Source apportionment of particulate matter in a large city of southeastern Po Valley (Bologna, Italy)

Environmental Science and Pollution Research

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 872-890

  Tositti, L ^a   Brattich, E ^a   Masiol, M ^b   Baldacci, D ^a   Ceccato, D ^c,d   Parmeggiani, S ^a   Stracquadanio, M ^e   Zappoli, S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

^b CA' FOSCARI UNIVERSITY OF VENICE   (Italy)

^c LABORATORI NAZIONALI DI LEGNARO   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^e ENEA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Bologna and Po Valley; Enrichment factors; Particulate matter; PIXE; PM10; PM2.5; Receptor modeling; Source apportionment

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; BIOMASS BURNING; MEGACITY; PARTICLE SIZE; PARTICULATE MATTER;

BOLOGNA [EMILIA-ROMAGNA]; EMILIA-ROMAGNA; ITALY; PO VALLEY;

TRACE ELEMENT;

AEROSOL; AIR POLLUTANT; AIR POLLUTION; ARTICLE; CHEMICAL MODEL; CITY; DUST; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ITALY; PARTICULATE MATTER; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SEASON; STATISTICS;

AEROSOLS; AIR POLLUTANTS; AIR POLLUTION; CITIES; DUST; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ITALY; MODELS, CHEMICAL; PARTICULATE MATTER; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SEASONS; TRACE ELEMENTS;

EID: 84891631032     PISSN: 09441344     EISSN: 16147499     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1911-7     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. Alastuey A, Querol X, Rodriguez S, Plana F, Lopez-Soler A, Mantilla E (2004) Monitoring of atmospheric particulate matter around sources of secondary inorganic aerosol. Atmos Environ 38(30): 4979-4992.
2. Alastuey A, Moreno N, Querol X, Viana M, Artiñano B, Luaces JA, Basora J, Guerra A (2007) Contribution of harbour activities to levels of particulate matter in a harbour area: Hada Project-Tarragona Spain. Atmos Environ 41: 6366-6378. doi: 10. 1016/j. atmosenv. 2007. 03. 015.
3. Almeida SM, Pio CA, Freitas MC, Reis MA, Trancoso MA (2006) Approaching PM2. 5 and PM2. 5-10 source apportionment by mass balance analysis, principal component analysis and particle size distribution. Sci Total Environ 368: 663-674.
4. Amodio M et al (2007) Fine Particulate Matter in Apulia (South Italy): Chemical Characterization. In: O' Dowd C, Wagner PE (eds) Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols. 17th International Conference; Part XI, Galway, Ireland, pp 1235-1238. doi: 10. 1007/978-1-4020-6475-3_245.
5. a fase http://www. arpa. emr. it/cms3/documenti/_cerca_doc/aria/aria_re/polvere. pdf Accessed 16 January 2013 (in Italian).
6. ARPA-EMR (2013) Calmet meteorological pre-processor. http://www. arpa. emr. it/sim/?qualita_aria/turbolenza Accessed 03 April 2013 (in Italian).
7. Barkan J, Alpert P, Kutiel H, Kishcha P (2005) Synoptics of dust transportation days from Africa toward Italy and central Europe. J Geophys Res 110, D07208. doi: 10. 1029/2004JD005222.
8. Begum BA, Kim E, Biswas SK, Hopke PK (2004) Investigation of sources of atmospheric aerosol at urban and semi-urban areas in Bangladesh. Atmos Environ 38(19): 3025-3038.
9. Belis CA, Karagulian F, Larsen BR, Hopke PK (2013) Critical review and meta-analysis of ambient particulate matter source apportionment using receptor models in Europe. Atmos Environ 69: 94-108.
10. Bonasoni P, Stohl A, Cristofanelli P, Calzolari F, Colombo T, Evangelisti F (2000) Background ozone variations at Mt. Cimone Station. Atmos Environ 34: 5183-5189.
11. Bowen HJM (1979) Environmental chemistry of the elements. Academic, Oxford.
12. Bukowiecki N, Lienemann P, Hill M, Figi R, Richard A, Furger M, Rickers K, Falkenberg G, Zhao Y, Cliff SS, Prevot AS, Baltensperger U, Buchmann B, Gehrig R (2009) Real-world emission factors for antimony and other brake wear related trace elements: Size-segregated values for light and heavy duty vehicles. Environ Sci Technol 43(21): 8072-8078. doi: 10. 1021/es9006096.
13. Callén MS, de la Cruz MT, López JM, Navarro MV, Mastral AM (2009) Comparison of receptor models for source apportionment of the PM10 in Zaragoza (Spain). Chemosphere 76(8): 1120-1129.
14. Camuffo D, van Grieken R, Busse HJ, Sturaro G, Valentino A, Bernardi A, Blades N, Shooter D, Gysels C, Deutsch F, Wieser M, Kim O, Ulrych U (2001) Environmental monitoring in four European museums. Atmos Environ 35: S127-S140.
15. Carslaw KS, Boucher O, Spracklen DV, Mann GW, Rae JGL, Woodward S, Kulmala M (2010) A review of natural aerosol interactions and feedbacks within the Earth system. Atmos Chem Phys 10: 1701-1737.
16. 2. 5 mass fraction of suspended particulate matter, Ref. No. EN14907: 2005.
17. Chan YC, Simpson RW, McTainsh GH, Vowles PD, Cohen DD, Bailey GM (1997) Characterisation of chemical species in PM2. 5 and PM10 aerosols in Brisbane, Australia. Atmos Environ 31: 3773-3785.
18. Charlson RJ, Schwartz SE, Hales JM, Cess RD, Coakley JA, Hansen JE, Hofmann DJ (1992) Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols. Science 255: 423-430.
19. Colb CE, Worsnop DR (2012) Chemistry and composition of atmospheric aerosol particles. Annu Rev Phys Chem 63: 471-491.
20. Dan M, Zhuang G, Li X, Tao H, Zhuang Y (2004) The characteristics of carbonaceous species and their sources in PM2. 5 in Beijing. Atmos Environ 38: 3443-3452.
21. Davidson CI, Phalen RF, Solomon PA (2005) Airborne particulate matter and human health: a review. Aerosol Sci Tech 39(8): 737-749.
22. D'Alessio A, D'Anna A, Ciajolo A, Faravelli T, Ranzi E (2005) Particolato fine e ultrafine. Emissione da processi di combustione. La chimica e l'Industria Anno 87 n 1: 16-24, in Italian.
23. Draxler RR (1999) HYSPLIT4 user's guide. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL ARL-230. NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring MD.
24. Draxler RR, Rolph GD (2011) HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model access via NOAA ARL READY Website (http://ready. arl. noaa. gov/HYSPLIT. php). NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring MD.
25. EC (European Commission) (1999) Council Directive 1999/30/EC of 22 April 1999 relating to limit values for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter and lead in ambient air. http://eur-lex. europa. eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=EN&numdoc=31999L0030 Accessed 16 January 2013.
26. EC (European Commission) (2004) Second Position Paper on Particulate Matter. In: CAFE Working Group on Particulate Matter (ed).
27. EEA (European Environment Agency) (2011) Laying the foundations for greener transport. TERM 2011: transport indicators tracking progress towards environmental targets in Europe. European Environment Agency, Report N°7, Copenhagen, Denmark http://www. eea. europa. eu/publications/foundations-for-greener-transport Accessed 16 January 2013.
28. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) (2008) Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) 3. 0 Fundamentals & User Guide. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC 20460 http://www. epa. gov/heasd/products/pmf/EPA%20PMF%203. 0%20User%20Guide%20v16_092208_final. pdf Accessed 16 January 2013.
29. Escudero S et al (2005) Wet and dry African dust episodes over Eastern Spain. J Geophys Res 110: D18S08. doi: 10. 1029/2004JD004731.
30. Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Pitts JN Jr (1986) Atmospheric chemistry. Fundamentals and experimental techniques. Wiley, New York.
31. Fischer H, Kormann R, Klüpfel T, Gurk C, Königstedt R, Parchatka U, Mühle J, Rhee TS, Brenninkmeijer CAM, Bonasoni P, Stohl A (2000) Ozone production and trace gas correlations during the June 2000 MINATROC intensive measurement campaign at Mt. Cimone. Atmos Chem Phys 3: 725-738. doi: 10. 5194/acp-3-725-2003.
32. Forster P et al (2007) Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M et al (eds) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
33. 3 from road traffic on epiphytic lichens. Environ Pollut 142: 58-64.
34. 10 source characterization at urban and highway roadside locations. Sci Total Environ 387: 206-219. doi: 10. 1016/j. scitotenv. 2007. 07. 021.
35. Garg BD, Cadle SH, Mulawa P, Groblicki PJ, Laroo C, Parr GA (2000) Brake wear particulate matter emissions. Environ Sci Technol 34(21): 4463-4469. doi: 10. 1021/es001108h.
36. Gietl JK, Lawrence R, Thorpe AJ, Harrison RM (2010) Identification of brake wear particles and derivation of a quantitative tracer for brake dust at a major road. Atmos Environ 44(2): 141-146. doi: 10. 1016/j. atmosenv. 2009. 10. 016.
37. Gilbert NL, Woodhouse S, Stieb DM, Brook JR (2003) Ambient nitrogen dioxide and distance from a major highway. Sci Total Environ 312: 43-46.
38. 2. 5 in Turin. Environ Res 103: 168-175. doi: 10. 1016/j. envres. 2006. 08. 006.
39. Godoi RHM, Kontozova V, van Grieken R (2006) The shielding effect of the protective glazing of historical stained glass windows from an atmospheric chemistry perspective: case study Saint Chapelle, Paris. Atmos Environ 40: 1255-1265.
40. Guarnieri F, Calastrini F, Busillo C, Pasqui M, Becagli S, Lucarelli F, Calzolai G, Nava S, Udisti R (2011) Mineral dust aerosol from Saharan desert by means of atmospheric, emission, dispersion modeling. Biogeosci Discuss 8: 7313-7338. doi: 10. 5194/bgd-8-7313-2011.
41. Harrison RM, Smith DJT, Pio CA, Castro LM (1997) Comparative receptor modelling study of airborne particulate pollutants in Birmingham (United Kingdom), Coimbra (Portugal) and Lahore (Pakistan). Atmos Environ 31(20): 3309-3321.
42. Hueglin C, Gehrig R, Baltensperger U, Gysel M, Monn C, Vonmont H (2005) Chemical characterization of PM2. 5, PM10 and coarse particles at urban, near-city and rural sites in Switzerland. Atmos Environ 39: 637-651. doi: 10. 1016/j. atmosenv. 2004. 10. 027.
43. Iijima A, Sato K, Yano K, Kato M, Kozawa K, Furuta N. (2008) Emission factor for antimony in brake abrasion dusts as one of the major atmospheric antimony sources. Environ Sci Technol 42(8): 2937-2942. doi: 10. 1021/es702137g.
44. Kim E, Hopke PK, Edgerton ES (2003a) Source identification of Atlanta aerosol by positive matrix factorization. J Air Waste Manage 53: 731-739.
45. Kim E, Larson TV, Hopke PK, Slaughter C, Sheppard LE, Claiborn C (2003b) Source identification of PM2. 5 in an arid Northwest U. S. city by positive matrix factorization. Atmos Res 66: 291-305.
46. Koçak M, Theodosi C, Zarmpas P, Im U, Bougiatoti A, Yenigun O, Mihapoulos N (2011) Particulate matter (PM10) in Istanbul: origin, source areas and potential impact on surrounding regions. Atmos Environ 45: 6891-6900. doi: 10. 1016/j. atmosenv. 2010. 10. 007.
47. 10 source profiles for fugitive dust in Fushun-a city famous for coal. Atmos Environ 45(30): 5351-5365. doi: 10. 1016/j. atmosenv. 2011. 06. 050.
48. Lantzy RJ, McKenzie FT (1979) Atmospheric trace metals: global cycles and assessment of man's impact. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 43: 511-525.
49. Lee E, Chan CK, Paatero P (1999) Application of positive matrix factorization in source apportionment of particulate pollutants in Hong Kong. Atmos Environ 33: 3201-3212.
50. Lee S, Liu W, Wang Y, Russell AG, Edgerton ES (2008) Source apportionment of PM2. 5: comparing PMF and CMB results for four ambient monitoring sites in the southeastern United States. Atmos Environ 42: 4126-4237. doi: 10. 1016/j. atmosenv. 2008. 01. 025.
51. 2-. Atmos Environ 43(17): 2731-2736. doi: 10. 1016/j. atmosenv. 2009. 02. 058.
52. 2. 5 in Milan (Italy). Atmos Environ 39: 1925-1934. doi: 10. 1016/j. atmosenv. 2004. 12. 012.
53. 2. 5 in Milan (Italy). Environ Int 34: 665-670. doi: 10. 1016/j. envint. 2007. 12. 009.
54. Lucarelli F, Mandò PA, Nava S, Valerio M, Prati P, Zucchiatti A (2000) Elemental composition of urban aerosol collected in Florence, Italy. Environ Monit Assess 65: 165-173. doi: 10. 1023/A: 1006486208406.
55. Mahowald NM et al (2005) Impacts of biomass burning emissions and land use change on Amazonian atmospheric phosphorus cycling and deposition. Global Biogeochem Cy 19: GB4030. doi: 10. 1029/2005GB002541.
56. 2. 5 in Milan (Italy) using receptor modelling. Sci Total Environ 317: 137-147. doi: 10. 1016/S0048-9697(03)00368-1.
57. Marenco F, Bonasoni P, Calzolari F, Ceriani M, Chiari M, Cristofanelli P, D'Alessandro A, Fermo P, Lucarelli F, Mazzei F, Nava S, Piazzalunga A, Prati P, Valli G, Vecchi R (2006) Characterization of atmospheric aerosols at Monte Cimone, Italy, during summer 2004: Source apportionment and transport mechanisms. J Geophys Res 111, D24202. doi: 10. 1029/2006JD007145.
58. Masiol M, Squizzato S, Ceccato D, Rampazzo G, Pavoni B (2012a) A chemometric approach to determine local and regional sources of PM10 and its geochemical composition in a coastal area. Atmos Environ 54: 127-133.
59. 10 chemical composition in a source apportionment study. Atmos Environ 63: 117-124.
60. Matassoni L, Pratesi G, Centioli D, Cadoni F, Malesani P, Caricchia AM, di Bucchianico AD (2009) Saharan dust episodes in Italy: influence on PM10 daily limit value (DLV) exceedances and the related synoptic. J Environ Monitor 11: 1586-1594.
61. Matta E, Facchini MC, Decesari S, Mircea M, Cavalli F, Fuzzi S, Putaud J-P, Dell'Acqua A (2002) Chemical mass balance of size-segregated atmospheric aerosol in an urban area of the Po Valley, Italy. Atmos Chem Phys Discuss 2: 2167-2208. doi: 10. 5194/acpd-2-2167-2002.
62. Matta E, Facchini MC, Decesari S, Mircea M, Cavalli F, Fuzzi S, Putaud J-P, Dell'Acqua A (2003) Mass closure on the chemical species in size-segregated atmospheric aerosol collected in an urban area of the Po Valley, Italy. Atmos Chem Phys 3: 623-637. doi: 10. 5194/acp-3-623-2003.
63. Maxwell JA, Teesdale WJ, Campbell JL (1995) The Guelph PIXE package II. Nucl Instrum Meth B 95: 407-421.
64. Mazzei F, D'Alessandro A, Lucarelli F, Marenco F, Nava S, Prati P, Valli G, Vecchi R (2006) Elemental composition and source apportionment of particulate matter near a large steel plant in Genoa (Italy). Nucl Instrum Meth B 249(1-2): 548-551.
65. Meloni D, di Sarra A, Monteleone F, Pace G, Piacentino S, Sferlazzo DM (2008) Seasonal transport patterns of intense Saharan dust events at the Mediterranean island of Lampedusa. Atmos Res 88: 134-148. doi: 10. 1016/j. atmosres. 2007. 10. 007.
66. Miller JC, Miller JN (1993) Statistics for analytical chemistry, 3rd edn. Ellis Horwood PTR Prentice Hall, Harlow.
67. Mitra AP, Morawska L, Sharma C, Zhang J (2002) Chapter two: methodologies for characterisation of combustion sources end for quantification of their emissions. Chemosphere 49(9): 903-922.
68. Mittner P, Ceccato D, Del Maschio S, Schiavuta E, Chiminello F, Buso P, Agostini S, Prodi V, Mazza M, Belardinelli F (1996) A multiannual experiment on tropospheric aerosols at Terranova Bay (Antarctica): role of PIXE analysis and related techniques. Nucl Instrum Meth B 109(110): 375-380.
69. Morawska L, Zhang J (2002) Combustion sources of particles. 1. Health relevance and source signatures. Chemosphere 49: 1045-1058.
70. Nava S, Becherini F, Bernardi A, Bonazza A, Chiari M, García-Orellana I, Lucarelli F, Ludwig F, Migliori A, Sabbioni C, Udisti R, Valli G, Vecchi R (2010) An integrated approach to assess air pollution threats to cultural heritage in a semi-confined environment: The case study of Michelozzo's Courtyard in Florence (Italy). Sci Total Environ 408: 1403-1413.
71. Nava S, Becagli S, Calzolai G, Chiari M, Lucarelli F, Prati P, Traversi R, Udisti R, Valli G, Vecchi R (2012) Saharan dust impact in central Italy: an overview on three years elemental data records. Atmos Environ 60: 444-462.
72. Paatero P, Tapper U (1994) Positive matrix factorization: a non-negative factor model with optimal utilization of error estimates of data values. Environmetrics 5: 111-126. doi: 10. 1002/env. 3170050203.
73. Paatero P (1997) Least squares formulation of robust non-negative factor analysis. Chemometr Intell Lab 37(1): 23-35. doi: 10. 1016/S0169-7439(96)00044-5.
74. Paatero P (1999) The multilinear engine-a table-driven, least squares program for solving multilinear problems, including the n-way parallel factor analysis model. J Comput Graph Stat 8(4): 854-888. doi: 10. 2307/1390831.
75. 2. 5. Atmos Poll Res 4: 14-21. doi: 10. 5094/APR. 2013. 002.
76. Pant P, Harrison RM (2012) Critical review of receptor modelling for particulate matter: a case study in India. Atmos Environ 49: 1-12. doi: 10. 1016/j. atmosenv. 2011. 11. 060.
77. Pathak RK, Louie PKK, Chan CK (2004) Characteristics of aerosol acidity in Hong Kong. Atmos Environ 38(19): 2965-2974.
78. Pathak RK, Wu WS, Wang T (2009) Summertime PM2. 5 ionic species in four major cities of China: nitrate formation in an ammonia-deficient atmosphere. Atmos Chem Phys 9: 1711-1722. doi: 10. 5194/acp-9-1711-2009.
79. Polissar AV, Hopke PK, Poirot RL (2001) Atmospheric aerosol over Vermont: chemical composition and sources. Environ Sci Technol 35: 4604-4621.
80. Ponce NA, Hoggatt KJ, Wilhelm M, Ritz B (2005) Preterm birth: the interaction of traffic-related air pollution with economic hardship in Los Angeles neighborhood. Am J Epidemiol 162(2): 140-148. doi: 10. 1093/aje/kwi173.
81. Pope CA, Dockery DW (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect. J Air Waste Manage 56: 709-742.
82. Pope CA III, Ezzati M, Dockery DW (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the United States. N Engl J Med 360: 376-386.
83. Prather KA, Hatch CD, Grassian VH (2008) Analysis of atmospheric aerosols. Annu Rev Anal Chem 1: 485-514.
84. Putaud J-P, Raes F, van Dingenen R, Brüggemann E, Facchini M-C, Decesari S et al (2004) A European aerosol phenomenology-2: chemical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe. Atmos Environ 38: 2579-2595. doi: 10. 1016/j. atmosenv. 2004. 01. 041.
85. Putaud J-P, van Dingenen R, Alastuey A, Bauer H, Birmili W, Cyris J et al (2010) A European aerosol phenomenology-3: physical and chemical characteristics of particulate matter from 60 rural, urban, and kerbside sites across Europe. Atmos Environ 44: 1308-1320. doi: 10. 1016/j. atmosenv. 2009. 12. 011.
86. Qin Y, Oduyemi K (2003) Atmospheric aerosol source identification and estimates of source contributions to air pollution in Dundee, UK. Atmos Environ 37: 1799-1809. doi: 10. 1016/S1352-2310(03)00078-5.
87. Qin Y, Kim E, Hopke PK (2006) The concentrations and sources of PM2. 5 in metropolitan New York City. Atmos Environ 40: S312-S332. doi: 10. 1016/j. atmosenv. 2006. 02. 025.
88. Querol X, Alastuey A, Puicercus JA, Mantilla E, Miró JV, López-Soler A, Plana F, Artiñano B (1998) Seasonal evolution of suspended particles around a large coal-fired power station particle levels and sources. Atmos Environ 32(11): 1963-1978.
89. Querol X, Alastuey A, Rodríguez S, Plana F, Ruiz CR, Cots N, Massagué G, Puig O (2001) PM10 and PM2. 5 source apportionment in the Barcelona Metropolitan area, Catalonia, Spain. Atmos Environ 35(36): 6407-6419.
90. Querol X, Pey J, Pandolfi M, Alastuey A, Cusack M, Pèrez N et al (2009) African dust contributions to mean ambient PM10 mass-levels across the Mediterranean basin. Atmos Environ 43: 4266-4277. doi: 10. 1016/j. atmosenv. 2009. 06. 013.
91. Ramadan Z, Song XH, Hopke PK (2000) Identification of sources of Phoenix aerosol by positive matrix factorization. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 50(8): 1308-1320.
92. 10-bound pollutants monitored in three sites with differing environmental conditions in the Venice area (Italy). Water, Air Soil Pollut 195 Numbers 1-4: 161-176. doi: 10. 1007/s11270-008-9735-7.
93. Reff A, Eberly SI, Bhave PV (2007) Receptor modeling of ambient particulate matter data using Positive Matrix Factorization: Review of existing methods. J Air Waste Manage 57: 146-154.
94. Riley JP, Chester R (1971) Introduction to marine chemistry, 1st edn. Academic, London.
95. Rodríguez S, Querol X, Alastuey A, Viana M, Alarcón M, Mantilla E, Ruiz CR (2004) Comparative PM10-PM2, 5 source contribution study at rural urban and industrial cities during PM episodes in Eastern Spain. Sci Total Environ 328: 95-113. doi: 10. 1016/S0048-9697(03)00411-X.
96. Rodríguez S, van Dingenen R, Putaud JP, Martins-Dos Santos S, Roselli D (2005) Nucleation and growth of new particles in the rural atmosphere of Northern Italy-relationship to air quality monitoring. Atmos Environ 39(36): 6734-6746.
97. Rolph GD (2003) Real-Time Environmental Applications and Display System (READY). Silver Spring MD: NOAA Air Resources Laboratory. http://www. arl. noaa. gov/ready/hysplit4. html Accessed 17 January 2013.
98. Salma I, Maenhaut W, Zemplén-Papp E, Záray G (2001) Comprehensive characterization of atmospheric aerosols in Budapest, Hungary: physicochemical properties of inorganic species. Atmos Environ 35(25): 4367-4378.
99. Schaap M, Mueller K, ten Brink HM (2002) Constructing the European aerosol nitrate concentration field from quality analyzed data. Atmos Environ 36(8): 1323-1335.
100. Schaap M, van Loon M, ten Brink HM, Dentener FJ, Builtjes PJH (2004a) Secondary inorganic aerosol simulations for Europe with special attention to nitrate. Atmos Chem Phys 4: 857-874. doi: 10. 5194/acp-4-857-2004.
101. Schaap M, Spindler G, Schulz M, Acker K, Maenhaut W, Berner A, Wieprecht W, Streit N, Müller K, Brüggeman E, Chi X, Putaud JP, Hitzenberger R, Puxbaum H, Baltensperger U, ten Brink H (2004b) Artefacts in the sampling of nitrate studied in the "INTERCOMP" campaigns of EUROTRAC-AEROSOL. Atmos Environ 38: 6487-6496.
102. Seinfeld JH, Pandis SN (2006) Atmospheric chemistry and physics. From air pollution to climate change, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York.
103. Squizzato S, Masiol M, Brunelli A, Pistollato S, Tarabotti E, Rampazzo G, Pavoni B (2013) Factors determining the formation of secondary inorganic aerosol: a case study in the Po Valley (Italy). Atmos Chem Phys 13: 1927-1939. doi: 10. 5194/acp-13-1927-2013.
104. Sutton MA, Dragosits U, Tang YS, Fowler D (2000) Ammonia emissions from non-agricultural sources in the UK. Atmos Environ 34: 855-869.
105. Thorpe A, Harrison RM (2008) Sources and properties of non-exhaust particulate matter from road traffic: a review. Sci Total Environ 400: 270-282. doi: 10. 1016/j. scitotenv. 2008. 06. 007.
106. Thurston GD, Spengler JD (1985) A quantitative assessment of source contribution to inhalable particulate matter pollution in Metropolitan Boston. Atmos Environ 19: 9-25.
107. Thurston GD, Ito K, Lall R (2011) A source apportionment of U. S. fine particulate matter air pollution. Atmos Environ 45: 3924-3936. doi: 10. 1016/j. atmosenv. 2011. 04. 070.
108. Tositti L, Riccio A, Sandrini S, Brattich E, Baldacci D, Parmeggiani S, Cristofanelli P, Bonasoni P (2012) Short-term climatology of PM10 at a high altitude background station in southern Europe. Atmos Environ 65: 145-152. doi: 10. 1016/j. atmosenv. 2012. 10. 051.
109. Usher CR, Michel AE, Grassian VH (2003) Reactions on mineral dust. Chem Rev 103: 4883-4939.
110. 2. 5 in three European cities. Sci Total Environ 337: 147-162. doi: 10. 1016/j. scitotenv. 2004. 06. 018.
111. Vecchi R, Marcazzan G, Valli G, Cerini M, Antoniazzi C (2004) The role of atmospheric dispersion in the seasonal variation of PM1 and PM2. 5 concentration and composition in the urban area of Milan (Italy). Atmos Environ 38: 4437-4446. doi: 10. 1016/j. atmosenv. 2004. 05. 029.
112. Vecchi R, Chiari M, D'Alessandro A, Fermo P, Lucarelli F, Mazzei F, Nava S, Piazzalunga A, Prati P, Silvani F, Valli G (2008) A mass closure and PMF source apportionment study on the sub-micron sized aerosol fraction at urban sites in Italy. Atmos Environ 42(9): 2240-2253. doi: 10. 1016/j. atmosenv. 2007. 11. 039.
113. Vecchi R, Valli G, Fermo P, D'Alessandro A, Piazzalunga A, Bernardoni V (2009) Organic and inorganic sampling artefact assessment. Atmos Environ 43: 1713-1720.
114. Viana M, Querol X, Alastuey A, Gil JI, Menéndez M (2006) Identification of PM sources by principal component analysis (PCA) coupled with wind direction data. Chemosphere 65(11): 2411-2418.
115. 2. 5 at five Spanish centres of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS II). Atmos Environ 41: 1395-1406. doi: 10. 1016/j. atmosenv. 2006. 10. 016.
116. Viana M, Kuhlbusch TAJ, Querol X, Alastuey A, Harrison RM, Hopke PK, Winiwarter W, Vallius M, Szidat S, Prévot ASH, Hueglin C, Bloemen H, Wahlin P, Vecchi R, Miranda AI, Kasper-Giebl A, Maenhaut W, Hitzenberger R (2008a) Source apportionment of particulate matter in Europe: a review of methods and results. J Aerosol Sci 39(10): 827-849.
117. Viana M, Pandolfi M, Minguillon MC, Querol X, Alastuey A, Monfort E, Celades I (2008b) Inter-comparison of receptor models for PM source apportionment: case study in an industrial area. Atmos Environ 42: 3820-3832. doi: 10. 1016/j. atmosenv. 2007. 12. 056.
118. Voutsa D, Samara C, Kouimtzis T, Ochsenkuhn K (2002) Elemental composition of airborne particulate matter in the multi-impacted area of Thessaloniki, Greece. Atmos Environ 36(28): 4453-4462.
119. Wahlin P, Berkowicz R, Palmgren F (2006) Characterisation of traffic-generated particulate matter in Copenhagen. Atmos Environ 40: 2151-2159. doi: 10. 1016/j. atmosenv. 2005. 11. 049.
120. 210Pb size distributions in ambient aerosols. Atmos Environ 32: 983-991.
121. 2. 5 using positive matrix factorization and chemical mass balance in Izmir, Turkey. Sci Total Environ 390(1): 109-123. doi: 10. 1016/j. scitotenv. 2007. 08. 059.
122. Yin J, Harrison RM, Chen Q, Rutter A, Schauer JJ (2010) Source apportionment of fine particles at urban background and rural sites in the UK atmosphere. Atmos Environ 44: 841-851.