart J 164 2012 277 284
74. M.S. Conte, P.J. Geraghty, A.W. Bradbury, N.D. Hevelone, S.R. Lipsitz, and G.L. Moneta et al. Suggested objective performance goals and clinical trial design for evaluating catheter-based treatment of critical limb ischemia J Vasc Surg 50 2009 1462 1473
75. V. Bertele, M.C. Roncaglioni, J. Pangrazzi, E. Terzian, and G. Tognoni Clinical outcome and its predictors in 1560 patients with critical leg ischaemia Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 18 1999 401 410
76. J. Chung, B.B. Bartelson, W.R. Hiatt, B.D. Peyton, R.B. McLafferty, and C.W. Hopley et al. Wound healing and functional outcomes after infrainguinal bypass with reversed saphenous vein for critical limb ischemia J Vasc Surg 43 2006 1183 1190 (Pubitemid 43825661)
77. A.M. AbouZamzam, R.W. Lee, G.L. Moneta, L.M. Taylor, and J.M. Porter Functional outcome after infrainguinal bypass for limb salvage J Vasc Surg 25 1997 287 295
78. C.D. Owens, K.J. Ho, S. Kim, A. Schanzer, J. Lin, and E. Matros et al. Refinement of survival prediction in patients undergoing lower extremity bypass surgery: stratification by chronic kidney disease classification J Vasc Surg 45 2007 944 952 (Pubitemid 46634932)
79. H. Thorsen, J. McKenna, A. Tennant, and P. Holstein Nottingham health profile scores predict the outcome and support aggressive revascularization for critical limb ischemia Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 23 2002 495 499 (Pubitemid 41079399)
80. L. Nguyen, S.R. Lipsitz, D.F. Bandyk, A.W. Clowes, G.L. Moneta, and M. Belkin et al. Resource utilization in the treatment of critical limb ischemia: the effect of tissue loss, comorbidities, and graft related events J Vasc Surg 44 2006 971 975 (Pubitemid 46107245)
81. F. Biancari, J.P. Salenius, M. Heikkinen, M. Luther, K. Ylonen, and M. Lepantalo Risk-scoring method for prediction of 30-day postoperative outcome after infrainguinal surgical revascularization for critical lower-limb ischemia: a Finnvasc registry study World J Surg 31 2007 217 227
82. E. Arvela, M. Söderström, M. Korhonen, K. Halmesmäki, A. Albäck, and M. Lepäntolo et al. Finnvasc score and modified Prevent III score predict long-term outcome after infrainguinal surgical and endovascular revascularization for critical limb ischemia J Vasc Surg 52 2010 1218 1225
83. A. Schanzer, J. Mega, J. Meadows, R.H. Samson, D.F. Bandyk, and M.S. Conte Risk stratification in critical limb ischemia: derivation and validation of a model to predict amputation-free survival using multicenter surgical outcomes data J Vasc Surg 48 2008 1464 1471
84. A.D. Nicoloff, L.M. Taylor, R.B. McLafferty, G.L. Moneta, and J.M. Porter Patient recovery after infrainguinal bypass grafting for limb salvage J Vasc Surg 27 1998 256 263
85. G.J. Landry Functional outcome of critical limb ischemia J Vasc Surg 45 2007 141A 148A
86. P.P. Goodney, D.S. Likosky, and J.L. Cronenwett Predicting ambulation status one year after lower extremity bypass J Vasc Surg 49 2009 1431 1439
87. F.B. Pomposelli Jr., S. Arora, G.W. Gibbons, R. Frykberg, P. Smakowski, and D.R. Campbell et al. Lower extremity arterial reconstruction in the very elderly: successful outcome preserves not only the limb but also residential status and ambulatory function J Vasc Surg 28 1998 215 225 (Pubitemid 28377972)
88. L.L. Nguyen, G.L. Moneta, M.S. Conte, D.F. Bandyk, A.W. Clowes, and B.L. Seely Prospective multicenter study of quality of life before and after lower extremity vein bypass in 1404 patients with critical limb ischemia J Vasc Surg 44 2006 977 983 (Pubitemid 46107228)