Classic Problems of Probability

Classic Problems of Probability

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages

  Gorroochurn, Prakash ^a  

^a Howard Hughes Medical Institute   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84891585369     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118314340     Document Type: Book

References (520)

1. Aczel, A. D., 1996 Fermat's Last Theorem: Unlocking the Secret of an Ancient Mathematical Problem. Delta Trade Paperbacks.
2. Adams,W. J., 2009 The Life and Times of the Central Limit Theorem, 2nd edition. American Mathematical Society.
3. Adrain, R., 1808 Research concerning the probabilities of the error which happen in making observations. The Analyst Math. Museum 1: 93-109.
4. Agresti, A., 2002 Categorical Data Analysis, 2nd edition. Blackwell, Oxford.
5. Agresti, A., 2007 An Introduction to Categorical Data Analysis, 2nd edition.Wiley-Interscience.
6. Aigner, M., and G. M. Ziegler, 2003 Proofs from THE BOOK, 3rd edition. Springer-Verlag.
7. Albert, J., J. Bennett, and J. J. Cochran, 2005 Anthology of Statistics in Sports. SIAM.
8. Alsina, C., and R. B. Nelsen, 2009 When Less is More: Visualizing Basic Inequalities. Mathematical Association of America.
9. Andel, J., 2001 Mathematics of Chance. Wiley.
10. André, D., 1887 Solution directe du problème résolu par M. Bertrand. C. R. Acad. Sci. 105: 436-437.
11. Arnauld, A., and P. Nicole, 1662 La Logique, ou l'Art de Penser. Chez Charles Savreux, Paris.
12. Arnow, B. J., 1994 On Laplace's extension of the Buffon Needle Problem. College Math. J. 25: 40-43.
13. Arntzenius, F., and D. McCarthy, 1997 The two envelope paradox and infinite expectations. Analysis 57: 42-50.
14. Ash, R. B., 2008 Basic Probability Theory. Dover, NewYork. (Originally published by Wiley, New York, 1970).
15. Ayala, F. J., 2007 Darwin's Gift to Science and Religion. Joseph Henry Press.
16. Ball, W. W. R., and H. S. M. Coxeter, 1987 Mathematical Recreations and Essays, 13th edition. Dover, New York.
17. Barbeau, E., 2000 Mathematical Fallacies, Flaws and Flimflam. The Mathematical Association of America.
18. Barbier, M. E., 1860 Note sur le problème de l'aiguille et le jeu du joint couvert. J. Math. Pures Appl. 5: 272-286.
19. Bar-Hillel, M., and A. Margalit, 1972 Newcomb's paradox revisited. Br. J. Phil. Sci. 23: 295-304.
20. Barnett, V., 1999 Comparative Statistical Inference, 3rd edition. Wiley.
21. Barone, J., and A. Novikoff, 1978 History of the axiomatic formulation of probability from Borel to Kolmogorov: Part I. Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. 18: 123-190.
22. Bartoszynski, R., and M. Niewiadomska-Bugaj, 2008 Probability and Statistical Inference, 2nd edition. Wiley.
23. Bayes, T., 1764 An essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 53: 370-418. (Reprinted in E. S. Pearson and M. G. Kendall (Eds.), Studies in the History of Statistics and Probability, Vol. 1, London: Charles Griffin, 1970, pp. 134-53).
24. Beckmann, P., 1971 A History of Pi. St. Martin's Press, New York.
25. Bell, E. T., 1953 Men of Mathematics, Vol. 1 Penguin Books.
26. Bellhouse, D. R., 2002 On some recently discovered manuscripts of Thomas Bayes. Historia Math. 29: 383-394.
27. Benford, F., 1938 The law of anomalous numbers. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 78: 551-572.
28. Benjamin, A., and M. Shermer, 2006 Secrets of Mental Math. Three Rivers Press, New York.
29. Berloquin, P., 1996 150 Challenging and Instructive Puzzles. Barnes & Noble Books. (Originally published by Bordes, Paris, 1981).
30. Bernoulli, D., 1738 Specimen theoriae novae de mensura sortis. Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Imperalis Petropolitanea V 175-192 (translated and republished as "Exposition of a new theory on the measurement of risk," Econometrica 22 (1954): 23-36).
31. Bernoulli, J., 1713 Ars Conjectandi. Basle.
32. Bernstein, P., 1996 Against The Gods: the Remarkable Story of Risk. Wiley, New York.
33. Bertrand, J., 1887 Solution d'un problème. C. R. Acad. Sci. 105: 369.
34. Bertrand, J., 1889 Calcul des Probabilités. Gauthier-Villars et fils, Paris.
35. Bewersdorff, J., 2005 Luck, Logic and White Lies: The Mathematics of Games. A K Peters, Massachusetts. (English translation by David Kramer).
36. Billingsley, P., 1995 Probability and Measure, 3rd edition. Wiley.
37. Bingham, N. H., 2010 Finite additivity versus countable additivity. J. Electron. d'Histoire Probab. Stat. 6(1): 1-35.
38. Blachman, N. M., R. Christensen, and J. M. Utts, 1996 Comment on 'Bayesian resolution of the exchange paradox'. Am. Stat. 50: 98-99.
39. Blackburn, S., 2001 Ruling Passions: A Theory of Practical Reasoning. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
40. Blom, G., L. Holst, and D. Sandell, 1994 Problems and Snapshots from the World of Probability. Springer-Verlag.
41. Blyth, C. R., 1972 On Simpson's paradox and the sure-thing principle. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 67: 364-365.
42. Borel, E., 1909a Éléments de la Théorie des Probabilités. Gauthier-Villars, Paris.
43. Borel, E., 1909b Les probabilités dénombrables et leurs applications arithmétiques. Rend. Circ. Mat. Palermo 27: 247-271.
44. Borel, E., 1913 La mécanique statistique et l'irréversibilité. J. Phys. 3: 189-196.
45. Borel, E., 1920 Le Hasard. Librairie Félix Alcan, Paris.
46. Borel, E., 1962 Probabilities and Life. Dover, New York. (Originally published by Presses Universitaires de France, 1943).
47. Bowler, P. J., 2007 Monkey Trials and Gorilla Sermons: Evolution and Christianity From Darwin to Intelligent Design. Harvard University Press.
48. Box, J. F., 1978 R. A. Fisher: The Life of a Scientist. Wiley, New York.
49. Boyer, C. B., 1950 Cardan and the Pascal Triangle. Am. Math. Monthly 57: 387-390.
50. Brams, S. J., and D. M. Kolgour, 1995 The box problem: to switch or not to switch. Math. Magazine 68: 27-34.
51. Brémaud, P., 2009 Initiation aux Probabilités et aux Chaînes de Markov, 2nd edition. Springer.
52. Bressoud, D., 2007 A Radical Approach to Real Analysis, 2nd edition. The Mathematical Association of America.
53. Brian, E., 1996 L'Objet du doute. Les articles de d'Alembert sur l'analyse des hasards dans les quatre premiers tomes de l'Encyclopédie. Recherches sur Diderot et sur l'Encyclopédie 21: 163-178.
54. Broome, J., 1995 The two envelope paradox. Analysis 55: 6-11.
55. Brownlee, K. A., 1960 Statistical Theory and Methodology in Science and Engineering. Wiley, New York.
56. Buffon, G., 1777 Essai d'Arithmétique Morale. Supplement a l'Histoire Naturelle 4: 46-123.
57. Bunnin, N., and J. Yu, 2004 The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy. Blackwell Publishing.
58. Burdzy, K., 2009 The Search for Certainty: On the Clash of Science and Philosophy of Probability. World Scientific Press.
59. Burger, E. B., and M. Starbird, 2010 The Heart of Mathematics: An Invitation to Effective Thinking. Wiley.
60. Burton, D. M., 2006 The History of Mathematics: An Introduction, 6th edition. McGraw-Hill.
61. Campbell, D. T., and D. A. Kenny, 1999 A Primer on Regression Artifacts. The Guilford Press.
62. Campbell, R., and L. E. Sowden, 1985 Paradoxes of Rationality and Cooperation Prisoner's Dilemma and Newcomb's Paradox. The University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.
63. Cantelli, F. P., 1917 Sulla probabilità come limite della frequenza. Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei 26: 39-45.
64. Cardano, G., 1539 Practica arithmetice, & mensurandi singularis. In qua que preter alias cõntinentur, versa pagina demonstrabit. Io. Antonins Castellioneus medidani imprimebat, impensis Bernardini calusci, Milan (Appears as Practica Arithmeticae Generalis Omnium Copiosissima & Utilissima, in the 1663 ed.).
65. Cardano, G., 1564 Liber de ludo aleae. First printed in Opera Omnia, Vol. 1, 1663 edition, pp. 262-276.
66. Cardano, G., 1570 Opus novum de proportionibus numerorum, motuum, ponerum, sonorum, aliarumque rerum mensurandum. Basel, Henricpetrina.
67. Cardano, G., 1935 Ma Vie. Paris. (translated by Jean Dayre).
68. Casella, G., and R. L. Berger, 2001 Statistical Inference, 2nd edition. Brooks, Cole.
69. Castell, P., and D. Batens, 1994 The two envelope paradox: the infinite case. Analysis 54: 46-49.
70. Chamaillard, E., 1921 Le Chevalier de Méré. G. Clouzot, Niort.
71. Champernowne, D. G., 1933 The construction of decimals normal in the scale of ten. J. London Math. Soc. 103: 254-260.
72. Charalambides, C. A., 2002 Enumerative Combinatorics. Chapman & Hall/CRC Press.
73. Chatterjee, S. K., 2003 Statistical Thought: A Perspective and History. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
74. Chaumont, L., L. Mazliak, and P. Yor, 2007 Some aspects of the probabilistic work, in Kolmogorov's Heritage in Mathematics, edited by E. Charpentier, A. Lesne, and K. Nikolski. Springer. (Originally published in French under the title L'héritage de Kolomogorov en mathématique by Berlin, 2004).
75. Chebyshev, P. L., 1867 Des valeurs moyennes. J. Math. Pures Appl. 12: 177-184.
76. Chernick, M. R., and R. H. Friis, 2003 Introductory Biostatistics for the Health Sciences: Modern Applications Including Bootstrap. Wiley.
77. Chernoff, H., and L. E. Moses, 1986 Elementary Decision Theory. Dover, New York. (Originally published byWiley, New York, 1959).
78. Christensen, R., 1997 Log-Linear Models and Logistic Regression, 2nd edition. Springer.
79. Christensen, R., and J. Utts, 1992 Bayesian resolution of the "exchange paradox". The American Statistician 46: 274-276.
80. Chuang-Chong, C., and K. Khee-Meng, 1992 Principles and Techniques of Combinatorics. World Scientific Publishing, Singapore.
81. Chuaqui, R., 1991 Truth, Possibility and Probability: New Logical Foundations of Probability and Statistical Inference. North-Holland, New York.
82. Chung, K. L., 2001 A Course in Probability Theory, 3rd edition. Academic Press.
83. Chung, K. L., and F. AitSahlia, 2003 Elementary Probability Theory, 4th edition. Springer.
84. Clark, M., 2007 Paradoxes from A to Z, 2nd edition. Routledge.
85. Clark, M., and N. Shackel, 2000 The twoenvelope paradox. Mind 109: 415-442.
86. Cohen, M. R., and E. Nagel, 1934 An Introduction to Logic and Scientific Method. Harcourt Brace, New York.
87. Comte, A. M., 1833 Cours de Philosophie Positive (Tome II) Bachelier, Paris.
88. Coolidge, J. L., 1925 An Introduction to Mathematical Probability. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
89. Coolidge, J. L., 1990 The Mathematics of Great Amateurs, 2nd edition. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
90. Coumet, E., 1965a A propos de la ruine des joueurs: un texte de Cardan. Math. Sci. Hum. 11: 19-21.
91. Coumet, E., 1965b Le problème des partis avant Pascal. Arch. Intern. d'Histoire Sci. 18: 245-272.
92. Coumet, E., 1970 La théorie du hasard est-elle née par hasard? Les Ann. 25: 574-598.
93. Coumet, E., 1981 Huygens et la France. Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, Paris.
94. Coumet, E., 2003 Auguste Comte. Le calcul des chances, aberration radicale de l'esprit mathématique. Math. Sci. Hum. 162: 9-17.
95. Cournot, A. A., 1843 Exposition de la Théorie des Chances et des Probabilités. L. Hachette, Paris.
96. Courtebras, B., 2008 Mathématiser le Hasard: Une Histoire du Calcul des Probabilités. Vuibert, Paris.
97. Cover, T. M., 1987 Pick the largest number, in Open Problems in Communication and Computation, edited by T. M. Cover and B. Gopinath. Springer, New York.
98. Cowles,M., andDavis, C., 1982 On the origins of the .05 level of statistical significance. American Psychologist, 37(5): 553-558.
99. Cowles, M., 2001 Statistics in Psychology: An Historical Perspective, 2nd edition. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
100. Crofton, M., 1885 Probability, in The Britannica Encyclopedia: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, 9th edition, Vol. 19, edited by T. S. Baynes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
101. d'Alembert, J. L. R., 1754 Croix ou pile, in Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences, des Arts et desMétiers,Vol. 4, edited by D. Diderot and J. L. R. d'Alembert. Briasson, Paris.
102. d'Alembert, J. L. R., 1757 Gageure, in Encyclop édie ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences, des Arts et des Métiers, Vol. 7, edited by D. Diderot and J. L. R. d'Alembert. Briasson, Paris.
103. d'Alembert, J. L. R., 1761 Opuscules Mathématiques, Vol. 2 David, Paris.
104. d'Alembert, J. L. R., 1767 Mélanges de Littérature, d'Histoire et de Philosophie (Tome V) Zacharie Chatelain & Fils, Amsterdam.
105. Dajani, K., and C. Kraaikamp, 2002 Ergodic Theory of Numbers. The Mathematical Association of America.
106. Dale, A. I., 1988 On Bayes' theorem and the inverse Bernoulli theorem. Historia Math. 15: 348-360.
107. Dale, A. I., 2005 Thomas Bayes, An essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances, In Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics 1640-1940, edited by I. Grattan-Guinness. Elsevier.
108. Darling, D., 2004 The Universal Book of Mathematics: From Abracadabra to Zeno's Paradoxes. Wiley.
109. DasGupta, A., 2010 Fundamentals of Probability: A First Course. Springer.
110. DasGupta, A., 2011 Probability for Statistics and Machine Learning: Fundamentals and Advanced Topics. Springer.
111. Daston, L., 1988 Classical Probability in the Enlightment. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
112. Daston, L. J., 1979 d'Alembert critique of probability theory. Historia Math. 6: 259-279.
113. David, F. N., 1962 Games, Gods and Gambling: The Origins and History of Probability and Statistical Ideas from the Earliest Times to the Newtonian Era. Charles Griffin Co. Ltd., London.
114. David, H. A., 1995 First (?) occurrence of common terms in mathematical statistics. Am. Stat. 49: 121-133.
115. Dawkins, R., 1987 The Blind Watchmaker. W. W. Norton & Co., New York.
116. Dawkins, R., 2006 The God Delusion. Bantam Press.
117. Debnath, L., 2010 The Legacy of Leonhard Euler: A Tricentennial Tribute. Imperial College Press, London.
118. de Finetti, B., 1937 Foresignt: its logical flaws, its subjective sources, in Studies in Subjective Probability, edited by H. E. Kyburg and H. E. Smokler. Wiley (1964).
119. de Finetti, B., 1972 Probability, Induction and Statistics: The Art of Guessing. Wiley.
120. de Finetti, B., 1974 Theory of Probability: A Critical Introductory Treatment, Vol. I. Wiley.
121. de Moivre, A., 1711 De Mensura Sortis, seu, de Probabilitate Eventuum in Ludis a Casu Fortuito Pendentibus. Phil. Trans. 27: 213-264.
122. de Moivre, A., 1718 The Doctrine of Chances, or a Method of Calculating the Probability of Events in Play. Millar, London.
123. de Moivre, A., 1730 Miscellanea analytica de seriebus et quadraturis. Touson & Watts, London.
124. de Moivre, A., 1738 The Doctrine of Chances, or a Method of Calculating the Probability of Events in Play. 2nd edition. Millar, London.
125. Deep, R., 2006 Probability and Statistics with Integrated Software Routines. Academic Press.
126. DeGroot, M. H., 1984 Probability and Statistics. Addison-Wesley.
127. Dekking, F. M., C. Kraaikamp, H. P. Lopuhaä, and L. E. Meester, 2005 A Modern Introduction to Probability and Statistics. Springer.
128. de Montessus, R., 1908 Leçons Elémentaires sur le Calcul des Probabilités. Gauthier-Villars, Paris.
129. de Montmort, P. R., 1708 Essay d'Analyse sur les Jeux de Hazard. Quillau, Paris.
130. de Montmort, P. R., 1713 Essay d'Analyse sur les Jeux de Hazard, 2nd edition. Quillau, Paris.
131. Devlin, K., 2008 The Unfinished Game: Pascal, Fermat, and the Seventeenth-Century Letter That Made the World Modern. Basic Books, New York.
132. Diaconis, P., and F. Mosteller, 1989 Methods for studying coincidences. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 84: 853-861.
133. Diderot, D., 1875 Pensées Philosophiques, LIX, Vol. I, edited by J. AssÉzat. Paris, Garnier Frères.
134. Dodgson, C. L., 1894 Curiosa Mathematica, Part II: Pillow Problems, 3rd edition. Macmillan & Co., London.
135. Dong, J., 1998 Simpson's paradox, in Encyclopedia of Biostatistics, edited by P.Armitage andT.Colton.Wiley,NewYork.
136. Doob, J. L., 1953 Stochastic Processes. Wiley, New York.
137. Doob, J. L., 1996 The development of rigor in mathematical probability (1900-1950). Am. Math. Monthly 103: 586-595.
138. Dorrie, H., 1965 100 Great Problems of Elementary Mathematics: Their History and Solutions. Dover, New York. (Originally published in German under the title Triumph der Mathematik, Physica-Verlag, Würzburg, 1958).
139. Droesbeke, J.-J., and P. Tassi, 1990 Histoire de la Statisque. PresseUniversitaire de France.
140. Dupont, P., 1979 Un joyau dans l'histoire des sciences: Le mémoire de Thomas Bayes de 1763 Rendiconti del Seminario Matematico dell'Università Politecnica di Torino 37: 105-138.
141. Durrett, R., 2010 Probability: Theory and Examples, 4th edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
142. Dutka, J., 1988 On the St. Petersburg paradox. Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. 39: 13-39.
143. Dworsky, L. N., 2008 Probably Not: Future Prediction Using Probability and Statistical Inference. Wiley.
144. Earman, J., 1992 Bayes or Bust? A Critical Examination of Bayesian Confirmation Theory. MIT Press.
145. Eddington, A. S., 1929 The Nature of the Physical World. The Macmillan Company, New York.
146. Edgington, E. S., 1995 Randomization Tests, 3rd edition.MarcelDekker, Inc., NewYork.
147. Edwards, A. W. F., 1982 Pascal and the problem of points. Int. Stat. Rev. 50: 259-266.
148. Edwards, A.W. F., 1983 Pascal's problem: the 'Gambler's Ruin'. Int. Stat. Rev. 51: 73-79.
149. Edwards, A. W. F., 1986 Is the reference to Hartley (1749) to Bayesian inference? Am. Stat. 40: 109-110.
150. Edwards, A.W. F., 2002 Pascal's Arithmetic Triangle: The Story of a Mathematical Idea. John Hopkins University Press. (Originally published by Charles Griffin & Company Limited, London, 1987).
151. Edwards, A. W. F., 2003 Pascal's work on probability in The Cambridge Companion to Pascal, edited by N. Hammond. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 40-52.
152. Ellis, R. L., 1844 On the foundations of the theory of probabilities. Trans. Cambridge Phil. Soc. 8: 1-6.
153. Ellis, R. L., 1850 Remarks on an alleged proof of the "Method of Least Squares", contained in a late number of the Edinburgh Review. Phil. Mag. [3] 37: 321-328. (Reprinted in The Mathematical and other Writings of Robert Leslie Ellis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1863).
154. Elster, J., 2003 Pascal and Decision Theory, in The Cambridge Companion to Pascal, edited by N. Hammond. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 53-74.
155. Eperson, D. B., 1933 Lewis Carroll, mathematician. Math. Gazette 17: 92-100.
156. Epstein, R. A., 2009 The Theory ofGambling and Statistical Logic, 2nd edition. Elsevier.
157. Erdös, P., and M. Kac, 1947 On the number of positive sums of independent random variables. Bull. Am. Math. Soc. 53: 1011-1020
158. Erickson, G. W., and J. A. Fossa, 1998 Dictionary of Paradox. University Press of America.
159. Ethier, S. N., 2010 The Doctrine of Chances: ProbabilisticAspects ofGambling.Springer.
160. Euler, L., 1751 Calcul de la probabilité dans le jeu de rencontre. Hist. Acad. Berl. (1753): 255-270.
161. Evans, F. B., 1961 Pepys, Newton, and Bernoulli trials. Reader observations on recent discussions, in the series questions and answers. Am. Stat. 15: 29.
162. Everitt, B. S., 2006 The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
163. Everitt, B. S., 2008 Chance Rules: An Informal Guide to Probability Risk and Statistics, 2nd edition. Springer.
164. Faber, G., 1910 Uber stetigen Funktionen. Math. Ann. 68: 372-443.
165. Feller, W., 1935 Über den zentralen Grenzwertsatz der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung. Math. Z. 40: 521-559.
166. Feller, W., 1937 Tber das Gesetz der grossen Zahlen. Acta Scientiarum Litterarum Univ. Szeged 8: 191-201.
167. Feller, W., 1968 An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications, Vol. I, 3rd edition. Wiley, New York.
168. Fine, T. A., 1973 Theories of Probability: An Examination of Foundations. Academic Press, New York.
169. Finkelstein, M. O., and B. Levin, 2001 Statistics for Lawyers, 2nd edition. Springer.
170. Fischer, H., 2010 A History of the Central Limit Theorem: From Classical to Modern Probability Theory. Springer, New York.
171. Fisher, A., 1922 The Mathematical Theory of Probabilities. The Macmillan Company, New York.
172. Fisher, R. A., 1925 Statistical Methods for Research Workers. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh.
173. Fisher, R. A., 1926 The arrangement of field experiments. J. Ministry Agric. Great Britain 33: 503-513.
174. Fisher, R. A., 1935 The Design of Experiments. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh.
175. Fisher, R. A., 1956 Statistical Methods and Scientific Inference, 2nd edition. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh/London.
176. Fitelson, B., A. Hájek, and N. Hall, 2006 Probability, in The Philosophy of Science: An Encyclopedia, edited by S. Sarkar and J. Pfeifer. Taylor & Francis Group, New York.
177. Fleiss, J. L., B. Levin, and M. C. Paik, 2003 Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions, 3rd edition. Wiley, New York.
178. Foata, D., and A. Fuchs, 1998 Calculs des Probabilités, 2nd edition. Dunod, Paris.
179. Forrest, B., and P. R. Gross, 2004 Creationism's Trojan Horse: The Wedge of Intelligent Design. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
180. Frey, B., 2006 Statistics Hacks. O'Reilly.
181. Galavotti, M. C., 2005 Philosophical Introduction to Probability. CSLI Publications, Stanford.
182. Galilei, G., 1620 Sopra le scoperte dei dadi. Opere, Firenze, Barbera 8: 591-594.
183. Galton, F., 1894 A plausible paradox in chances. Nature 49: 365-366.
184. Gamow, G., and M. Stern, 1958 Puzzle-Math. Viking, New York.
185. Gani, J., 2004 Newton, Sir Isaac, in Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, 2nd edition, edited by S. Kotz, C. B. Read, N. Balakrishnan, and B. Vidakovic. Wiley.
186. Gardner, M., 1959 Hexaflexagons and Other Mathematical Diversions: The First Scientific American Book of Mathematical Puzzles & Diversions. Simon and Schuster, New York.
187. Gardner, M., 1961 The Second Scientific American Book of Mathematical Puzzles and Diversions. Simon and Schuster, New York.
188. Gardner, M., 1978 Aha! Insight. W.H. Freeman & Co., New York.
189. Gardner, M., 1982 Aha! Gotcha. W.H. Freeman & Co., New York.
190. Gardner, M., 1996 The Universe in a Handkerchief: Lewis Carroll's Mathematical Recreations, Games, Puzzles, and Word Plays. Copernicus, New York.
191. Gardner, M., 2001 The Colossal Book of Mathematics. W.W. Norton & Company.
192. Gauss, C. F., 1809 Theoria motus corporum coelestium. Perthes et Besser, Hamburg (English Translation by C.H. Davis as Theory of Motion of the Heavenly Bodies Moving About the Sun in Conic Sections, Little, Brown, Boston, 1857. Reprinted in 1963, Dover, New York).
193. Gelman, A., J. B. Carlin, H. S. Stern, and D. Rubin, 2003 Bayesian Data Analysis, 2nd edition. Chapman & Hall/CRC.
194. Georgii, H.-O., 2008 Stochastics: Introduction to Probability and Statistics. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.
195. Gigerenzer, G., Z. Swijtink, T. Porter, L. Daston, J. Beatty, et al. 1989 The Empire of Chance: How Probability Changed Science and Everyday Life. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
196. Gill, R. D., 2010 Monty Hall Problem: Solution, in International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science, edited by M. Lovric. Springer.
197. Gillies, D. A., 1987 Was Bayes a Bayesian? Historia Math. 14: 325-346.
198. Gillies, D. A., 2000 Philosophical Theories of Probability. Routledge, London.
199. Gliozzi, M., 1980 Cardano, Girolamo, in Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 3, edited by C. C. Gillispie. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
200. Gnedenko, B. V., 1978 The Theory of Probability. Mir Publishers (4th Printing).
201. Good, I. J., 1983 Good Thinking: The Foundations of Probability and Its Applications. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
202. Good, I. J., 1988 Bayes's red billiard ball is also a herring, and why Bayes withheld publication. J. Stat. Comput. Simul. 29: 335-340.
203. Gordon, H., 1997 Discrete Probability. Springer-Verlag, New York.
204. Gorroochurn, P., 2011 Errors of Probability in Historical Context. Am. Stat. 65(4): 246-254.
205. Gouraud, C., 1848 Histoire du Calcul des Probabilités Depuis ses Origines Jusqu'a nos Jours. Librairie d'Auguste Durand, Paris.
206. Gray, A., 1908 Lord Kelvin: An Account of his Scientific Life and Work. J. M. Kent, London.
207. Greenblatt, M. H., 1965 Mathematical Entertainments: A Collection of Illuminating Puzzles New and Old. Thomas H. Crowell Co., New York.
208. Gregersen, E., 2011 The Britannica Guide to Statistics and Probability. Britannica Educational Publishing.
209. Gridgeman, N. T., 1960 Geometric probability and the number p. Scripta Math. 25: 183-195.
210. Grimmett, G., and D. Stirzaker, 2001 Probability and Random Processes, 3rd edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
211. Grinstead, C. M., and J. L. Snell, 1997 Introduction to Probability, 2nd edition. American Mathematical Society. Groothuis, D., 2003 On Pascal. Thomson Wadsworth.
212. Gut, A., 2005 Probability: A Graduate Course. Springer.
213. Gyòari, E., O. H. Katora, and L. Lovász, 2008 Horizons in Combinatorics. Springer.
214. Hacking, I., 1972 The logic of Pascal's Wager. Am. Phil. Q. 9: 186-192.
215. Hacking, I., 1980a Bayes, Thomas, in Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 1, edited by C. C. Gillispie. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, pp. 531-532.
216. Hacking, I., 1980b Moivre, Abraham de, in Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 9, edited by C. C. Gillispie. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, pp. 452-555.
217. Hacking, I., 1980c Montmort, Pierre Rémond de, in Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 9, edited by C. C. Gillispie. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, pp. 499-500.
218. Hacking, I., 2006 The Emergence of Probability, 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
219. Hahn, R., 2005 Pierre Simon Laplace, 1749-1827: A Determined Scientist. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
220. Haigh, J., 2002 Probability Models. Springer.
221. Hájek, A., 2008 Probability: a philosophical overview, in Proof and Other Dilemmas: Mathematics and Philosophy, edited by B. Gold and R. A. Simons. The Mathematical Association of America.
222. Hald, A., 1984 A. de Moivre: 'De Mensura Sortis' or 'On the measurement of chance'. Int. Stat. Rev. 52: 229-262.
223. Hald, A., 2003 A History of Probability and Statistics and Their Applications Before 1750 Wiley, New Jersey.
224. Halmos, P., 1991 Problems for Mathematicians Young and Old. The Mathematical Association of America.
225. Hamming, R.W., 1991 The Art of Probability for Scientists and Engineers. Addison-Wesley.
226. Hammond, N., Ed., 2003 The Cambridge Companion to Pascal. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
227. Harmer, G. P., and D. Abbott, 2002 A review of Parrondo's paradox. Fluctuation Noise Lett. 2: R71-R107.
228. Hartley, D., 1749 Observations on Man, His Fame, His Duty, and His Expectations. Richardson, London.
229. Hassett, M. J., and D. G. Stewart, 2006 Probability for Risk Management, 2nd edition. ACTEX Publications, Inc., Winsted, Connecticut.
230. Hausdorff, F., 1914 Grundziige der Mengenlehre. Von Leit, Leipzig.
231. Havil, J., 2007 Nonplussed!: Mathematical Proof of Implausible Ideas. Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
232. Havil, J., 2008 Impossible? Surprising Solutions to Counterintuitive Conundrums. Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
233. Hayes, D. F., and T. Shubin, 2004 Mathematical Adventures for Students and Amateurs. The Mathematical Association of America.
234. Hein, J. L., 2002 Discrete Mathematics, 2nd edition. Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
235. Hellman, H., 2006 Great Feuds in Mathematics: Ten of the Liveliest Disputes Ever. Wiley.
236. Henry, M., 2004 La Démonstration par Jacques Bernoulli de son Théorème, in Histoires de Probabilités et de Statistiques, edited by E. Barbin and J.-P. Lamarche. Ellipses, Paris.
237. Higgins, P. M., 1998 Mathematics for the Curious. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
238. Higgins, P. M., 2008 Number Story: From Counting to Cryptography. Copernicus Books.
239. Hill, T., 1995a A statistical derivation of the significant-digit law. Stat. Sci. 10: 354-363.
240. Hill, T., 1995b Base-invariance implies Benford's law. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 123: 887-895.
241. Hinkelmann, K., and O. Kempthorne, 2008 Design and Analysis of Experiments, Vol. I. Wiley.
242. Hoffman, P., 1998 The Man Who Loved Only Numbers: The Story of Paul Erdös and the Search for Mathematical Truth. Hyperion, New York.
243. Hogben, L., 1957 Statistical Theory: The Relationship of Probability, Credibility and Error. W.W. Norton & Co., Inc., New York.
244. Howie, D., 2004 Interpreting Probability: Controversies and Development in the Early Twentieth Century. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
245. Howson, C., and P. Urbach, 2006 Scientific Reasoning: The Bayesian Approach, 3rd edition. Open Court, Illinois.
246. Hume, D., 1748 An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, edited by P. Millican. London (2007 edition by P. Millican, Oxford University Press, Oxford).
247. Humphreys, K., 2010 A history and a survey of lattice path enumeration. J. Stat. Plann. Inference 140: 2237-2254
248. Hunter, J. A. H., and J. S. Madachy, 1975 Mathematical Diversions. Dover, New York (Originally published by D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, 1969).
249. Huygens, C., 1657 De ratiociniis in ludo aleae. Johannis Elsevirii, Leiden (pp. 517-534 in Frans van Schooten's Exercitationum mathematicarum liber primus continens propositionum arithmeticarum et geometricarum centuriam).
250. Huygens, C., 1920 Oeuvres Complètes de Christiaan Huygens, Vol. 14 Martinus Nijhoff, La Haye, pp. 1655-1666
251. Ibe, O. C., 2009 Markov Process for Stochastic Modeling. Academic Press.
252. Ingersoll, J., 1987 Theory of Financial Decision Making. Rowman and Littlefield, New Jersey.
253. Isaac, R., 1995 The Pleasures of Probability. Springer-Verlag, New York.
254. Iyengar, R., and R. Kohli, 2004 Why Parrondo's paradox is irrelevant for utility theory, stock buying, and the emergence of life. Complexity 9: 23-27.
255. Jackman, S., 2009 Bayesian Modelling in the Social Sciences. Wiley.
256. Jackson, F., F. Menzies, and G. Oppy, 1994 The two envelope 'paradox'. Analysis 54: 43-45.
257. Jacobs, K., 2010 Stochastic Processes for Physicists: Understanding Noisy Systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
258. Jaynes, E. T., 1973 The well-posed problem. Found. Phys. 4: 477-492.
259. Jaynes, E. T., 2003 Probability Theory: The Logic of Science. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
260. Jeffrey, R., 2004 Subjective Probability: The Real Thing. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
261. Jeffreys, H., 1961 Theory of Probability, 3rd edition. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
262. Johnson, N. L., A. W. Kemp, and S. Kotz, 2005 Univariate Discrete Distributions, 3rd edition. Wiley.
263. Johnson, N. L., S. Kotz, and N. Balakrishnan, 1995 Continuous Univariate Distributions, Vol. II, 2nd edition. Wiley.
264. Johnson, N. L., S. Kotz, and N. Balakrishnan, 1997 Discrete Multivariate Distributions. Wiley.
265. Johnson, P. E., 1991 Darwin on Trial. Inter-Varsity Press.
266. Jordan, J., 2006 Pascal's Wager: Pragmatic Arguments and Belief in God. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
267. Joyce, J. M., 1999 The Foundations of Causal Decision Theory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
268. Kac, M., 1959 Statistical Independence in Probability Analysis and Number Theory. The Mathematical Association of America.
269. Kac, M., and S. M. Ulam, 1968 Mathematics and Logic. Dover, New York (Originally published by Frederick A Praeger, New York, 1963 under the title Mathematics and Logic: Retrospect and Prospects).
270. Kaplan, M., and E. Kaplan, 2006 Chances Are: Adventures in Probability. Penguin Books.
271. Kardaun, O. J.W. F., 2005 Classical Methods of Statistics. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
272. Karlin, S., and H. M. Taylor, 1975 A First Course in Stochastic Processes, 2nd edition. Academic Press.
273. Katz, B. D., and D. Olin, 2007 A tale of two envelopes. Mind 116: 903-926.
274. Katz, V. J., 1998 A History of Mathematics: An Introduction, 2nd edition. Addison-Wesley.
275. Kay, S. M., 2006 Intuitive Probability and Random Processes Using MATLAB®. Springer.
276. Kelly, D. G., 1994 Introduction to Probability, Macmillan, New York.
277. Kendall, M. G., 1945 The Advanced Theory of Statistics, Vol. 1, 2nd revised edition. Charles Griffin & Co. Ltd, London.
278. Kendall, M. G., 1963 Ronald Aylmer Fisher 1890-1962 Biometrika 50: 1-15.
279. Kendall, M. G., and P. A. P. Moran, 1963 Geometrical Probability. Charles Griffin & Co. Ltd, London.
280. Keuzenkamp, H. A., 2004 Probability, Econometrics and Truth: The Methodology of Econometrics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
281. Keynes, J. M., 1921 A Treatise on Probability. Macmillan & Co, London.
282. Khintchine, A., 1924 Ueber einen Satz der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung. Fund. Math. 6: 9-20.
283. Khintchine, A., 1929 Sur la loi des grands nombres. C. R. Acad. Sci. 189: 477-479.
284. Khoshnevisan, D., 2006 Normal numbers are normal. Annual Report 2006: 15, continued 27-31, Clay Mathematics Institute.
285. Khoshnevisan, D., 2007 Probability. American Mathematical Society.
286. Klain, D. A., and G.-C. Rota, 1997 Geometric Probability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
287. Knuth, D. E., 1969 The Gamow-Stern elevator problem. J. Recr. Math. 2: 131-137.
288. Kocik, J., 2001 Proofs without words: Simpson paradox.Math.Magazine 74: 399.
289. Kolmogorov, A., 1927 Sur la loi des grands nombres. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 185: 917-919.
290. Kolmogorov, A., 1929 Ueber das gesetz des iterierten logarithmus. Math. Ann. 101: 126-135.
291. Kolmogorov, A., 1930 Sur la loi forte des grands nombres. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 191: 910-912.
292. Kolmogorov, A., 1933 Grundbegriffe der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung. Springer, Berlin.
293. Kolmogorov, A., 1956 Foundations of the Theory of Probability, 2nd edition. Chlesea, New York.
294. Kotz, S., C. B. Read, N. Balakrishnan, and B. Vidakovic, 2004 Normal sequences (numbers), in Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, 2nd edition, edited by S.Kotz, C. B. Read, N. Balakrishnan,and B. Vidakovic. Wiley.
295. Kraitchik, M., 1930 La Mathématique des Jeux ou Récréations Mathématiques. Imprimerie Stevens Frères, Bruxelles.
296. Kraitchik, M., 1953 Mathematical Recreations, 2nd revised edition. Dover, New York (Originally published by W. W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1942).
297. Krishnan, V., 2006 Probability and Random Processes. Wiley-Interscience.
298. Kvam, P. H., and B. Vidakovic, 2007 Nonparametric Statistics with Applications to Science and Engineering. Wiley.
299. Kyburg Jr., H. E., 1983 Epistemology and Inference. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
300. Lange, K., 2010 Applied Probability, 2nd edition. Springer.
301. Laplace, P.-S., 1774a Mémoire de la probabilité des causes par les evénements. Mémoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences de Paris (savants étrangers) Tome VI: 621-656.
302. Laplace, P.-S., 1774b Mémoire sur les suites récurro-récurrentes et sur leurs usages dans la théorie des hasards. Mémoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences de Paris (savants étrangers) Tome VI: 353-371.
303. Laplace, P.-S., 1781 Sur les probabilités. Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, année 1778 Tome VI: 227-323.
304. Laplace, P.-S., 1810a Mémoire sur les approximations des formules qui sont fonctions de très grands nombres et sur leur application aux probabilités. Mémoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences de Paris 353-415 (Reprinted in Oeuvres Complete de Laplace XII, pp. 301-345).
305. Laplace, P.-S., 1810b Supplément au Mémoire sur les approximations des formules qui sont fonctions de très grands nombres et sur leur application aux probabilités. Mémoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences de Paris 559-565 (Reprinted in Oeuvres Complete de Laplace XII, pp. 349-353).
306. Laplace, P.-S., 1812 Théorie Analytique des Probabilités. Mme Ve Courcier, Paris.
307. Laplace, P.-S., 1814a Essai Philosophique sur les Probabilités. Courcier, Paris (6th edition, 1840, translated by F.W. Truscott, and F. L. Emory as A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities, 1902. Reprinted 1951 by Dover, New York).
308. Laplace, P.-S., 1814b Théorie Analytique des Probabilités, 2nd edition. Mme Ve Courcier, Paris.
309. Laplace, P.-S., 1820 Théorie Analytique des Probabilités, 3rd edition. Mme Ve Courcier, Paris.
310. Lawler, G. F., 2006 Introduction to Stochastic Processes, 2nd edition. Chapman & Hall/CRC.
311. Lazzarini, M., 1902 Un' applicazione del cacolo della probabilità alla ricerca sperimentale di un valore approssimato di p. Periodico di Matematica 4: 140.
312. Legendre, A. M., 1805 Nouvelles Méthodes Pour la Détermination des Orbites des Comètes. Courcier, Paris.
313. Lehman, R. S., 1955 On confirmation and rational betting. J. Symbolic Logic 20: 251-262.
314. Leibniz, G. W., 1768 Opera Omnia. Geneva.
315. Leibniz, G.W., 1896 New Essays Concerning Human Understanding. The Macmillan Company, New York. (Original work written in 1704 and published in 1765).
316. Leibniz, G. W., 1969 Théodicée. Garnier-Flammarion, Paris (Original work published in 1710).
317. Le Roux, J., 1906 Calcul des Probabilités, in Encyclopédie des Sciences Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées, Tome I, Vol. 4, edited by J. Molk. Gauthier-Villars, Paris, pp. 1-46.
318. Lesigne, E., 2005 Heads or Tails: An Introduction to Limit Theorems in Probability. American Mathematical Society (Originally published as Pile ou Face: Une Introduction aux Théorèmes Limites du Calcul des Probabilités, Ellipses, 2001).
319. Levin, B., 1981 A representation for multinomial cumulative distribution functions. Ann. Stat. 9: 1123-1126
320. Lévy, P., 1925 Calculs des Probabilités. Gauthier Villars, Paris.
321. Lévy, P., 1939 Sur certains processus stochastiques homogènes. Compos. Math. 7: 283-339.
322. Lévy, P., 1965 Processus Stochastiques et Mouvement Brownien, 2nd edition. Gauthier-Villars, Paris.
323. Liagre, J. B. J., 1879 Calculs des Probabilités et Théorie des Erreurs, 2nd edition. Librarie Polytechnique, Paris.
324. Lindeberg, J. W., 1922 Eine neue Herleitung des Exponentialgesetzes in der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung. Math. Z. 15: 211-225.
325. Lindley, D. V., 2006 Understanding Uncertainty. Wiley.
326. Lindsey, D. M., 2005 The Beast In Sheep's Clothing: Exposing the Lies of Godless Human Science. Pelican Publishing.
327. Linzer, E., 1994 The two envelope paradox. Am. Math. Monthly 101: 417-419.
328. Loehr, N., 2004 Note in André's reflection principle. Discrete Math. 280: 233-236.
329. Lukowski, P., 2011 Paradoxes. Springer, New York.
330. Lurquin, P. F., and L. Stone, 2007 Evolution and Religious Creation Myths: How Scientists Respond. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
331. Lyapunov, A. M., 1901 Nouvelle forme du théorème sur la limite de probabilité. Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Petersburg 12: 1-24.
332. Lyon, A., 2010 Philosophy of probability, in Philosophies of the Sciences: A Guide, edited by F. Allhoff. Wiley-Blackwell.
333. Macmahon, P. A., 1915 Combinatory Analysis, Vol. I. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
334. Maher, P., 1993 Betting on Theories. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
335. Mahoney, M. S., 1994 The Mathematical Career of Pierre de Fermat, 1601-1665 2nd edition. Princeton University Press.
336. Maistrov, L. E., 1974 Probability Theory: A Historical Sketch. Academic Press, New York.
337. Manson, N. A., 2003 God and Design: The Teleological Argument and Modern Science. Routledge.
338. Markov, A. A., 1906 Extension of the law of large numbers to magnitudes dependent on one another. Bull. Soc. Phys. Math. Kazan. 15: 135-156.
339. Marques de Sá, J. P., 2007 Chance The Life of Games & the Game of Life. Springer-Verlag.
340. Maxwell, J. C., 1873 A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
341. Maxwell, S. E., and H. D. Delaney, 2004 Designing Experiments and Analyzing Data: A Model Comparison Perspective, 2nd edition. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.
342. McBride, G. B., 2005 Using Statistical Methods for Water Quality Management. Wiley-Interscience.
343. McGrew, T. J., D. Shier, and H. S. Silverstein, 1997 The two-envelope paradox resolved. Analysis 57: 28-33.
344. Meester, R., 2008 A Natural Introduction to Probability Theory, 2nd edition. Birkhäuser, Verlag.
345. Mellor,D. H., 2005 Probability: A Philosophical Introduction. Taylor & Francis Group, New York.
346. Menger, K., 1934 Das unsicherheitsmoment in der wertlehre. Zeitschrift für Nationalocokonomie 51: 459-485.
347. Merriman, M., 1877 A list of writings relating to the method of least squares, with historical and critical notes. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci. 4: 151-232.
348. Meusnier, N., 2004 Le Problème des Partis Avant Pacioli, in Histoires de Probabilités et de Statistiques, edited by E. Barbin and J.-P. Lamarche. Ellipses, Paris.
349. Meusnier, N., 2006 Nicolas, neveu exemplaire. J. Electron. d'Histoire Probab. Stat. 2(1).
350. Mitzenmacher, M., and E. Upfal, 2005 Probability and Computing: Randomized Algorithms and Probabilistic Analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
351. Montucla, J. F., 1802 Histoire des Mathématiques (Tome III) Henri Agasse, Paris.
352. Moore, J. A., 2002 From Genesis to Genetics: The Case of Evolution and Creationism. University of California Press.
353. Mörters, P., and Y. Peres, 2010 Brownian Motion. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
354. Mosteller, F., 1987 Fifty Challenging Problems in Probability with Solutions. Dover, New York. (Originally published by Addison-Wesley, MA, 1965).
355. Nahin, P. J., 2000 Dueling Idiots and Other Probability Puzzlers. Princeton University Press, NJ.
356. Nahin, P. J., 2008 Digital Dice: Computer Solutions to Practical Probability Problems. Princeton University Press, NJ.
357. Nalebuff, B., 1989 The other person's envelope is always greener. J. Econ. Perspect. 3: 171-181.
358. Naus, J. I., 1968 An extension of the birthday problem. Am. Stat. 22: 27-29.
359. Newcomb, S., 1881 Note on the frequency of use of the different digits in natural numbers. Am. J. Math. 4: 39-40.
360. Newton, I., 1665 Annotations from Wallis, manuscript of 1665, in The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton 1, Cambridge University Press.
361. Neyman, J., and E. S. Pearson, 1928a On the use and interpretation of certain test criteria for purposes of statistical inference. Part I. Biometrika 20A: 175-240.
362. Neyman, J., and E. S. Pearson, 1928b On the use and interpretation of certain test criteria for purposes of statistical inference. Part II. Biometrika 20A: 263-294.
363. Neyman, J., and E. S. Pearson, 1933 The testing of statistical hypotheses in relation to probabilities a priori. Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc. 29: 492-510.
364. Nickerson, R. S., 2004 Cognition and Chance: The Psychology of Probabilistic Reasoning. Laurence Erlbaum Associates.
365. Niven, I., 1956 Irrational Numbers. The Mathematical Association of America.
366. Northrop, E., 1944 Riddles in Math: A Book of Paradoxes. D. Van Nostrand, New York.
367. Nozick, R., 1969 Newcomb's Problem and Two Principles of Choice, in Essays in Honor of Carl G. Hempel, edited by N. Rescher. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 107-133.
368. O'Beirne T. H., 1965 Puzzles and Paradoxes. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
369. Olofsson, P., 2007 Probabilities: The Little Numbers That Rule Our Lives. Wiley.
370. Oppy, G., 2006 Arguing About Gods. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
371. Ore, O., 1953 Cardano, the Gambling Scholar. Princeton University Press.
372. Ore, O., 1960 Pascal and the invention of probability theory. Am. Math. Monthly 67: 409-419.
373. Pacioli, L., 1494 Summa de arithmetica, geometrica, proportioni, et proportionalita. Paganino de Paganini, Venezia.
374. Palmer, M., 2001 The Question of God: An Introduction and Sourcebook. Routledge.
375. Paolella, M. S., 2006 Fundamental Probability: A Computational Approach. Wiley.
376. Paolella, M. S., 2007 Intermediate Probability: A Computational Approach. Wiley.
377. Papoullis, A., 1991 Probability, Random Variables, and Stochastic Processes, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill, Inc.
378. Parmigiani, G., and L. Y. T. Inoue, 2009 Decision Theory: Principles and Approaches. Wiley-Interscience.
379. Parrondo, J. M. R., 1996 How to cheat a bad mathematician, in EEC HC&M Network on Complexity and Chaos (#ERBCHRX-CT940546), ISI, Torino, Italy (unpublished).
380. Parzen, E., 1962 Stochastic Processes. SIAM.
381. Pascal, B., 1665 Traité du Triangle Arithmétique, avec Quelques Autres Petits Traités sur la Même Matière. Desprez, Paris (English translation of first part in Smith (1929), pp. 67-79).
382. Pascal, B., 1858 Oeuvres Complètes de Blaise Pascal (Tome Second) Librairie de L. Hachette et Cie, Paris.
383. Pascal, P., 1670 Pensées. Chez Guillaume Desprez, Paris.
384. Paty, M., 1988 d'Alembert et les probabilités, in Sciences à l'Epoque de la Révolution Française. Recherches Historiques, edited by R. Rashed. Wiley.
385. Paulos, J. A., 1988 Innumeracy: Mathematical Illiteracy and its Consequences. Hill and Wang, New York.
386. Pearl, J., 2000 Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
387. Pearson, E. S.Ed., 1978 The History of Statistics in the 17th and 18th Centuries, Against the Changing Background of Intellectual, Scientific and Religious Thought. Lectures by Karl Pearson Given at University College London During Academic Sessions 1921-1933 Griffin, London.
388. Pearson, K., 1900 The Grammar of Science, 2nd edition. Adam and Charles Black, London.
389. Pearson, K., 1924 Historical note on the origin of the normal curve of errors. Biometrika 16: 402-404.
390. Pearson, K., A. Lee, and L. Bramley-Moore, 1899 Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution: VI-genetic (reproductive) selection: inheritance of fertility in man, and of fecundity in thoroughbred racehorses. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 192: 257-330.
391. Pedoe, D., 1958 The Gentle Art of Mathematics. Macmillan, New York.
392. Pennock, R. T., 2001 Intelligent Design Creationism and its Critics. MIT.
393. Pepys, S., 1866 Diary and Correspondence of Samuel Pepys, Vol. IV. J.P. Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia.
394. Petkovic, M. S., 2009 Famous Puzzles of Great Mathematicians. American Mathematical Society.
395. Phy-Olsen, A., 2011 Evolution, Creationism and, Intelligent Design. Greenwood.
396. Pichard, J.-F., 2004 Les Probabilités au Tournant du XVIIIe Siècle, in Autour de la Modélisation des Probabilités, edited by M. Henry. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris.
397. Pickover, C. A., 2005 A Passion for Mathematics. Wiley.
398. Pickover, C. A., 2009 The Math Book. Sterling Publishing Co. Inc., New York.
399. Pillai, S. S., 1940 On normal numbers. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Sect. A, 12: 179-194.
400. Pinkham, R., 1961 On the distribution of the first 00significant digits. Ann. Math. Stat. 32: 1223-1230
401. Pitman, J., 1993 Probability. Springer.
402. Plackett, R. L., 1972 The discovery of the method of least squares. Biometrika 59: 239-251.
403. Poincaré, H., 1912 Calcul des Probabilités, 2nd edition. Gauthier-Villars, Paris.
404. Poisson, S. D., 1837 Recherches sur la Probabilité des Jugements en Matières Criminelles et Matière Civile. Bachelier, Paris.
405. Pólya, G., 1920 Über den zentralen grenzwertsatz der wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung und das momentenproblem. Math. Z. 8: 171-181.
406. Popper, K. R., 1957 Probability magic or knowledge out of ignorance. Dialectica 11: 354-374.
407. Porter, T. M., 1986 The Rise of Statistical Thinking, 1820-1900 Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
408. Posamentier,A. S., and I. Lehmann, 2004 π:A Biography of the World's Most Mysterious Number. Prometheus Books.
409. Posamentier,A. S., and I. Lehmann, 2007 The Fabulous Fibonacci Numbers. Prometheus Books.
410. Proschan, M. A., and B. Presnell, 1998 Expect the unexpected from conditional expectation. Am. Stat. 52: 248-252.
411. Pruss, A. R., 2006 The Principle of Sufficient Reason: A Reassessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
412. Rabinowitz, L., 2004 Elementary Probability with Applications. A K Peters.
413. Raimi, R., 1976 The first digit problem. Am. Math. Monthly 83: 521-538.
414. Ramsey, P. F., 1926 Truth and possibility, in Studies in Subjective Probability, edited by H. E. Kyburg and H. E. Smokler. Wiley (1964).
415. Renault, M., 2008 Lost (and found) in translation: André's actual method and its application to the generalized ballot problem. Am. Math. Monthly 115: 358-363.
416. Rényi, A., 1972 Letters on Probability. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.
417. Rényi, A., 2007 Foundations of Probability. Dover, New York. (Originally by Holden-Day, California, 1970).
418. Resnick, M. D., 1987 Choices: An Introduction to Decision Theory. University of Minnesota Press.
419. Richards, S. P., 1982 A Number for Your Thoughts. S. P. Richards.
420. Rieppel, O., 2011 Evolutionary Theory and the Creation Controversy. Springer.
421. Riordan, J., 1958 An Introduction to Combinatorial Analysis. Wiley, New York.
422. Rosenbaum, P. L., 2010 Design of Observational Studies. Springer.
423. Rosenhouse, J., 2009 The Monty Hall Problem: The Remarkable Story of Math's Most Contentious Brainteaser. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
424. Rosenthal, J. S., 2005 Struck by Lightning: The Curious World of Probabilities. Harper Collins Edition.
425. Rosenthal, J. S., 2006 A First Look at Rigorous Probability Theory, 2nd edition.World Scientific.
426. Rosenthal, J. S., 2008 Monty Hall, Monty Fall, Monty Crawl. Math Horizons 16: 5-7.
427. Ross, S., 1997 A First Course in Probability, 5th edition. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
428. Ross, S., and E. Pekoz, 2006 A Second Course in Probability. Probabilitybookstore. com.
429. Rumsey, D., 2009 Statistics II for Dummies. Wiley.
430. Ruse, M., 2003 Darwin and Design: Does Evolution Have a Purpose? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
431. Sainsbury, R. M., 2009 Paradoxes, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
432. Salsburg, D., 2001 The Lady Tasting Tea: How Statistics Revolutionized Science in the Twentieth Century. W. H. Freeman & Co., New York.
433. Samueli, J. J., and J. C. Boudenot, 2009 Une Histoires des Probabilités des Origines à 1900 Ellipses, Paris.
434. Samuelson, P. A., 1977 St. Petersburg Paradoxes: defanged, dissected, and historically described. J. Econ. Lit. 15: 24-55.
435. Sarkar, S., and J. Pfeifer, 2006 The Philosophy of Science: An Encyclopedia. Routledge.
436. Savage, L. J., 1972 The Foundations of Statistics, 2nd revised edition. Dover, New York. (Revised and enlarged edition of the 1954 edition published by Wiley).
437. Scardovi, I., 2004 Cardano, Gerolamo, in Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, 2nd edition, edited by S. Kotz, C. B. Read, N. Balakrishnan,and B. Vidakovic. Wiley.
438. Schay, G., 2007 Introduction to Probability with Statistical Applications. Birkhauser, Boston.
439. Schell, E. D., 1960 Samuel Pepys, Isaac Newton, and probability. Am. Stat. 14: 27-30.
440. Schneider, I., 2005a Abraham de Moivre, The Doctrine of Chances (1718, 1738, 1756), in Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics 1640-1940, edited by I. Grattan-Guinness. Elsevier.
441. Schneider, I., 2005b Jakob Bernoulli, Ars Conjectandi (1713), in Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics 1640-1940, edited by I. Grattan-Guinness. Elsevier.
442. Schwarz, W., 2008 40 Puzzles and Problems in Probability and Mathematical Statistics. Springer.
443. Schwarzlander, H., 2011 Probability Concepts and Theory for Engineers. Wiley, New York.
444. Scott, A. D., and M. Scott, 1997 What's in the two envelope paradox? Analysis 57: 34-41.
445. Scott, E. C., 2004 Evolution vs. Creationism: An Introduction. Greenwood Press.
446. Scott, P. D., and M. Fasli, 2001 Benford's law: an empirical investigation and a novel explanation. CSM Technical Report 349, Department of Computer Science, University of Essex.
447. Seckbach, J., and R. Gordon, 2008 Divine Action and Natural Selection: Science Faith and Evolution. World Scientific.
448. Selvin, S., 1975a Letter to the Editor: A problem in probability. Am. Stat. 29: 67.
449. Selvin, S., 1975b Letter to the Editor: On the Monty Hall Problem. Am. Stat. 29: 134.
450. Seneta, E., 1984 Lewis Carroll as a probabilist and mathematician. Math. Sci. 9: 79-94.
451. Seneta, E., 1993 Lewis Carroll's "Pillow Problem": On the 1993 centenary. Stat. Sci. 8: 180-186.
452. Senn, S., 2003 Dicing with Death: Chance, Risk and Health. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
453. Shackel, N., 2007 Betrand's paradox and the principle of indifference. Phil. Sci. 74: 150-175.
454. Shackel, N., 2008 Paradoxes in probability theory, in Handbook of Probability: Theory and Applications, edited by T. Rudas. Sage Publications.
455. Shafer, G., 2004 St. Petersburg paradox, in Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, 2nd edition, edited by S. Kotz, C. B. Read, N. Balakrishnan,and B. Vidakovic. Wiley.
456. Shafer, G., andV.Vovk, 2001 Probability and Finance: It's Only a Game. Wiley.
457. Shafer, G., and V. Vovk, 2006 The sources of Kolmogorov's Grundbegriffe. Stat. Sci. 21: 70-98.
458. Sheynin, O., 1971 Newton and the classical theory of probability. Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. 7: 217-243.
459. Sheynin, O., 2005 Ars Conjectandi. Translation of Chapter 4 of Bernoulli's Ars Conjectandi (1713) into English.
460. Sheynin, O. B., 1978 S D Poisson's work on probability. Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. 18: 245-300.
461. Shiryaev, A. N., 1995 Probability, 2nd edition. Springer.
462. Shoesmith, E., 1986 Huygen's solution to the gambler's ruin problem. Historia Math. 13: 157-164.
463. Simpson, E. H., 1951 The interpretation of interaction in contingency tables. J. R. Stat. Soc. B 13: 238-241.
464. Singpurwalla, N. D., 2006 Reliability and Risk: A Bayesian Perspective. Wiley.
465. Skybreak, A., 2006 The Science of Evolution and the Myth of Creationism: Knowing What's Real and Why It Matters. Insight Press, Chicago.
466. Sloman, S., 2005 Causal Models:HowPeople Think about the World and its Alternatives. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
467. Smith, D. E., 1929 A Source Book in Mathematics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York.
468. Smith, S. W., 1999 The Scientist and Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing, 2nd edition. California Technical Publishing, San Diego, California.
469. Solomon, H., 1978 Geometric Probability. SIAM, Philadelphia.
470. Sorensen, R., 2003 A Brief History of the Paradox: Philosophy and the Labyrinths of the Mind. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
471. Spanos, A., 1986 Statistical Foundations of Econometric Modelling. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
472. Spanos, A., 2003 Probability Theory and Statistical Inference: Econometric Modeling with Observational Data. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
473. Stapleton, J. H., 2008 Models for Probability and Statistical Inference: Theory and Applications. Wiley.
474. Stewart, I., 2008 Professor Stewart's Cabinet of Mathematical Curiosities. Basic Books.
475. Stigler, S. M., 1980 Stigler's law of eponymy. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 39: 147-158.
476. Stigler, S. M., 1983 Who discovered Bayes' theorem? Am. Stat. 37: 290-296.
477. Stigler, S. M., 1986 The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty Before 1900 Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
478. Stigler, S. M., 1999 Statistics on the Table: The History of Statistical Concepts and Methods. Harvard University Press.
479. Stigler, S. M., 2006 Isaac Newton as a probabilist. Stat. Sci. 21: 400-403.
480. Stirling, J., 1730 Methodus Differentialis. G. Strahan, London.
481. Stirzaker, D., 2003 Elementary Probability, 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
482. Sutton, P., 2010 The epoch of incredulity: a response to Katz and Olin's 'A tale of two envelopes'. Mind 119: 159-169.
483. Székely,G. J., 1986 Paradoxes in Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
484. Tabak, J., 2004 Probability and Statistics: The Science of Uncertainty. Facts on File, Inc.
485. Tamhane, A. C., and D. D. Dunlop, 2000 Statistics and Data Analysis: From Elementary to Intermediate. Prentice-Hall, NJ.
486. Tanton, J., 2005 Encyclopedia of Mathematics. Facts on File, Inc.
487. Terrell, G. R., 1999 Mathematical Statistics: A Unified Introduction. Springer.
488. Thompson, B., 2007 The Nature of Statistical Evidence. Springer.
489. Tijms, H., 2007 Understanding Probability: Chance Rules in Everyday Life, 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
490. Tijms, H. C., 2003 A First Course in Stochastic Models. Wiley.
491. Todhunter, I., 1865 A History of the Mathematical Theory of Probability From the Time of Pascal to That Laplace. Macmillan, London (Reprinted by Chelsea, New York, 1949, 1965).
492. Todman, J. B., and P. Dugard, 2001 Single-Case and Small-n Experimental Designs: A Practical Guide to Randomization Tests. Laurence Erlbaum Associates.
493. Tulloch, P., 1878 Pascal. William Blackwood and Sons, London.
494. Uspensky, J. V., 1937 Introduction to Mathematical Probability. McGraw-Hill, New York.
495. Vakhania, N., 2009 On a probability problem of Lewis Carroll. Bull. Georg. Natl. Acad. Sci. 3: 8-11.
496. van Fraassen, B. C., 1989 Laws and Symmetry. Oxford University Press.
497. van Tenac, C., 1847 Album des Jeux de Hasard et de Combinaisons. Gustave Havard, Paris.
498. Venn, J., 1866 The Logic of Chance. Macmillan, London.
499. von Kries, J., 1886 Die Principien der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung. J.C.B. Mohr, Tübingen.
500. von Mises, R., 1928 Wahrscheinlichkeit, Statistik und Wahrheit. Springer, Vienna.
501. von Mises, R., 1939 Ueber Aufteilungs und Besetzungs-Wahrscheinlichkeiten. Revue de la Faculté des Sciences de l'Université d'Istanbul 4: 145-163.
502. von Mises, R., 1981 Probability, Statistics, and Truth, 2nd revised English edition. Dover, New York. (Originally published by George Allen & Unwin Ltd., London, 1957).
503. von Plato, J., 2005 A. N.Kolmogorov, Grundbegriffe der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung (1933), in Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics 1640-1940, edited by I. Grattan-Guinness. Elsevier.
504. vos Savant, M., 1996 The Power of Logical Thinking. St. Martin's Press.
505. Weaver, W., 1956 Lewis Carroll: mathematician. Sci. Am. 194: 116-128.
506. Weaver, W., 1982 Lady Luck: The Theory of Probability. Dover, New York (Originally published by Anchor Books, Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, New York, 1963).
507. Weisstein, E., 2002 CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics, 2nd edition. CRC Press.
508. Whittaker, E. T., and G. Robinson, 1924 The Calculus of Observations: A Treatise on Numerical Mathematics. Balckie & Son, London.
509. Whitworth, W. A., 1878 Arrangements of m things of one sort and n things of another sort under certain of priority. Messenger Math. 8: 105-114.
510. Whitworth, W. A., 1901 Choice and Chance, 5th edition. Hafner, New York.
511. Wiles, A., 1995 Modular elliptic curves and Fermat's last theorem. Ann. Math. 141: 443-551.
512. Williams, L., 2005 Cardano and the gambler's habitus. Stud. Hist. Phil. Sci. 36: 23-41.
513. Winkler, P., 2004 Mathematical Puzzles: A Connoisseur's Collection. A K Peters, MA.
514. Woolfson, M. M., 2008 Everyday Probability and Statistics: Health, Elections, Gambling and War. Imperial College Press.
515. Yaglom, A. M., and I. M. Yaglom, 1987 Challenging Mathematical Problems with Elementary Solutions Vol. I (Combinatorial Analysis and Probability Theory) Dover, New York (Originally published by Holden-Day, Inc., San Francisco, 1964).
516. Yandell, B. H., 2002 The Honors Class: Hilbert's Problems and Their Solvers. A K Peters, Massachusetts.
517. Young, C. C., and M. A. Largent, 2007 Evolution and Creationism: A Documentary and Reference Guide. Greenwood Press.
518. Young, M., and P. K. Strode, 2009 Why Evolution Works (and Creationism Fails) Rutgers University Press.
519. Yule, G. U., 1903 Notes on the theory of association of attributes in statistics. Biometrika 2: 121-134.
520. Zabell, S. L., 2005 Symmetry and Its Discontents. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.