Forensic pathology for police, death investigators, attorneys, and forensic scientists

Forensic Pathology for Police, Death Investigators, Attorneys, and Forensic Scientists

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-632

  Prahlow, Joseph ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84891463563     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-404-9     Document Type: Book

References (348)

1. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. www.acgme.org
2. The American Academy of Forensic Sciences. www.aafs.org
3. The American Board of Pathology. www.abpath.org
4. The American Society for Clinical Pathology. www.ascp.org
5. The College of American Pathologists. www.cap.org
6. The International Academy of Pathology. www.iaphomepage.org
7. The National Association of Medical Examiners. www.thename.org
8. The National Board of Medical Examiners. www.nbme.org
9. The National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners. www.nbome.org
10. Prahlow JA, Vogel DG. Pathology: Myths and Truths. The New Physician. 1994; September: 51-52.
11. The United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology. www.uscap.org
12. American Academy of Forensic Sciences. http://www.aafs.org
13. American Board of Criminalistics. http://www.criminalistics.com
14. American Board of Forensic Anthropology, Inc. www.csuchico.edu/anth/ABFA
15. American Board of Forensic Entomology. www.research.missouri.edu/ entomology
16. American Board of Forensic Odontology. www.abfo.org
17. American Board of Forensic Toxicology. www.abft.org
18. American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, Inc. www.abpn. com
19. American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors. www.ascld.org
20. Bernitz H, Owen JH, van Heerden WFP, Solheim T. An integrated technique for the analysis of skin bite marks. J Forensic Sci 2008;53:194-8.
21. Bevel T, Gardner RM. Bloodstain Pattern Analysis - With an Introduction to Crime Scene Reconstruction, 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2008.
22. Byrd JH, Castner JL eds. Forensic Entomology - The Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001.
23. Cattaneo C. Forensic anthropology: developments of a classical discipline in the new millennium. Forensic Sci International 2007;165:185-93.
24. Forensic Specialties Accreditation Board. http://www.thefsab.org
25. Hawthorne MR. Fingerprints - Analysis and Understanding. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2009.
26. International Association for Identification. http://www.theiai.org/ certifica-tions/index.php
27. International Institute of Forensic Engineering Sciences, Inc. http://www.iifes.org
28. Krogman WM, Iscan MY. The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine, 2nd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1986.
29. Neale BS, ed. Forensic Engineering - Diagnosing Failures and Solving Problems. London, England: Taylor & Francis; 2005.
30. Newman R. Computer Forensics - Evidence Collection and Management. Boca Raton, FL: Auerbach Publications; 2007.
31. Ogle RR, Fox MJ. Atlas of Human Hair - Microscopic Characteristics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1999.
32. Pinckard JK. Overview of Other (Non-Pathology) Forensic Sciences (Chapter 19). In: Basic Competencies in Forensic Pathology - A Forensic Pathology Primer. College of American Pathologists, Northfield, IL; 2006.
33. Pinckard JK, Memorial Eckert Paper for 2007. Forensic DNA analysis for the medical examiner. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2008;29:375-81.
34. Rudin N, Inman K. An Introduction to Forensic DNA Analysis, 2nd edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2002.
35. Sapir GL. Qualifying the Expert Witness: A Practical Voir Dire. Forensic Magazine. February/March 2007. http://www.forensicmag.com/articles.asp?pid=132
36. Stimson PG, Mertz CA, eds. Forensic Dentistry. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1997.
37. Stone JH, Roberts M, O'Grady J, Taylor AV, O'Shea K. Faulk's Basic Forensic Psychiatry, 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell; 2000.
38. Warlow TA. Firearms, the Law and Forensic Ballistics. Bristol, PA: Taylor & Francis; 1996.
39. Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. www.acgme.org
40. American Board of Pathology. www.abpath.org
41. Dix J, Calaluce R. Guide to Forensic Pathology. Boone County, MO: Jay Dix, MD; 1998.
42. Graham MA, Hanzlick R. Forensic Pathology in Criminal Cases. Carlsbad, CA: Lexis Law Publishing; 1997.
43. Guidelines for AP Residency Training in Forensic Pathology (Chapter 2). In: Basic Competencies in Forensic Pathology - a Forensic Pathology Primer. College of American Pathologists, Northfield, IL; 2006. pp 3-4.
44. Hanzlick R, Prahlow JA, Denton S, Jentzen J, Quinton R, Sathyavagiswaran L, Utley S. Selecting forensic pathology as a career - a survey of the past with an eye on the future. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2008;29:114-22.
45. Position statement re: "Board-certified forensic pathologist." National Association of Medical Examiners, Board of Directors 2007 Annual Meeting, October 12, 2007.
46. Coburn MU, Borges MC, Knake E, Harper M. The multidisciplinary approach to dealing with families: a model for medical examiners. J Forensic Sci 2000;45(6):1278-9.
47. Death Investigation: A Guide for the Scene Investigator. National Institute of Justice. 1999. Available at www.orainc.com/files/guidelines.pdf
48. Haglund WD, Ernst MF. The lay death investigator: in search of a common ground. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1997;18:21-5.
49. Hanzlick R. Death Investigation System and Procedures. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2007.
50. Hanzlick R, Parrish RG. Death investigation report forms (DIRFs): generic forms for investigators (IDIRFs) and certifiers (CDIRFs). J Forensic Sci 1994;39:629-36.
51. Hanzlick R. On the need for more expertise in death investigation (and a National Office of Death Investigation Affairs?). Arch Pathol Lab Med 1996;120:329-32.
52. Hanzlick R, Combs D. Medical examiner and coroner systems: history and trends. JAMA 1998;279:870-4.
53. Hanzlick R Death Investigation Systems. In: Basic Competencies in Forensic Pathology - A Forensic Pathology Primer. College of American Pathologists; Northfield, IL; 2006.
54. Hanzlick R. The conversion of coroner systems to medical examiner systems in the United States: a lull in the action. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2007;28:279-83.
55. Jentzen JM, Ernst MF. Developing medicolegal death investigator systems in forensic pathology. Clinics Lab Med 1998;18:279-322.
56. Prahlow JA, Lantz PE. Medical examiner/death investigator training requirements in state medical examiner systems. J Forensic Sci 1995;40:55-8.
57. Randall B, Randall L. Initiation of formal death investigation procedures among the Northern Plains Indians: a necessary adjunct in the study of American Indian sudden infant deaths. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1999;20:22-6.
58. Shemonsky NK, Reiber KB, Williams LD, Froede RC. Death investigations on military installations. Military Medicine 1993;158:585-7.
59. Sudden, Unexplained Infant Death Investigation Reporting Form. www.orainc.com/files/SUIDIRF2-9-06.pdf
60. Sudden, Unexplained Infant Death Investigation Guidelines. www.orainc.com/files/SUIDI-Guidelines.pdf
61. The American Board of Medicolegal Death Investigators. http://www.slu.edu/organizations/abmdi
62. Vanezis P, Busuttil A (eds). Suspicious Death Scene Investigation. London, England: Arnold; 1996.
63. Cingolani M, Tsakri D. Planned complex suicides: report of three cases. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2000;21:255-60.
64. Davis GG. Mind your manners. Part I: history of death certification and manner of death classification. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1997;18:219-23.
65. Davis JH. Can sudden cardiac death be murder? J Forensic Sci 1978;23(2):384-7.
66. Gill JR, Goldfeder LB, Hirsch CS. Use of "therapeutic complication" as a manner of death. J Forensic Sci 2006;51:1127-33.
67. Goodin J, Hanzlick R. Mind your manners. Part II: general results from the National Association of Medical Examiners manner of death questionnaire, 1995. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1997;18:224-7.
68. Hanzlick R, Goodin J. Mind your manners. Part III: individual scenario results and discussion of the National Association of Medical Examiners manner of death questionnaire, 1995. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1997;18:228-45.
69. Hanzlick R, Hunsaker JH, Davis GJ. A guide for manner of death classification. St. Louis, MO: National Association of Medical Examiners, 2001.
70. Hanzlick RL Medical Certification of Death and Cause-of-death Statements. In: Froede RC, editor. Handbook of Forensic Pathology, 2nd Edition. College of American Pathologists, Northfield, IL; 2003.
71. Hanzlick R Death Certification. In: Basic Competencies in Forensic Pathology - A Forensic Pathology Primer. College of American Pathologists; Northfield, IL; 2006.
72. Hirsch CS, Flommenbaum M. Problem-solving in death certification. ASCP Check Sample 1995; FP95-1:1-31.
73. U. S. Standard Death Certificate. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/ DEATH11-03final-acc.pdf. Viewed on 7/23/08.
74. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 5th ed. New York, NY: Garland Science; 2008.
75. Boron WF, Boulpaep EL. Medical Physiology - A Cellular and Molecular Approach. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2003.
76. Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders Company; 1988.
77. Mills SE, editor. Histology for Pathologists, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lipincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007.
78. Moore KL, Dalley AF II. Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.
79. Zigmond MJ, Bloom FE, Landis SC, Roberts JL, Squire LR. Fundamental Neuroscience. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1999.
80. Adams VI. Autopsy technique for neck examination. I. Anterior and lateral compartments and tongue. Pathol Annual 1990;25(pt 2):331-49.
81. Adams VI. Autopsy technique for neck examination. II. Vertebral column and posterior compartment. Pathol Annual 1991;26(pt 1):211-26.
82. Forensic Autopsy Performance Standards. National Association of Medical Examiners. www.thename.org.
83. Inspection and Accreditation Policy and Procedure Manual, Accreditation Forms, and Checklist. National Association of Medical Examiners. www.thename.org.
84. Ludwig J. Handbook of Autopsy Practice, 3rd ed. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2002.
85. Peterson GF, Clark SC. Forensic autopsy performance standards. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2006;27:200-55.
86. Prahlow JA. Chapter 3 - Hospital Versus Medicolegal (Forensic) Autopsies. In: Prahlow JA, editor. Basic Competencies in Forensic Pathology - A Forensic Pathology Primer. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2006:5-14.
87. Prahlow JA. Chapter 6 - Medicolegal Autopsies: An Overview. In: Prahlow JA, editor. Basic Competencies in Forensic Pathology - A Forensic Pathology Primer. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2006:33-36.
88. Sheaff MT, Hopster DJ. Post Mortem Technique Handbook, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2004.
89. Byrd JH, Castner JL eds. Forensic Entomology - The Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001.
90. Dix J, Graham M. Time of Death, Decomposition and Identification - An Atlas. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2000.
91. Galloway A, Birkby WH, Jonew AM, Henry TE, Parks BO. Decay rates of human remains in an arid environment. J Forensic Sci 1989;34:607-16.
92. Haglund WD, Sorg MH, eds. Forensic Taphonomy - The Postmortem Fate of Human Remains. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1997.
93. Henssge C, Knight B, Drompecher T, Madea B, Nokes L. The Estimation of the Time Since Death in the Early Postmortem Period. London, England: Edward Arnold; 1995.
94. Hewadikaram KA, Goff ML. Effect of carcass size on rate of decomposition and arthropod succession patterns. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1991;12:235-40.
95. Komar DA. Decay rates in a cold climate region: a review of cases involving advanced decomposition from the medical examiner's office in Edmonton, Alberta. J Forensic Sci 1998;43:57-61.
96. Mann RW, Bass WM, Meadows L. Time since death and decomposition of the human body: variables and observations in case and experimental field studies. J Forensic Sci 1990;35:103-11.
97. Mellon PF, Lowry MA, Micozzi MS. Experimental observations on adipocere formation. J Forensic Sci 1993;28:91-3.
98. Prahlow JA, Linch CA. A baby, a virus, and a rat. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2000;21:127-33.
99. Schoenly K, Griest K, Rhine S. An experimental field protocol for investigating the postmortem interval using multidisciplinary indicators. J Forensic Sci 1991;36:1395-415.
100. Vass AA, Barshick SA, Sega G, Caton J, Skeen JT, Love JC, Synstelien JA. Decomposition chemistry of human remains: a new methodology for determining the postmortem interval. J Forensic Sci 2002;47:2002.
101. Blau S, Hill A, Briggs CA, Cordner SM. Missing persons - missing data: the need to collect antemortem dental records of missing persons. J Forensic Sci 2006;51:386-9.
102. Fields R, Molina DK. A novel approach for fingerprinting mummified hands. J Forensic Sci 2008;53:952-5.
103. Haglund WD, Sperry K. The use of hydrogen peroxide to visualize tattoos obscured by decomposition and mummification. J Forensic Sci 1993;38:147-50.
104. Hanzlick R, Clark S. The unidentified decedent reporting system - a model national website registry for the unidentified deceased. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2008;29:106-13.
105. Hanzlick R, Smith GP. Identification of the unidentified deceased: turnaround times, methods, and demographics in Fulton County, Georgia. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2006;27:79-84.
106. Murphy WA, Spruill FG, Gantner GE. Radiologic identification of unknown human remains. J Forensic Sci 1980;25:727-35.
107. Paulozzi LJ, Williams DD, Nolte KB. John and Jane Doe: the epidemiology of unidentified decedents. J Forensic Sci 2008;53:922-7.
108. Simpson EK, James RA, Eitzen DA, Byard RW. Role of orthopedic implants and bone morphology in the identification of human remains. J Forensic Sci 2007;442-8.
109. Batalis NI, Galup L, Zaki SR, Prahlow JA. West Nile virus encephalitis. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2005;26:192-6.
110. Byard RW, Cohle SD. Sudden Death in Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1994.
111. Byard RW, Manton N, Tsokos M. Sarcoidosis and mechanisms of unexpected death. J Forensic Sci 2008;53:460-4.
112. Celbis O, Aydin NE, Mizrak B, Ozdemir B. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia cases in forensic autopsies. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2007;28:235-7.
113. Christiansen LR, Collins KA. Natural death in the forensic setting - a study and approach to the autopsy. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2007;28:20-3.
114. Fineschi V, Baroldi G, Silver MD. Pathology of the Heart and Sudden Death in Forensic Medicine. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis; 2006.
115. Gonsoulin M, Barnard JJ, Prahlow JA. Death resulting from ruptured cerebral artery aneurysm - 219 cases. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2002;23:5-14.
116. Gruszecki AC. Dural sinus thrombosis. American Society for Clinical Pathology Forensic Pathology Check Sample 2009;51;31-39.
117. Gulino SP. Examination of the cardiac conduction system: forensic application in cases of sudden cardiac death. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2003;24:227-38.
118. Iion M, Kimura T, Abiru H, Kaszynski RH, Yuan QH, Tsuruyama T, Tamaki K. Unexpected sudden death resulting from anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva: a case report involving identical twins. Legal Med 2007;9:25-9.
119. Jing HL, Hu BJ. Sudden death caused by stricture of the sinus node artery. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1997;18:360-2.
120. Matschke J, Lockemann U, Schulz F. Intracranial arteriovenous malformations presenting as sudden unexpected death - a report of 3 cases and review of the literature. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2007;28:173-6.
121. Oeberst JL, Barnard JJ, Bigio EH, Prahlow JA. Neurocysticercosis. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2002;23:31-5.
122. Prahlow JA, Barnard JJ, Milewicz DM. Familial thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections. J Forensic Sci 1998;43:1244-9.
123. Prahlow JA, Wagner SA. Death due to Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome type IV. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2005;78-82.
124. Tsokos M, Braun C. Acute pancreatitis presenting as sudden, unexpected death - an autopsy-based study of 27 cases. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2007;28:267-70.
125. Wei JP, Kay D, Fishbein MC. Spontaneous dissection of the distal obtuse marginal coronary artery: a rare cause of sudden death. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2008;29:199-201.
126. Wirthwein DP, Spotswood SD, Barnard JJ, Prahlow JA. Death due to microvascular occlusion in sickle-cell trait following physical exertion. J Forensic Sci 2001;46:399-401.
127. Armstrong EJ, Engelhart DA, Jenkins AJ, Balraj EK. Homicidal ethylene glycol intoxication - a report of a case. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2006;27:151-5.
128. Baselt RC. Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man (seventh edition). Foster City, CA; Biomedical Publications; 2004.
129. Batalis NI, Prahlow JA. Accidental insulin overdose. J Forensic Sci. 2004;49:1117-20.
130. Denton JS, Donoghue ER, McReynolds J, Kalelkar MB. An epidemic of illicit fentanyl deaths in Cook County, Illinois: September 2005 through April 2007. J Forensic Sci 2008;53:452-4.
131. Drummer OH. The Forensic Pharmacology of Drugs of Abuse. London, England: Arnold; 2001.
132. Gill JR, Stajic M. Ketamine in non-hospital and hospital deaths in New York City. J Forensic Sci 2000;45:655-8.
133. Hirsch CS, Adelson L. Ethanol in sequestered hematomas. Am J Clin Pathol 1973;59:429-33.
134. Jentzen JM, Mont EK, Revercomb C. Volatiles and inhalants (chemical asphyxia) (Chapter 26). In: Froede RC (editor). Handbook of Forensic Pathology (2nd edition). Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2003:237-42.
135. Karch SB. Drug deaths (Chapter 25). In: Froede RC (editor). Handbook of Forensic Pathology (2nd edition). Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2003:231-6.
136. Kugelberg FC, Jones AW. Interpreting results of ethanol analysis in postmortem specimens: a review of the literature. Forensic Sci Int 2007;165:10-29.
137. National Institute on Drug Abuse. www.nida.nih.gov
138. O'Neal CL, Poklis A. Postmortem production of ethanol and factors that influence interpretation - a critical review. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1996;17:8-20.
139. Pestaner JP, Southall PE. Sudden death during arrest and phencyclidine intoxication. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2003;24:119-22.
140. Prahlow JA. Deaths due to animals, plants, and other natural environmental hazards (Chapter 37). In: Froede RC (editor). Handbook of Forensic Pathology (2nd edition). Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2003:361-74.
141. Ruttenber AJ, Lawler-Heavner J, Yin M, Wetli CV, Hearn WL, Mash DC. Fatal excited delirium following cocaine use: epidemiologic findings provide new evidence for mechanisms of cocaine toxicity. J Forensic Sci 1997;42:25-31.
142. Sheil AT, Collins KA, Schandl CA, Harley RA. Fatal neurotoxic response to neuroleptic medications - case report and review of the literature. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2007;28:116-20.
143. Shields LB, Hunsaker JC, Corey TS, Ward MK, Stewart D. Methadone toxicity fatalities: a review of medical examiner cases in a large metropolitan area. J Forensic Sci 2007;52:1389-95.
144. Smialek JE, Spitz WU, Wolfe JA. Ethanol in intracerebral clot. Report of two homicidal cases with prolonged survival after injury. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1980;1:149-50.
145. Westveer AE, Trestrail JH, Pinizzotto AJ. Homicidal poisoning in the United States: an analysis of the Uniform Crime Reports from 1980 through 1989. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1996;17:282-8.
146. Wetli CV, Mittleman RE. The 'body packer syndrome' - toxicity following ingestion of illicit drugs packaged for transportation. J Forensic Sci 1981;26:492-500.
147. Wetli CV. Fatal cocaine intoxication. A review. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1987;8:1-2.
148. Wick R, Gilbert JD, Felgate P, Byard RW. Inhalant deaths in South Australia: a 20-year retrospective autopsy study. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2007;28:319-22.
149. Winston DC. Suicide via insulin overdose in nondiabetics: the New Mexico experience. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2000;21:237-40.
150. www.streetdrugs.org
151. www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/streetterms
152. www.drugfree.org
153. Burke MP. Forensic Medical Investigation of Motor Vehicle Incidents. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2007.
154. Dix J, Graham M, Hanzlick R. Investigation of Road Traffic Fatalities - An Atlas. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2000.
155. Ehrlich E, Maxeiner H. External injury marks (wounds) on the head in different types of blunt trauma in an autopsy series. Medicine Law 2002;21:773-82.
156. Langlois NEI. The science behind the quest to determine the age of bruises - a review of the English language literature. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2007;3:241-51.
157. Marshall DT, Gilbert JD, Byard RW. The spectrum of findings in cases of sudden death due to blunt cardiac trauma - "commotio cordis." Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2008;29(1):1-4.
158. Murphy GK. "Beaten to death." An autopsy series of homicidal blunt force injuries. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1991;12:98-101.
159. Pearl GS. Traumatic neuropathology. Clinics Lab Med 1998;18;39-64.
160. Teresinski F, Madro R. Evidential value of injuries useful for reconstruction of the pedestrianvehicle location at the moment of collision. Forensic Sci Int 2002;128:127-35.
161. Toro K, Szlavik N, Meszaros A, Dunay G, Soos M, Keller E. Jumping and falling death in children, adolescents, and young adults. J Clin Forensic Med 2006;13:129-34.
162. Turk EE, Tsokos M. Pathologic features of fatal falls from height. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2004;25:194-9.
163. Zivot U, DiMaio VJ. Motor vehicle-pedestrian accidents in adults. Relationship between impact speed, injuries, and distance thrown. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1993;14:185-6.
164. Zugibe FT, Costello JT. Identification of the murder weapon by intricate patterned injury measurements. J Forensic Sci 1986;31:773-7.
165. Cina SJ, Ward ME, Hopkins MA, Nichols CA. Multifactorial analysis of firearm wounds to the head with attention to anatomic location. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1999;20:109-15.
166. Clark MA, Micik W. Confusing wounds of entrance and exit with an unusual weapon. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1984;5:75-8.
167. Cunliffe CH, Denton JS. An atypical gunshot wound from a home-made zip gun - the value of a thorough scene investigation. J Forensic Sci 2008;53:216-8.
168. DiMaio VJM. Gunshot Wounds, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1999.
169. Dodd MJ. Terminal Ballistics - A Text and Atlas of Gunshot Wounds. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis; 2006.
170. Jacob B, Huckenbeck W, Daldrup T, Haarhoff K, Bonte W. Suicides by starter's pistols and air guns. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1990;11:285-90.
171. Juvin B, Brion F, Teissiere F, Durigon M. Prolonged activity after an ultimately fatal gunshot wound to the heart: case report. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1999;20:10-2.
172. Karger B, Kneubuehl BP. On the physics of momentum in ballistics: can the human body be displaced or knocked down by a small arms projectile? Int J Legal Med 1996;109:147-9.
173. Kury G, Weiner J, Duval JV. Multiple self-inflicted gunshot wounds to the head: report of a case and review of the literature. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2000;21:32-5.
174. Molina DK, Wood LE, DiMaio VJM. Shotgun wounds: a review of range and location as pertaining to manner of death. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2007;28:99-102.
175. Molina DK, Martinez M, Garcia J, DiMaio VJ. Gunshot residue testing in suicides: part I: analysis by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2007;28:187-90.
176. Molina DK, Castorena JL, DiMaio VJ. Gunshot residue testing in suicides: Part II: analysis by inductive coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2007;28:191-4.
177. Shields LBE, Hunsaker JC, Stewart DM. Russian roulette and risk-taking behavior - a medical examiner study. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2008;29:32-9.
178. Zaki SA, Hanzlick R. Gunshot wound with asphalt related pseudosoot, pseudo-tattooing, and pseudo-scorching. J Forensic Sci 1987;32:1136-40.
179. Betz P, Tutsch-Bauer E, Eisenmenger W. "Tentative" injuries in a homicide. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1995;16:246-8.
180. Biedrzycki L, Eason EA. Penetrating and sharp edged injuries (chp 12). In: Basic Competencies in Forensic Pathology - A Forensic Pathology Primer. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2006:91-6.
181. Byard RW, Klitte A, Gilbert JD, James RA. Clinicopathologic features of fatal self-inflicted incised and stab wounds: a 20-year study. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2002;23:15-8.
182. Davis GJ. Patterns of injury: blunt and sharp. Clin Lab Med 1998;18:339-50.
183. Di Nunno N, Costantinides F, Bernasconi P, Di Nunno C. Suicide by hara-kiri: a series of four cases. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2001;22:68-72.
184. Gill JR, Catanese C. Sharp force injury fatalities in New York City. J Forensic Sci 2002;47:554-7.
185. Prahlow JA. Sharp force injuries (Chapter 16). In: Froede RC, ed. Handbook of Forensic Pathology, 2nd ed. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2003:159-73.
186. Prahlow JA, Ross KF, Lene WJW, Kirby DB. Accidental sharp force injury fatalities. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2001;22:358-66.
187. Racette S, Kremer C, Desjarlais A, Sauvageau A. Suicidal and homicidal sharp force injury: a 5-year retrospective comparative study of hesitation marks and defense wounds. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2008;4:221-7.
188. Taupin JM. Comparing the alleged weapon with damage to clothing - the value of multiple layers and fabrics. J Forensic Sci 1999;44:205-7.
189. Andrew TA, Fallon KK. Asphyxial games in children and adolescents. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2007;28(4):303-7.
190. Azmak D. Asphyxial deaths - a retrospective study and review of the literature. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2006;27:134-44.
191. Byard RW, Hucker SJ, Hazelwood RR. A comparison of typical death scene features in cases of fatal male and female autoerotic asphyxia with a review of the literature. Forensic Sci Int 1990;48(2):113-21.
192. Carrick C, Collins KA, Lee CJ, Prahlow JA, Barnard JJ. Sudden death due to asphyxia by esophageal polyp: two case reports and review of asphyxial deaths. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2005;26(3):275-81.
193. Conroy C, Eastman AB, Stanley C, Vilke GM, Vaughan T, Hoyt DB, Pacyna S. Fatal positional asphyxia associated with rollover crashes. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2007;28:330-2.
194. Dix J, Graham M, Hanzlick R. Asphyxia and Drowning - An Atlas. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2000.
195. Ely SF, Hirsch CS. Asphyxial deaths and petechiae: a review. J Forensic Sci 2000;45(6):1274-7.
196. Focardi M, Gualco B, Norelli G. Accidental death in autoerotic maneuvers. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2008;29:64-8.
197. Hashimoto Y, Moriya F, Furumiya J. Forensic aspects of complications resulting from cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Legal Med 2007;9(2):94-9.
198. Kojima T, Nishiyama Y, Yashiki M, Une I. Postmortem formation of carbon monoxide. Forensic Sci Int 1982;19:243-8.
199. Prahlow JA, Barnard JJ. Fatal anaphylaxis due to fire ant stings. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1998;19(2):137-42.
200. Prahlow JA, Doyle BW. A suicide using a homemade carbon monoxide "death machine." Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2005;26(2):177-80.
201. Schon CA, Ketterer T. Asphyxial suicide by inhalation of helium inside a plastic bag. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2007;28:364-7.
202. Shields LBE, Hunsaker DM, Hunsaker JC. Autoerotic asphyxia: part I. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2005;26(1):45-52.
203. Carter N, Ali F, Green MA. Problems in the interpretation of hemorrhage into neck musculature in cases of drowning. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1998;19:223-5.
204. Caruso, JL. The pathology of diving accidents, In Bennett and Elliott's Physiology and Medicine of Diving, 5th edition, edited by Brubakk, AO and Neuman, T, 2003.
205. Davis JH. Bodies found in water: an investigative approach. Am J Forensic Medicine Pathol 1986;7(4):291-7.
206. Dix J, Graham M, Hanzlick R. Asphyxia and Drowning - An Atlas. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2000.
207. Golden FStC, Tipton MJ, Scott RC. Immersion, near-drowning and drowning. Br J Anaesth 1997;79:214-25.
208. Martin TG. Neardrowning and cold water immersion. Anns Emerg Med 1984;13:263-73.
209. Pachar JV, Cameron JM. Submersion cases: a retrospective study - 1988-1990. Med Sci Law 1992;32:15-7.
210. Tsokos M, Cains G, Byard RW. Hemolytic stating of the intima of the aortic root in fresh water drowning: a retrospective study. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2008;29(2):128-30.
211. Wirthwein DP, Barnard JJ, Prahlow JA. Suicide by drowning: a 20-year review. J Forensic Sci 2002;47(1):131-6.
212. Adekoya N, Nolte KB. Struck-by-lightning deaths in the United States. J Environ Health 2005;67:45-50.
213. Al-Alousi LM. Homicide by electrocution. Med Sci Law 1990;30:239-46.
214. Blanco-Pampin JM, Penaranda JMS, Boquete RR, Carro LC. An unusual case of death by lightning. J Forensic Sci 1997;42:942-4.
215. Bligh-Glover WZ, Miller FP, Balraj EK. Two cases of suicidal electrocution. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2004;25:255-8.
216. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Lightning-associated deaths - United States, 1980-1995. MMWR 1998;47:391-4.
217. Denton JS, Donoghue ER. Deaths due to electrocution and lightning. In: Froede RC, ed. Handbook of Forensic Pathology. 2nd ed. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2003:213-218.
218. Eriksson A, Ornehult L. Death by lightning. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1988;9:295-300.
219. Goodson ME. Electrically induced deaths involving water immersion. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1993;14:330-3.
220. Jacobsen H. Electrically induced deposition of metal on the human skin. Forensic Sci Int 1997;90:85-92.
221. Karger B, Suggeler O, Brinkmann B. Electrocution - autopsy study with emphasis on "electrical petechiae." Forensic Sci Int 2002;126:210-3.
222. Lee WR. The mechanisms of death from electric shock. Med Sci Law 1965;5:23-8.
223. Lifschultz BD, Donoghue ER. Deaths caused by lightning. J Forensic Sci 1993;38:353-8.
224. Loomis D, Dufort V, Kleckner RC, Savitz DA. Fatal occupational injuries among electric power company workers. Am J Industrial Med 1999;35:302-9.
225. Marc B, Baudry F, Douceron H, Ghaith A, Wepierre JL, Garnier M. Suicide by electrocution with low-voltage current. J Forensic Sci 2000;45:216-22.
226. Mellen PF, Weedn VW, Kao G. Electrocution: a review of 155 cases with emphasis on human factors. J Forensic Sci 1992;37:1016-22.
227. Peng Z, Shikui C. Study on electrocution death by low-voltage. Forensic Sci Int 1995;76:115-9.
228. Strote J, Range Hutson H. Taser use in restraint-related deaths. Prehospital Emerg Care 2006;10:447-50.
229. Study of Deaths Following Electro Muscular Disruption: Interim Report. U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC, 2008.
230. Taylor AJ, McGwin G Jr, Valent F, Rue LW 3rd. Fatal occupational electrocutions in the United States. Injury Prevention 2002;8:306-12.
231. Wick R, Gilbert JD, Simpson E, Byard RW. Fatal electrocution in adults - a 30-year study. Med Sci Law 2006;46:166-72.
232. Birchmeyer MS, Mitchell EK. Wishnewski revisited - the diagnostic value of gastric mucosal ulcers in hypothermic deaths. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1989;10:28-30.
233. Christiansen LR, Collins KA. Pathologic findings in malignant hyperthermia - a case report and review of literature. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2004;25:327-33.
234. Coe JI. Hypothermia: autopsy findings and vitreous glucose. J Forensic Sci 1984;29:389-95.
235. Denton JS, Fusaro AJ, Donoghue ER. Deaths due to heat and cold exposure. In: Froede RC, ed. Handbook of Forensic Pathology. 2nd ed. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2003:225-30.
236. Donoghue ER, Graham MA, Jentzen JM, Lifschultz BD, Luke JL, Mirchandani HG. Criteria for the diagnosis of heat-related deaths: National Association of Medical Examiners. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1997;18:11-4.
237. Krous HF, Nadeau JM, Fukumoto RI, Blackbourne BD, Byard RW. Environmental hyperthermic infant and early childhood death - circumstances, pathologic changes, and manner of death. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2001;22:374-82.
238. Mant AK. Autopsy diagnosis of accidental hypothermia. J Forensic Med 1969;16:126-9.
239. Prahlow JA, Davis GJ. Death due to cocaine intoxication initially thought to be a homicide. S Med Journal. 1984;87:255-8.
240. Ruttenber AJ, Lawler-Heavner J, Yin M, Wetli CV, Hearn WL, Mash DC. Fatal excited delirium following cocaine use: epidemiologic findings provide new evidence for mechanisms of cocaine toxicity. J Forensic Sci 1997;42:25-31.
241. Sheil AT, Collins KA, Schandl CA, Harley RA. Fatal neurotoxic response to neuroleptic medications - case report and review of the literature. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2007;28:116-20.
242. Wedin B, Vanggaard L, Hirvonen J. "Paradoxical undressing" in fatal hypothermia. J Forensic Sci 1979;24:543-53.
243. Wolfe MI, Kaiser R, Naughton MP, Mirabelli MC, Yoon SS, Hanzlick R, Henderson AK. Heatrelated mortality in selected United States cities, summer 1999. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2001;22:352-7.
244. Adair TW, DeLong L, Doberson MJ, Sanamo S, Young R, Oliver B, Rotter T. Suicide by fire in a car trunk: a case with potential pitfalls. J Forensic Sci 2003;48:1113-6.
245. Bohnert M, Rost T, Pollak S. The degree of destruction of human bodies in relation to the duration of the fire. Forensic Sci Int 1998;95:11-21.
246. Bohnert M, Werner CR, Pollak S. Problems associated with the diagnosis of vitality in burned bodies. Forensic Sci Int 2003;135:197-205.
247. Bonavilla JD, Bush MA, Bush PJ, Pantera EA. Identification of incinerated root canal filling materials after exposure to high heat incineration. J Forensic Sci 2008;53:412-8.
248. Eckert WG. The medicolegal and forensic aspects of fires. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1981;2:347-57.
249. Fanton L, Jdeed K, Tilhet-Coartet S, Malicier D. Criminal burning. Forensic Sci Int 2006;158:87-93.
250. Gerling I, Meissner C, Reiter A, Oehmichen M. Death from thermal effects and burns. Forensic Sci Int 2001;115:33-41.
251. Henry RE, Graham MA. Deaths associated with fires and burns. In: Froede RC, ed. Handbook of Forensic Pathology. 2nd ed. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2003:219-24.
252. Hill IR. Immediate causes of death in fires. Med Sci Law 1989;29:287-92.
253. Hirsch CS, Adelson L. Absence of carboxyhemoglobin in flash fire victims. JAMA 1969;210:2279-80.
254. Hirsch CS Bost RO, Gerber SR, Cowan ME, Adelson L, Sunshine I. Carboxyhemoglobin concentrations in flash fires - report of six simultaneous fire fatalities without elevated carboxyhemoglobin. Am J Clin Pathol 1977;68:317-20.
255. Kane AB, Kumar V. Environmental and nutritional pathology. In: Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N. eds. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2005:415-68.
256. Lee KAP, Opeskin K. Fatal alkali burns. Forensic Sci Int 1995;72:219-27.
257. Leth P, Hart-Madsen M. Suicide by self-incineration. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1997;18:113-8.
258. Mallak C. Miscellaneous and special topics in forensic pathology - blast injuries, aircraft mishaps, and radiation injury. In: Basic Competencies in Forensic Pathology - A Forensic Pathology Primer. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2006:157-61.
259. Mettler FA Jr, Voelz GL. Major radiation exposure - what to expect and how to respond. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1554-61.
260. Prahlow JA. Chemical burns. Forensic Pathology Program. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2001. FR-B.
261. Warren MW, Falsetti AB, Hamilton WF, Levine LJ. Evidence of arteriosclerosis in cremated remains. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1999;20:277-80.
262. Warren MW, Maples WR. The anthropometry of contemporary commercial cremation. J Forensic Sci 1997;42:417-23.
263. Warren MW, Schultz JJ. Post-cremation taphonomy and artifact preservation. J Forensic Sci 2002;47:656-9.
264. Warren S. Forensic pathologic criteria for radiation death. J Forensic Sci 1971;16:137-43.
265. Zaloga WF, Collins KA. Pediatric homicides related to burn injury: a retrospective review at the Medical University of South Carolina. J Forensic Sci 2006;51:396-9.
266. Baker A. Investigating asphyxial deaths in infants and small children. American Society for Clinical Pathology Teleconference; March 14, 2008.
267. Byard RW, Cohle SD. Sudden Death in Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1994.
268. Byard RW, Krous HF. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome - Problems, Progress, & Possibilities. London, England: Arnold; 2001.
269. Collins KA. Sudden infant death syndrome (chp 11). In: Froede RC, editor. Handbook of Forensic Pathology, 2nd edition. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2003. pp 105-10.
270. Collins KA, Knight LD. Pediatric deaths (chp 17). In: Basic Competencies in Forensic Pathology - A Forensic Pathology Primer. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2006. pp135-56.
271. Corey TS. Investigation of child abuse (chp13). In: Froede RC, editor. Handbook of Forensic Pathology, 2nd edition. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2003. pp 125-38.
272. Corey TS, Hanzlick R, Howard J, Nelson C, Krous H. A functional approach to sudden unexplained infant deaths. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2007;28:271-7.
273. Davis GJ. Accidental and natural deaths in children (chp 10). In: Froede RC, editor. Handbook of Forensic Pathology, 2nd edition. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2003. pp 99-104.
274. Dolinak D, Reichard R. An overview of inflicted head injury in infants and young children, with a review of B-amyloid precursor protein immunohistochemistry. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2006;130:712-7.
275. Fierro ME. Infanticide, abandoned newborns, and feticide (chp 12). In: Froede RC, editor. Handbook of Forensic Pathology, 2nd edition. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2003. pp 111-24.
276. Gilbert-Barness E, Debich-Spicer DE. Handbook of Pediatric Autopsy Pathology. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2005.
277. Krugman SD, Lantz PE, Sinal S, DeJong AR, Coffman K. Forced suffocation of infants with baby wipes: a previously undescribed form of child abuse. Child Abuse Neglect 2007;31:615-21.
278. McKenna JJ, Ball HL, Gettler LT. Mother-infant cosleeping, breastfeeding and sudden infant death syndrome: what biological anthropology has discovered about normal infant sleep and pediatric sleep medicine. Yrbk Phs Anthropol 2007;50:133-61.
279. McKenna JJ, McDade T. Why babies should never sleep alone: a review of the cosleeping controversy in relationship to SIDS, breast feeding and bedsharing. Pediatric Respiratory Reviews 2005;6:134-152.
280. O'Neal BJ. Investigating Infant Deaths. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2007.
281. Pasquale-Styles MA, Tackitt PL, Schmidt CJ. Infant death scene investigation and the assessment of potential risk factors for asphyxia: a review of 209 sudden unexpected infant deaths. J Forensic Sci 2007;52:924-9.
282. Plunkett J. Fatal pediatric head injuries caused by short distant falls. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2001;22:1-12.
283. Schwartz LL, Isser NK. Endangered Children - Neonaticide, Infanticide, and Filicide. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2000.
284. Sharma BR. Sudden infant death syndrome - a subject of medicolegal research. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2007;28:69-72.
285. Cimrmancic MA, Gormley WT, Cina SJ. Aviation pathology (Chapter 32). In: Froede RC (editor). Handbook of Forensic Pathology 2nd ed. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2003: pp 299-316.
286. Mallak C. Miscellaneous and special topics in forensic pathology - blast injuries, aircraft mishaps, and radiation injury. In: Basic Competencies in Forensic Pathology - A Forensic Pathology Primer. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2006: pp 157-61.
287. Campman SC, Luzi SA. The sensitivity and specificity of control surface injuries in aircraft accident fatalities. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2007;28:111-5.
288. Ansari MQ, Zamora J, Lipscomb MF. Postmortem diagnosis of acute anaphylaxis by serum tryptase analysis: a case report. Am J Clin Pathol 1993;99:101-03.
289. Randall B, Butts J, Halsey JF. Elevated postmortem tryptase in the absence of anaphylaxis. J Forensic Sci 1995;40:208-11.
290. Schwartz LB, Yunginger JW, Miller J, Bokhari R, Dull D. Time course of appearance and disappearance of human mast cell tryptase in the circulation after anaphylaxis. J Clin Invest 1989;83:1551-55.
291. Schwartz LB, Metcalfe DD, Miller JS, Earl H, Sullivan T. Tryptase levels as an indecator fo mastcell activation in systemic anaphylaxis and mastocytosis. N Engl J Med 1987;316:1622-26.
292. Loewe CL, Diaz FJ, Bechinski J. Pitbull mauling deaths in Detroit. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2007;28:356-60.
293. Prahlow JA. Deaths due to animals, plants, and other natural environmental hazards (Chapter 37). In: Froede RC (editor). Handbook of Forensic Pathology 2nd ed. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2003: pp 361-374.
294. Sowell MW, Lovelady CL, Brogdon BG, Wecht CH. Infant death due to air embolism from peripheral venous infusion. J Forensic Sci 2007;52:183-8.
295. Clark MA. Exhumations (Chapter 45). In: Froede RC (editor). Handbook of Forensic Pathology 2nd ed. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2003: pp 445-9.
296. Hanzlick R. Embalming, body preparation, burial, and disinterment. An overview for forensic pathologists. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1994;15:122-31.
297. Clark MA. Autopsy guidelines for explosion fatalities (Chapter 33). In: Froede RC (editor). Handbook of Forensic Pathology 2nd ed. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2003: pp 317-26.
298. Mallak C. Miscellaneous and special topics in forensic pathology - blast injuries, aircraft mishaps, and radiation injury. In: Basic Competencies in Forensic Pathology - A Forensic Pathology Primer. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2006: pp 157-61.
299. Gill JR, Pasquale-Styles M. Firearm deaths by law enforcement. J Forensic Sci 2009;54:185-8.
300. Perper JA, Juste GM, Schueler HE, Motte RW, Cina SJ. Suggested guidelines for the management of high-profile fatality cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008;132:1630-4.
301. Prahlow JA. Hate crimes and the forensic pathologist. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2007;28:284-7.
302. Barnard JJ, Hirsch CS. Which came first, the rupture or the impact? ASCP Check Sample 1989; FP89-5:1-4.
303. Davis JH. Can sudden cardiac death be murder? J Forensic Sci 1978;23(2):384-7.
304. Prahlow JA. Homicidal cerebral artery aneurysm rupture. J Forensic Sci 2004;49:1082-5.
305. Turner SA, Barnard JJ, Spotswood SD, Prahlow JA. "Homicide by heart attack" revisited. J Forensic Sci 2004;49(3):598-600.
306. DiMaio TG, DiMaio VJM. Excited Delirium Syndrome - Cause of Death and Prevention. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis; 2006.
307. Froede RC, Stahl CH, Wagner GN, Kelly C. Investigation of multiple fatality incidents (Chapter 30). In: Froede RC (editor). Handbook of Forensic Pathology 2nd ed. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2003: pp 275-92.
308. Jensen RA. Mass Fatality and Casualty Incidents - A Field Guide. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2000.
309. Leclair B, Shaler R, Carmody GR, Eliason K, Hendrickson BC, Judkins T, Norton MJ, Sears C, Scholl T. Bioinformatics and human identification in mass fatality incidents: the World Trade Center disaster. J Forensic Sci 2007;52:806-19.
310. Schneid TD, Collins L. Disaster Management and Preparedness. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers; 2000.
311. Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, et al. Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerging Infect Dis. 1999;5:607-625.
312. Olsen SJ, MacKinnon LC, Goulding JS, Bean NH, Slutsker L. Surveillance for foodborne-disease outbreaks: United States, 1993-1997. MMWR. CDC Surveillance Summaries. 2000;49(1):1-62.
313. Graham MA, Henry TE, Weedn VW. Work-related deaths. In: Froede RC (ed). Handbook of Forensic Pathology 2nd ed. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2003: pp 375-80.
314. Pinckard JK, Wetli CV, Graham MA. National Association of Medical Examiners position paper on the medical examiner release of organs and tissues for transplantation. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2007;28:202-7.
315. Coe JI. Postmortem chemistries on human vitreous humor. Am J Clin Pathol 1969;51:741-50.
316. Coe JI. Postmortem chemistry update: emphasis on forensic application. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1993;14:91-117.
317. Prahlow JA. Postmortem forensic chemistry (Chapter 40). In: Froede RC (editor). Handbook of Forensic Pathology 2nd ed. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2003: pp 393-400.
318. Nolte KB, Guarner J, Shieh W-J, Zaki SR. Emerging infectious diseases and the forensic pathologist (Chapter 36). In: Froede RC (editor). Handbook of Forensic Pathology 2nd ed. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2003: pp 345-60.
319. Prahlow JA, Barnard JJ. Pregnancy-related maternal deaths. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2004;25:220-36.
320. United States Food and Drug Administration. www.fda.gov. Accessed on 10/13/18.
321. Consumer Product Safety Commission. www.cpsc.gov. Accessed on 10/13/08.
322. Kane AB, Kumar V. Environmental and nutritional pathology. In: Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N (editors). Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease 7th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2005: pp 436-42.
323. Mallak C. Miscellaneous and special topics in forensic pathology - blast injuries, aircraft mishaps, and radiation injury. In: Basic Competencies in Forensic Pathology - A Forensic Pathology Primer. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2006: pp 157-61.
324. Mettler FA, Voelz GL. Major radiation exposure - what to expect and how to respond. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1554-61.
325. Warren S. Forensic pathologic criteria for radiation death. J Forensic Sci 1971;16:137-43.
326. Byrnes ME, King DA, Tierno PM. Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Terrorism - Emergency Response and Public Protection. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers; 2003.
327. Finelli LN. Miscellaneous and special topics in forensic pathology - biological and chemical agents. In: Basic Competencies in Forensic Pathology - A Forensic Pathology Primer. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2006: pp 157-61.
328. Fowler DR, Nolte KB. Biologic and chemical terrorism: surveillance and response (Chapter 35). In: Froede RC (editor). Handbook of Forensic Pathology 2nd ed. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2003. pp 335-44.
329. Marty AM, Greenberg MI (eds). Biological weapons and bioterrorism. Clinics Lab Med 2006;26:1-551.
330. Caplan MJ. A Medical Examiner's experience with the evaluation of deaths associated with complications of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures (therapeutic complications/periprocedural deaths) - revisited (abstract). American Academy of Forensic Sciences Annual Meeting Proceedings. 1999;164-5.
331. Hirsch CS, Flomenbaum M. Problem-solving in death certification. ASCP Check Sample 1995; FP 95-1:1-31.
332. Prahlow JA, McClain JL. Deaths due to medical therapy (Chapter 39). In: Froede RC (editor). Handbook of Forensic Pathology 2nd ed. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2003: pp 381-92.
333. United States Food and Drug Administration. www.fda.gov. Accessed on 10/13/18.
334. Consumer Product Safety Commission. www.cpsc.gov. Accessed on 10/13/08.
335. Adelson L. The Pathology of Homicide. Springfield, IL: CC Thomas; 1974.
336. Basic Competencies in Forensic Pathology - A Forensic Pathology Primer. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2006.
337. DiMaio VJM. Forensic Pathology. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001.
338. Dolinak D, Matshes E. Medicolegal Neuropathology - A Color Atlas. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2002.
339. Dolinak D, Matshes E, Lew EO. Forensic Pathology: Principles and Practice. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press; 2005.
340. Froede RC, ed. Handbook of Forensic Pathology. 2nd ed. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists; 2003.
341. Itabashi HH, Andrews JM, Tomiyasu U, Erlich SS, Sathyavagiswaran L. Forensic Neuropathology - A Practical Review of the Fundamentals. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2007.
342. Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2005.
343. Leestma JE. Forensic Neuropathology, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2009.
344. Shkrum MJ, Ramsay DA. Forensic Pathology of Trauma - Common Problems for the Pathologist. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2007.
345. Silver MD, Gotlieb AI, Schoen FJ. Cardiovascular Pathology. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 2001.
346. Spitz WU, ed. Spitz and Fisher's Medicolegal Investigation of Death: Guidelines for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigation. 4th ed. Springfield, IL: CC Thomas; 2006
347. Stocker JT, Dehner LP, eds. Pediatric Pathology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001.
348. Tsokos M, ed. Forensic Pathology Reviews (vols 1-4). Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2004 (vol 1), 2005 (vols 2-3), 2006 (vol 4).