Commercial spruce plantations support a limited canopy fauna: Evidence from a multi taxa comparison of native and plantation forests

Forest Ecology and Management

Volumn 314, Issue , 2014, Pages 172-182

  Pedley, Scott M ^a   Martin, Rebecca D ^a   Oxbrough, Anne ^b   Irwin, Sandra ^a   Kelly, Thomas C ^a   O'Halloran, John ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK   (Ireland)

^b EDGE HILL UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Aphid; Arthropod; Canopy fogging; Norway spruce; Plantation forestry; Sitka spruce

Indexed keywords

APHID; ARTHROPOD; CANOPY FOGGING; NORWAY SPRUCE; PLANTATION FORESTRY; SITKA SPRUCE;

BIODIVERSITY; CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION; CULTIVATION; DEFORESTATION; FOG DISPERSAL; NOBELIUM; PLANTS (BOTANY); ROTATION; TIMBER;

ANIMALS;

ABUNDANCE; ASSESSMENT METHOD; BIODIVERSITY; CANOPY; CONIFEROUS TREE; DEFOLIATION; DEFORESTATION; FOREST MANAGEMENT; FORESTRY POLICY; FRAGMENTATION; INSECT; NATIVE SPECIES; PLANTATION FORESTRY; SPECIES RICHNESS; TAXONOMY; TREE PLANTING;

EID: 84891606693     PISSN: 03781127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.12.010     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Askenmo C., von Brömssen A., Ekman J., Jansson C. Impact of some wintering birds on spider abundance in spruce. Oikos 1977, 28:90-94.
2. Bell J.R., Bohan D.A., Shaw E.M., Weyman G.S. Ballooning dispersal using silk: world fauna, phylogenies, genetics and models. Bull. Entomol. Res. 2005, 95:69-114.
3. Benton T.G., Vickery J.A., Wilson J.D. Farmland biodiversity: is habitat heterogeneity the key?. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2003, 18:182-188.
4. Berndt L.A., Brockerhoff E.G., Jactel H. Relevance of exotic pine plantations as a surrogate habitat for ground beetles (Carabidae) where native forest is rare. Biodivers. Conserv. 2008, 17:1171-1185.
5. Bertheau C., Salle A., Rossi J.P., Bankhead-Dronnet S., Pineau X., Roux-Morabito G., Lieutier F. Colonisation of native and exotic conifers by indigenous bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) in France. For. Ecol. Manage. 2009, 258:1619-1628.
6. Brockerhoff E.G., Jactel H., Parrotta J.A., Quine C.P., Sayer J. Plantation forests and biodiversity: oxymoron or opportunity?. Biodivers. Conserv. 2008, 17:925-951.
7. Brockerhoff E.G., Jactel H., Parrotta J.A., Ferraz S.F.B. Role of eucalypt and other planted forests in biodiversity conservation and the provision of biodiversity-related ecosystem services. For. Ecol. Manage. 2013, 301:43-50.
8. Buchholz S. Ground spider assemblages as indicators for habitat structure in inland sand ecosystems. Biodivers. Conserv. 2010, 19:2565-2595.
9. Butterfield J., Luff M.L., Baines M., Eyre M.D. Carabid beetle communities as indicators of conservation potential in upland forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 1995, 79:63-77.
10. Clarke K.R., Warwick R.M. Change in Marine Communities: An Approach to Statistical Analysis and Interpretation 1994, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth.
11. COFORD Council Forestry 2030 2009, National Council for Forest Research and Development, Dublin.
12. Connell J.H. On the prevalence and relative importance of interspecific competition - evidence from field experiments. Am. Nat. 1983, 122:661-696.
13. Crawford R.L., Sugg P.M., Edwards J.S. Spider arrival and primary establishment on terrain depopulated by volcanic eruption at Mount St-Helens, Washington. Am. Midl. Nat. 1995, 133:60-75.
14. Cross J.R. Ireland's native woodlands: a summary based on the national survey of native woodlands. Irish Forest. 2012, 69:73-95.
15. Cunningham S.A., Floyd R.B., Weir T.A. Do Eucalyptus plantations host an insect community similar to remnant Eucalyptus forest?. Austral Ecol. 2005, 30:103-117.
16. De Caceres M., Legendre P., Moretti M. Improving indicator species analysis by combining groups of sites. Oikos 2010, 119:1674-1684.
17. de Souza A.U.T., Martins R.P. Foliage density of branches and distribution of plant-dwelling spiders. Biotropica 2005, 37:416-420.
18. Dray S., Dufour A. The ade4 package: implementing the duality diagram for ecologists. J. Stat. Softw. 2007, 22:1-20.
19. Dufrene M., Legendre P. Species assemblages and indicator species: the need for a flexible asymmetrical approach. Ecol. Monogr. 1997, 67:345-366.
20. EC The EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 2011, European Commission, Luxembourg.
21. Entling W., Schmidt M.H., Bacher S., Brandl R., Nentwig W. Niche properties of Central European spiders: shading, moisture and the evolution of the habitat niche. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 2007, 16:440-448.
22. EPA 2020 Vision - Protecting and Improving Ireland's Environment 2007, Environmental Protection Agency, Wexford, Ireland.
23. Erwin T.L. Tropical forests their richness in Coleoptera and other Arthropod species. Coleopt. Bull. 1982, 36:74-75.
24. Eyles A., Robinson A.P., Smith D., Carnegie A., Smith I., Stone C., Mohammed C. Quantifying stem growth loss at the tree-level in a Pinus radiata plantation to repeated attack by the aphid, Essigella californica. For. Ecol. Manage. 2011, 261:120-127.
25. Fahy O., Gormally M. A comparison of plant and carabid beetle communities in an Irish oak woodland with a nearby conifer plantation and clearfelled site. For. Ecol. Manage. 1998, 110:263-273.
26. FAO, 2001. The State of the World's Forests 2001. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. <>, Rome. http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/y0900e/y0900e00.HTM.
27. FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 - Main Report. FAO Forestry Paper 163 2010, Foodand Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
28. Finch O.D. Evaluation of mature conifer plantations as secondary habitat for epigeic forest arthropods (Coleoptera: Carabidae; Araneae). For. Ecol. Manage. 2005, 204:21-34.
29. Forest Europe, UNECE, FAO, 2011. State of Europe's Forests 2011. Status and Trends in Sustainable Forest Management in Europe, Oslo.
30. Forest Service National Forest Inventory: Republic of Ireland Results 2007, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Wexford, Ireland.
31. Fuller R.J., Oliver T.H., Leather S.R. Forest management effects on carabid beetle communities in coniferous and broadleaved forests: implications for conservation. Insect. Conserv. Divers. 2008, 1:242-252.
32. Gossner M.M., Chao A., Bailey R.I., Prinzing A. Native fauna on exotic trees: phylogenetic conservatism and geographic contingency in two lineages of phytophages on two lineages of trees. Am. Nat. 2009, 173:599-614.
33. Guilbert E. Studying canopy arthropods in New Caledonia: how to obtain a representative sample. J. Trop. Ecol. 1998, 14:665-672.
34. Gunnarsson B. Fractal dimension of plants and body size distribution in spiders. Funct. Ecol. 1992, 6:636-641.
35. Gurevitch J., Morrow L.L., Wallace A., Walsh J.S. A meta-analysis of competition in field experiments. Am. Nat. 1992, 140:539-572.
36. Halaj J., Wise D.H. Terrestrial trophic cascades: how much do they trickle?. Am. Naturalist 2001, 157:262-281.
37. Halaj J., Ross D.W., Moldenke A.R. Importance of habitat structure to the arthropod food-web in Douglas-fir canopies. Oikos 2000, 90:139-152.
38. Hanski I. Metapopulation ecology 1999, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
39. Hartley M.J. Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantation forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 2002, 155:81-95.
40. Helle P. Bird community dynamics in a boreal forest reserve: the importance of large-scale regional trends. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 1986, 23:157-166.
41. Higgins G.T., Martin J.R., Perrin P.M. National survey of native woodland in Ireland 2004, Dept. of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government.
42. Hothorn T., Bretz F., Westfall P. Simultaneous inference in general parametric models. Biometrical J. 2008, 50:346-363.
43. Hsieh Y.L., Linsenmair K.E. Seasonal dynamics of arboreal spider diversity in a temperate forest. Ecol. Evol. 2012, 2:768-777.
44. Jactel H., Brockerhoff E.G. Tree diversity reduces herbivory by forest insects. Ecol. Lett. 2007, 10:835-848.
45. Ji Y., Ashton L., Pedley S.M., Edwards D.P., Tang Y., Nakamura A., Kitching R., Dolman P.M., Woodcock P., Edwards F.A., Larsen T.H., Hsu W.W., Benedick S., Hamer K.C., Wilcove D.S., Bruce C., Wang X., Levi T., Lott M., Emerson B.C., Yu D.W. Reliable, verifiable and efficient monitoring of biodiversity via metabarcoding. Ecol. Lett. 2013, 16:1245-1257.
46. Jimenez-Valverde A., Lobo J.M. Determinants of local spider (Araneidae and Thomisidae) species richness on a regional scale: climate and altitude vs. habitat structure. Ecol. Entomol. 2007, 32:113-122.
47. Kelly D.L. Trees 1991, Irish Biogeographical Society, Dublin.
48. Legendre P., Legendre L. Numerical Ecology 1998, Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam. second English ed.
49. Lindenmayer D.B., Hobbs R.J. Fauna conservation in Australian plantation forests - a review. Biol. Conserv. 2004, 119:151-168.
50. Lowman M.D., Wittman P.K. Forest canopies: methods, hypotheses, and future directions. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1996, 27:55-81.
51. Marc P., Canard A., Ysnel F. Spiders (Araneae) useful for pest limitation and bioindication. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 1999, 74:229-273.
52. Muff P., Kropf C., Frick H., Nentwig W., Schmidt-Entling M.H. Co-existence of divergent communities at natural boundaries: spider (Arachnida: Araneae) diversity across an alpine timberline. Insect. Conserv. Divers. 2009, 2:36-44.
53. Mullen K., O'Halloran J., Breen J., Giller P., Pithon J., Kelly T. Distribution and composition of carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) communities across the plantation forest cycle - Implications for management. For. Ecol. Manage. 2008, 256:624-632.
54. Muller J., Bussler H., Kneib T. Saproxylic beetle assemblages related to silvicultural management intensity and stand structures in a beech forest in Southern Germany. J. Insect Conserv. 2008, 12:107-124.
55. Niemela J. Interspecific competition in ground-beetle assemblages (Carabidae): what have we learned?. Oikos 1993, 66:325-335.
56. Niemela J. Carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and habitat fragmentation: a review. Eur. J. Entomol. 2001, 98:127-132.
57. Nyffeler M., Sunderland K.D. Composition, abundance and pest control potential of spider communities in agroecosystems: a comparison of European and US studies. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2003, 95:579-612.
58. Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F.G., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., O'Hara, R.B., et al., 2010. Vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package Version 1.17-2. <>. http://CRAN.Rproject.org/package=vegan.
59. Oxbrough A.G., Gittings T., O'Halloran J., Giller P.S., Smith G.F. Structural indicators of spider communities across the forest plantation cycle. For. Ecol. Manage. 2005, 212:171-183.
60. Oxbrough A., Irwin S., Kelly T.C., O'Halloran J. Ground-dwelling invertebrates in reforested conifer plantations. For. Ecol. Manage. 2010, 259:2111-2121.
61. Ozanne C.M., Foggo A., Hambler C., Speight M.R. The significance of edge effects in the management of forests for invertebrate biodiversity. Canopy Arthropods 1997, 534-551. Chapman & Hall. N.E. Stork, J. Adis, R.K. Didham (Eds.).
62. Paradis E., Claude J., Strimmer K. APE: analyses of phylogenetics and evolution in R language. Bioinformatics 2004, 20:289-290.
63. Pawson S.M., Brockerhoff E.G., Meenken E.D., Didham R.K. Non-native plantation forests as alternative habitat for native forest beetles in a heavily modified landscape. Biodivers. Conserv. 2008, 17:1127-1148.
64. Pedley S.M., Franco A.M.A., Pankhurst T., Dolman P.M. Physical disturbance enhances ecological networks for heathland biota: a multiple taxa experiment. Biol. Conserv. 2013, 160:173-182.
65. Peterken G.F. Natural Woodland: Ecology and Conservation in Northern Temperate Regions 1996, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
66. Pettersson R.B., Ball J.P., Renhorn K.E., Esseen P.A., Sjoberg K. Invertebrate communities in boreal forest canopies as influenced by forestry and lichens with implications for passerine birds. Biol. Conserv. 1995, 74:57-63.
67. R Development Core Team R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing v2151 2012, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
68. Rainio J., Niemela J. Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as bioindicators. Biodivers. Conserv. 2003, 12:487-506.
69. Robinson J.V. The effect of architectural variation in habitat on a spider community - an experimental field-study. Ecology 1981, 62:73-80.
70. Roche J.R., Mitchell F.J.G., Waldren S. Plant community ecology of Pinus sylvestris, an extirpated species reintroduced to Ireland. Biodivers. Conserv. 2009, 18:2185-2203.
71. Roques A., Auger-Rozenberg M.A., Boivin S. A lack of native congeners may limit colonization of introduced conifers by indigenous insects in Europe. Can. J. Forest Res.-Rev. Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere 2006, 36:299-313.
72. Schmidt M.H., Tscharntke T. Landscape context of sheetweb spider (Araneae: Linyphiidae) abundance in cereal fields. J. Biogeogr. 2005, 32:467-473.
73. Schowalter T.D. Canopy arthropod communities in relation to forest age and alternative harvest practices in western Oregon. For. Ecol. Manage. 1995, 78:115-125.
74. Shorrocks B., Rosewell J., Edwards K., Atkinson W. Interspecific competition is not a major organizing force in many insect communities. Nature 1984, 310:310-312.
75. Siitonen J. Forest management, coarse woody debris and saproxylic organisms: fennoscandian boreal forests as an example. Ecol. Bull. 2001, 11-41.
76. Simila M., Kouki J., Monkkonen M., Sippola A.L. Beetle species richness along the forest productivity gradient in northern Finland. Ecography 2002, 25:42-52.
77. Spence J.R., Langor D.W., Niemela J., Carcamo H.A., Currie C.R. Northern forestry and carabids: the case for concern about old-growth species. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 1996, 33:173-184.
78. Spiller D.A. Competition between two spider species - experimental field-study. Ecology 1984, 65:909-919.
79. Stork N.E., Hammond P.M. Sampling arthropods from tree crowns by fogging with knockdown insecticides: lessons from studies of oak tree beetle assemblages in Richmond Park (UK). Canopy Arthropods 1997, 3-26. Chapman and Hall, London. N.E. Stork, J. Adis, R.K. Didham (Eds.).
80. Straw N.A., Fielding N.J., Waters A. Phytotoxicity of insecticides used to control aphids on Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong) Carr. Crop Prot. 1996, 15:451-459.
81. Straw N.A., Fielding N.J., Green G., Coggan A. The impact of green spruce aphid, Elatobium abietinum (Walker), on the growth of young Sitka spruce in Hafren Forest, Wales: pattern of defoliation and effect on shoot growth. For. Ecol. Manage. 1998, 104:209-225.
82. Sunderland K.D., Fraser A.M., Dixon A.F.G. Field and laboratory studies on money spiders (Linyphiidae) as predators of cereal aphids. J. Appl. Ecol. 1986, 23:433-447.
83. Sutherland W.J., Pullin A.S., Dolman P.M., Knight T.M. The need for evidence-based conservation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2004, 19:305-308.
84. Sweeney O.F.M., Martin R.D., Irwin S., Kelly T.C., O'Halloran J., Wilson M.W., McEvoy P.M. A lack of large-diameter logs and snags characterises dead wood patterns in Irish forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 2010, 259:2056-2064.
85. Sweeney O.F.M., Wilson M.W., Irwin S., Kelly T.C., O'Halloran J. Are bird density, species richness and community structure similar between native woodlands and non-native plantations in an area with a generalist bird fauna?. Biodivers. Conserv. 2010, 19:2329-2342.
86. Tangmitcharoen S., Takaso T., Siripatanadilox S., Tasen W., Owens J.N. Insect biodiversity in flowering teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) canopies: comparison of wild and plantation stands. For. Ecol. Manage. 2006, 222:99-107.
87. The Woodland Trust, 2007. Back on the Map: An Inventory of Ancient and Long-Established Woodland for Northern Ireland. Preliminary Report. The Woodland Trust, Bangor.
88. Thompson, I., Mackey, B., McNulty, S., Mosseler, A., 2009. Forest resilience, biodiversity, and climate change. A synthesis of the biodiversity/resilience/stability relationship in forest ecosystems. Technical Series no. 43. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal.
89. Ulyshen M.D. Arthropod vertical stratification in temperate deciduous forests: implications for conservation-oriented management. For. Ecol. Manage. 2011, 261:1479-1489.
90. Wang Y., Naumann U., Wright S.T., Warton D.I. Mvabund- an R package for model-based analysis of multivariate abundance data. Methods Ecol. Evol. 2012, 3:471-474.
91. Warton D.I., Wright S.T., Wang Y. Distance-based multivariate analyses confound location and dispersion effects. Methods Ecol. Evol. 2012, 3:89-101.
92. Wilson J.D., Morris A.J., Arroyo B.E., Clark S.C., Bradbury R.B. A review of the abundance and diversity of invertebrate and plant foods of granivorous birds in northern Europe in relation to agricultural change. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 1999, 75:13-30.
93. Ziesche T.M., Roth M. Influence of environmental parameters on small-scale distribution of soil-dwelling spiders in forests: What makes the difference, tree species or microhabitat?. For. Ecol. Manage. 2008, 255:738-752.