Isotope effects: In the chemical, geological, and bio sciences

Isotope Effects: in the Chemical, Geological, and Bio Sciences

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-466

  Wolfsberg, Max ^a   Alexander Van Hook, W ^b   Paneth, Piotr ^c   Rebelo, Luís Paulo N ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

^c LODZ UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Poland)

^d INSTITUTO DE TECNOLOGIA QUÍMICA E BIOLÓGICA   (Portugal)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84891431379     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2265-3     Document Type: Book

References (179)

1. Aston, F. W. Neon. Nature 104, 334 (1920a).
2. Aston, F. W. The constitution of the elements. Nature 104, 393 (1920b).
3. Aston, F. W. Isotopes and atomic weights. Nature 105, 617-619 (1920c).
4. Aston, F. W. Mass Spectra and Isotopy, Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1922 available at http://nobelprize.org/nobelprizes/chemistry/laureates/1922/aston- lectures.pdf.
5. Aston, F.W. A new spectrograph and the whole number rule. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A115, 487-514 (1927).
6. Babcock, H. D. Some new features of the atmospheric oxygen bands, and the relative abundance of the isotopes 0-16, 0-18. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 15, 471-477 (1929).
7. Birge, R. T. and Menzel, D. H. The relative abundance of the oxygen isotopes, and the basis of the atomic weight system. Phys. Rev. 37, 1669-1671 (1931).
8. Bleakney, W. Additional evidence for an isotope of hydrogen of mass 2. Phys. Rev. 39, 536 (1932).
9. Bronsted, J. N. and de Hevesy, G. The separation of the isotopes of mercury. Nature 106, 144 (1920).
10. Bohr, N. Der Bau der Atome und die Physikalischen und Chemischen Eigenschaften der Elemente. Z. f. Physik 19, 1-67 (1922).
11. Chadwick, J. The existence of a neutron. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A136, 692-708 (1932).
12. Dahl, J. P. On the Einstein-Stern model of rotational heat capacities. J. Chem. Phys. 109, 10688- 10691 (1998).
13. de Hevesy, G. and Paneth, F. Zur Frage der Isotopen Elemente. Monatshefte f̈ur Chemie 36, 75-93 (1915).
14. Dieke, G. H. and Babcock, H. D. The structure of the atmospheric absorption bands of oxygen. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 13 670-678 (1927).
15. Einstein, A. and Stern, O. Einige Argumente f̈ur die Annahme einer Molekularen Agitation bein Absoluten Nullpunkt. Ann. Physik 40, 551-560 (1913).
16. Fajans, K. Û ber eine Beziehung Zwisohen der Art einer radioaktiven Umwandlung und dem elektro chemischer Verhalten der betreftenden Radioelemente. Phys. Z. 14, 131-136 (1913a).
17. Fajans, K. Die Stellung der Radioelemente in Periodischen System. Phys. Z. 14, 136 (1913a).
18. Fajans, K. Radioactive transformations and the periodic system of the elements. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 46, 422-439 (1913b).
19. Fajans, K. The radioelements and the periodic system. Naturwissenschaften 2, 429-543 (1914).
20. Fleck, A. See BiographicalMemoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, Alexander Fleck, Baron Fleck of Saltcoats, 17, 242-454 (1971).
21. Garrett, A. B., de Hevesy, J. Chem. Ed. 40, 36-37 (1963).
22. Geiger, H. and Marsden, F. The laws of deflexion of ? particles through large angles. Phil. Mag. 25, 604-623 (1913).
23. Giauque, W. F. and Johnston, H. L. An isotope of oxygen, mass 18. Interpretation of the atmospheric absorption bands. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 51, 1436-1441 (1929a).
24. Giauque, W. F. and Johnston, H. L. An isotope of oxygen, mass 17, in the earth's atmosphere. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 51, 3528-3534 (1929b).
25. Haas, A. Rotation spectrum and isotopy. Z. f. Physik 40, 68-72 (1921).
26. Harkins, W. D. and Wilson, E. D. The changes of mass and weight involved in the formation of complex atoms. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 37, 1367-1383 (1915a).
27. Harkins, W. D. and Wilson, E. D. The structure of complex atoms, the hydrogen-helium system. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 37, 1383-1396 (1915b).
28. Harkins, W. D. and Wilson, E. D. Recent work on the structure of the atom. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 37, 1396-1420 (1915c).
29. Harkins, W. D. The separation of the element chlorine and meta chlorine and the positive electron. Nature 105, 230-231 (1920).
30. Harkins, W. D. and Hayes, A. The separation of the element chlorine into isotopes (isotopic elements). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 43, 1803-1825 (1921).
31. Heilbronn, J. L. H. G. J. Moseley: The Life and Letters of an English Physicist, 1887-1915, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA (1974).
32. Imes, E. S. Measurements on the near infrared absorption of some diatomic gases. Astrophys. J . 50, 251-276 (1919).
33. Jenkins, F. A. and McKellar, A. Mass ratio of the boron isotopes from the spectrum of BO. Phys. Rev. 42, 464-487 (1932).
34. Jevons, W. Spectroscopic investigations in connection with the active modification of nitrogen IV - A band spectrum of boron nitride. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. 91A, 120-134 (1915).
35. Keesom, W. H. and van Dijr, H. On the possibility of separating neon and its isotopic components by rectification. Proc. of the Sect. of Sciences XXXIV, 42-50 (1931).
36. Keesom, W. H. Vapor pressures of neon of different isotopic compositions. J. Physica 2, 986-999 (1935).
37. King, A. S. and Birge, R. T. Evidence from band spectra of the existence of a carbon isotope of mass 13. Astrophys. J . 72, 19-40 (1930).
38. Kratzer, A. A spectroscopic confirmation of the isotopes of chlorine. Z. f. Physik 30, 460-465 (1920).
39. Lindemann, F. A. and Aston, F. W. The possibility of separating isotopes. Phil. Mag. 37, 523-534 (1919).
40. Lindemann, F. A. Note on the vapour pressure and affinity of isotopes. Phil. Mag. 38, 173-181 (1919).
41. Loomis, F. W. Infra-red spectra of isotopes. Astrophys. J. 52, 248-256 (1920).
42. McCoy, H. N. and Ross, W. H. The specific radioactivity of thorium and the variation of the activity with chemical treatment and with time. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 29, 1709-1718 (1907).
43. Millonni, P. W. and Shih, M. L. Zero-point energy in early quantum theory. Am. J. Phys. 59, 684-698 (1991).
44. Moseley, H. G. J. The high frequency spectra of the elements. Phil. Mag. 26, 1024-1034 (1913).
45. Moseley, H. G. J. The high frequency spectra of the elements, Part II. Phil. Mag. 27, 703-713 (1914).
46. Mulliken, R. S. and Harkins, W. D. The separation of isotopes. Theory of resolution of isotopic mixtures by diffusion and similar processes. Experimental separation of mercury by evaporation in a vacuum. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 44, 37-65 (1922).
47. Mulliken, R. S. The isotope effect in band spectra, Part I. Phys. Rev. 25, 119-138 (1925a).
48. Mulliken, R. S. The isotope effect in band spectra, II: The spectrum of boron monoxide. Phys. Rev. 25, 259-296 (1925b).
49. Mulliken, R. S. The isotope effect in band spectra III. The spectrum of copper iodide as excited by active nitrogen. Phys. Rev. 26, 1-34 (1925c).
50. Naud́e, R. An isotope of nitrogen, mass 15. Phys. Rev. 34, 1498-1499 (1929). Note that Naud́e refers in this paper to two earlier communications by King and Birge (1930) on the discovery of 13C.
51. Rutherford, E. The scattering of the ? and " rays and the structure of the atom. Phil. Mag. 21, 669-688 (1911).
52. Rutherford, E. The structure of the atom. Nature 92, 423 (1913).
53. Rutherford, E. Collisions of alpha particles with light atoms. IV An anomolous effect in nitrogen. Phil. Mag. 37, 581-587 (1919).
54. Rutherford, E. Nuclear constitution of atoms. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A97, 374-400 (1920).
55. Soddy, F. The radio-elements and the periodic law. Chem. News 107, 97-99 (1913a).
56. Soddy, F. Intra-atomic charge. Nature 92, 399-400 (1913b).
57. Soddy, F. The periodic table of the elements. Le Radium 11, 6 (1914).
58. Soddy, F. The complexity of the chemical elements. Scientific Monthly 5, 451 (1917). The Interpretation of Radium. 4th Ed. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York 1922. The Story of Atomic Energy, Nova Atlantis, London 1949.
59. Soddy, F. The Origins of the Conceptions of Isotopes, Nobel Lecture 1922, available at http://nobelprize.org/nobelprizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/soddy- lectures.pdf.
60. Thomson, J. J. Rays of positive electricity. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A89, 1-20 (1913).
61. Urey, H. C., Brickwedde, H. G. and Murphy, G. M. A hydrogen isotope of mass 2. Phys. Rev. 39, 164-165 (1932).
62. Urey, H. C. and Teal, G. K. The hydrogen isotope of atomic weight two. Rev. Mod. Phys. 7, 34-94 (1935).
63. van den Broek, A. Intra-atomic charge. Nature 92, 372-373 (1913a).
64. van den Broek, A. Intra-atomic charge and structure of the atom. Nature 92, 470-478 (1913b).
65. Washburn, E. W. and Urey, H. C. Concentration of the 2H isotope of hydrogen by the fractional electrolysis of water. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.USA 18, 496-498 (1932).
66. Born, M. and Oppenheimer, J. R. Zur Quantentheorie der Molekeln. Ann. D. Phys. 84, 457 (1927).
67. Hammett, L. P. Physical Organic Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York (1940);.
68. Hammett, L. P., Chem. Rev. 17, 125 (1935).
69. Levine, I. M. Quantum Chemistry, 6th Ed. Prentice-Hall, Saddle River, NJ (2009).
70. Taft, R. W. and Lewis, I. C. The general applicability of a fixed scale of inductive effects. II. Inductive effects of dipolar substituents in the reactivities of m- And p-substituted derivatives of benzene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80, 2436 (1958).
71. Wolfsberg, M., Kohen, A. Eds. Isotope Effects in Chemistry and Biology, CRC Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL (2006), Chapter 3, p. 89.
72. Bernath, P. F. Spectra of Atoms and Molecules. 2nd Ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2005).
73. Miyazawa, T. Symmetrization of secular determinant for normal vibration calculation. J. Chem. Phys. 29, 246 (1958).
74. Schachtsneider, J. H. and Snyder, R. G. Vibrational analysis of the n-paraffins - II: Normal coordinate calculations. Spectrochim. Acta 19, 117 (1963).
75. Wilson, E. B. Jr., Decius, J. C. and Cross, P. C. Molecular Vibrations, McGraw-Hill, New York (1955).
76. Wolfsberg, M. Comments on selected topics in isotope theoretical chemistry. In: Kohen, A. andLimbach, H. H., Eds. Isotope Effects in Chemistry and Biology, CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL (2006), Chapter 3, p. 89.
77. Bell, R. P. Tunnel effect corrections for parabolic potential barriers, Trans. Far. Soc. 55, 1 (1959).
78. Bigeleisen, J. Nuclear size and shape effects in chemical reactions. Isotope chemistry of the heavy elements, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118, 3676 (1996).
79. Bigeleisen, J. and Ishida, T. Application of finite orthogonal polynomials to the thermal functions of harmonic oscillators. I. Reduced partition function of isotopic molecules, J. Chem. Phys. 48, 1311 (1968).
80. Ishida, T., Spindel, W. and Bigeleisen, J. Theoretical analysis of chemical isotope fractionation by orthogonal polynomial methods, in Spindel, W., ed. Isotope Effects on Chemical Processes. Adv. Chem. Ser. 89, 192 (1969).
81. Bigeleisen, J. and Mayer, M. G. Calculation of equilibrium constants for isotopic exchange reactions. J. Chem. Phys. 15, 261 (1947).
82. Bigeleisen, J. and Wolfsberg, M. Theoretical and experimental aspects of isotope effects in chemical kinetics, Adv. Chem. Phys., Vol 1., I. Progogine, Ed. Interscience, NY (1958).
83. Glasstone, S., Laidler, K. J., and Eyring, H. The Theory of Rate Processes, McGraw Hill, New York (1941).
84. Herzberg, G. Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure, II Infrared and Raman Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules, D. Van Nostrand, New York (1945).
85. Ishida, T. and Fujii, Y. Enrichment of isotopes, in Kohen, A., Limbach, H. H., eds. Isotope Effects in Chemistry and Biology CRC, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL (2006), Chapter 2, pp 41-87.
86. Mayer, J. E. and Mayer, M. G. Statistical Mechanics, 1st Ed., 2nd Ed., Wiley, New York (1940, 1977).
87. McQuarrie, D. Statistical Mechanics, Harper Collins, New York (1976).
88. Saunders, M., Wolfsberg, M., Anet, F. A. L. and Kronja, O. A steric deuterium isotope effect in 1, 1, 3, 3 tetramethyl cyclohexane, J. Am.Chem. Soc. 129, 10276-10281 (2007).
89. Wigner, E. Crossing of potential thresholds in chemical reactions. Z. Phys. Chem. B, 19, 203 (1932).
90. Wolfsberg, M. Comments on selected topics in isotope theoretical chemistry; in Kohen, A. and Limbach, H. H., eds. Isotope Effects in Chemistry and Biology, CRC Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL (2006), Chapter 3, p. 89.
91. Wolfsberg, M. Correction to the effect of anharmonicity on isotopic exchange equilibria in; Isotope Effects in Chemical Processes, in Spindel, W., ed. Adv. Chem. Ser. 89, 185 (1969).
92. Wolfsberg, M. and Kleinman, L. I. Corrections to the Born-Oppenheimer approximation in the calculation of isotope effects on equilibrium constants, in Rock, P. A., ed. Isotopes and Chemical Principles, ACS Symposium Ser. 11, 64 (1975).
93. Baertshi, P. and Kuhn, W. Dampfdruckunterschiede isotoper Verbindungen. (Infrarot-Anteil der Dispersionswechselwirkung als Ursache f̈ur gr̈ossere Fl̈uchtigkeit der schweren Molekelspezies) Helv. Chim. Acta 40, 1084 (1957).
94. Bigeleisen, J. Statistical mechanics of isotope effects on the thermodynamic properties of condensed systems. J. Chem. Phys. 34, 1485 (1961).
95. Jancso, G. and Van Hook, W. A. Condensed phase isotope effects (especially vapor pressure isotope effects). Chem. Rev. 74, 689 (1974).
96. Jancśo, G., Rebelo, L. P. N. and Van Hook, W. A. Isotope effects in solution thermodynamics: Excess properties in solutions of isotopomers. Chem. Rev. 93, 2645 (1993).
97. Prigogine, I. The Molecular Theory of Solutions, North Holland, Amsterdam (1957).
98. Rabinovich, I. B. Influence of Isotopy on the Physicochemical Properties of Liquids, Consultants Bureau, New York 1970.
99. Rice, O. K. Statistical Mechanics, Thermodynamics and Kinetics, W. H. Freeman. San Francisco, CA (1967), Ch. 8.
100. Van Hook, W. A. Condensed matter isotope effects, in Kohen, A. and Limbach, H. H., eds. Isotope Effects in Chemistry and Biology, Taylor & Francis, CRC, Boca Raton, FL (2005), p 119.
101. Van Hook, W. A. and Rebelo, L. P. N. Isotope effects on solubility, in T. Letcher, T., ed., Developments and Applications in Solubility, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge (2007).
102. Wolfsberg, M. Isotope effects on intermolecular interactions and isotopic vapor pressure differences. J. Chemie Physique 60, 15-22 (1963).
103. Allison, T. C. and Truhlar, D. G. Testing the accuracy of practical semiclassical methods: variational transition state theory with optimized multidimensional tunneling, in Thompson, D. L., Ed. Modern methods for multidimensional dynamics computations in chemistry, World Scientific, Singapore (1998), pp. 618-712.
104. Marcus, R. A. and Coltrin, M. E. A new tunneling path for reactions such as H CH2 D H2CH. J. Chem. Phys. 67, 2609 (1977).
105. Truhlar, D. G. Variational transition state theory and multidimensional tunneling for simple and complex reactions in the gas phase, solids, liquids, and enzymes. in Kohen, A. and Limbach, H. H., Eds. Isotope Effects in Chemistry and Biology. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL (2006), pp. 579-619.
106. Buncel, E. and Lee, C. C., Eds. Isotopes in Organic Chemistry. Vol. 22 Isotopic Effects, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984.
107. Higgins, J. S. and Benoit, H. C., Polymers and Neutron Scattering Oxford Science Publications, Oxford, 1994.
108. Mason, J., Ed. Multinuclear NMR, Plenum, New York, 1987.
109. Matsson, O., Isotope Effects for Exotic Nuclei, in A. Kohen and H.H. Limbach, Eds. Isotope Effects in Chemistry and Biology, CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL, 2005.
110. Sergeyev, M. M., Isotope Effects on Spin-Spin Coupling Constants: Experimental Evidence, in P. Diehl et al., Eds. NMR Basic Principles and Progress, Vol 22, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1990.
111. Zare, R. N. et al., High Precision Optical Measurements of 13C=12C Isotope Ratios in Organic Compounds at Natural Abundance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106, 10928, 2009.
112. Avery, D. G., Davies, E., 1973 Uranium Enrichment by Gas Centrifuge (London, Mills & Boon, Ltd.).
113. Benedict, M., Pigford, M., Levi, H. W., 1981 Nuclear Chemical Engineering, 2nd Ed. (New York, McGraw-Hill).
114. Cohen, K., 1951 The Theory of Isotope Separation (New York, McGraw-Hill).
115. Ishida, T., Fujii, Y. 2006 Enrichment of Isotopes in Kohen, A., Limbach, H. H. Isotope effects in Chemistry and Biology (Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis).
116. Kistemaker, J., Bigeleisen, J., Nier, A. O. C., Eds. 1958 Proceedings of the International Symposium on Isotope Separation (Amsterdam, North-Holland).
117. Klein, E. R., Klein, P. L. Eds. 1979 Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Stable Isotopes (New York, Academic) p. 175.
118. London, H., 1961 Separation of Isotopes (London, George Newnes).
119. Rae, H. K., Ed., 1978. Separation of Hydrogen Isotopes, ACS Symposium Series 68 (Washington, DC, American Chemical Society).
120. Spindel, W. 1969 Isotope Effects in Chemical Processes, Advances in Chemistry Series 89 (Washington, DC, American Chemical Society).
121. Spindel, W., Ishida, T., 1990 Isotope Separation, in Lerner, R. G., Trigg, G. L., Eds. Encyclopedia of Physics (New York, VCH Publishers) 2nd Ed.
122. Van Hook, W. A. 2004 Isotope Separation, in Vertes, A., Nagy, S., Klencsar, Z., Eds. Volume 5, p. 177, Handbook of Isotope Chemistry (Dordrecht, Kluwer).
123. Villani, S., 1979 Uranium Separation (Berlin, Springer-Verlag).
124. Abrams, S. A. and Wong, W. W. Stable isotopes in human nutrition. Laboratory methods and research applications. CABI Publishing, Cambridge, MA, 2003.
125. Criss, R. E., Principles Of Stable Isotope Distribution, Oxford University Press, New York, 1999.
126. Emiliani, C. and Shackleton, N. J. The Brunhies epoch; Isotopic paleotemperatures and geochronology. Science 183, 511-514 (1974).
127. Galimov, E.M. The Biological Fractionation of Isotopes, Academic, New York, 1985.
128. Griffiths, H., Ed. Stable Isotopes; Integration of Biological, Ecological and Geochemical Processes, Bios Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1998.
129. Hoefs, J. Stable Isotope Geochemistry, Springer Verlag, New York, 1973.
130. Katz, J. J. and Crespi, H. L. Isotope Effects in Biological Systems, in Collins, C. J. and Bowman, N. S. Isotope Effects in Chemical Reactions, ACS Monograph #167, Van Nostrand Rheinhold, New York, 1970.
131. Kendall, C. and Doctor, D. H. in Treatise on Geochemistry, Vol. 5 Drever, J. I., Ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2004.
132. Richardson, S. M. and McSween, H. Y. Jr. Geochemistry, Pathways and Processes. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1989.
133. Verkouteren, R.M. and Kleindienst, D. B. Value assignment and uncertainty estimation of selected light stable isotope reference materials. NIST Special Publication 260-149 (2004).
134. Zarzycki, R., Ed. Stable Isotopes - Some New Fields of Application, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, 2002.
135. Anisimov, V. and Paneth, P. ISOEFF98. A program for studies of isotope effects using Hessian modifications. J. Math. Chem. 25, 75 (1999).
136. Bierbaum, V.M. et al. Deuterium kinetic isotope effects in microsolvated gas-phase E2 reactions. J. Am. Soc. Mass. Spectrom. 18, 1046 (2007).
137. Bierbaum, V.M. et al, Deuterium kinetic isotope effects in gas-phase SN2and E2 reactions: comparison of experiment and theory. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 736 (2006).
138. Cramer, C. J. Essentials of Computational Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, New York, 2004.
139. Hengge, A. C., Secondary Isotope Effects in Kohen, A. and Limbach, H. H., Isotope Effects in Chemistry and Biology, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL, 2006.
140. Matsson, O. and Westaway, K. C. in Bethell, D., Ed. Advances in Physical Organic Chemistry, Volume 31, Academic, New York, 1998.
141. Melander, L. and Saunders, W. H. Reaction Rates of Isotopic Molecules, Wiley, New York, 1980.
142. Shiner, V. J., Rapp, M. W., Halevi, E. A. and Wolfsberg, M. Solvolytic a-deuterium effects for different leaving groups. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90, 7171 (1968).
143. Stern, M. J. and Wolfsberg, M. On the absence of isotope effects in the absence of force constant changes. J. Chem. Phys. 45, 2618 (1966).
144. Wolfsberg, M. and Stern, M. J. Validity of some approximation procedures used in the theoretical calculation of isotope effects. Pure Appl. Chem. 8, 225 (1964).
145. Wolfsberg, M. and Stern, M. J., Secondary isotope effects asprobes for force constant changes. Pure Appl. Chem. 8, 325 (1964).
146. Bell, R. P. The Proton in Chemistry, Cornell University Press, 2nd Ed., Ithaca, 1973.
147. Cook, Paul F., Ed., Enzyme Mechanism from Isotope Effects, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1991.
148. Cook, Paul F. and Cleland, William Wallace, Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanism, Garland Science/Taylor & Francis, London, 2007.
149. Froese, R. D. J., Morokuma, K. in "Encylopedia of Computational Chemistry, " volume 2, Schleyer, P. von Rague, Ed., Wiley, Chichester, Sussex, 1998, pp. 1244-1257.
150. Kresge, A. J. Pure Appl. Chem. 8, 243 (1964).
151. Melander, L. and Saunders, W. H., Reaction Rates of Isotopic Molecules, Wiley, New York, 1980 (Chapter 10).
152. Northrop, D. B. Determining the Absolute Magnitude of Hydrogen Isotope Effects in W.W. Cleland, W. W., O'Leary, M., Northrop, D. B. (Eds.) Isotope Effects on Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions, University Park Press, Baltimore, MD, 1976, pp. 122-152.
153. O'Leary, M, Paneth, P., Bioact. Mol. 3, 303 (1987).
154. Quinn, D. M. Theory and Practice of Solvent Isotope Effects, in Kohen, A. and Limbach, H. (Eds.) Isotope Effects in Chemistry and Biology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2006 (Chapter 41).
155. Selected chapters (esp 18 and 23-42) on isotope effects in enzyme research from Kohen, A. and Limbach, H. (Eds.) Isotope Effects in Chemistry and Biology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2006.
156. Bartell, L. S. and Roskos, R. R., Isotope effects on molar volume and surface tension; simple theoretical model and experimental data for hydrocarbons. J. Chem. Phys. 44, 457 (1966).
157. Cyvin S. J., Molecular Vibrations and Mean Square Amplitudes, Elsevier, Amsterdan, 1968.
158. Diehl, P. et al., eds, Isotope Effects in NMR Spectroscopy, Vol 22 of NMR Basic Principles and Progress, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1990.
159. Hansen, P. E., NMR studies of isotope effects of compounds with intramolecular hydrogen bonds, in Kohen, A. and Limbach, H. H., eds, Isotope Effects in Chemistry and Biology, Chapter 9, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2006.
160. Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure: I. Spectra of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand-Rheinhold, New York, 1950.
161. Jameson, C. J., In Buncel, E. and Jones, J. R., Eds. Isotopes in the Physical and Biomedical Sciences, vol.2, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1991), p. 1.
162. Rabinovich, I. B., Influence of Isotopy on the Physicochemical Properties of Liquids, Consultants Bureau, New York 1970.
163. Van Hook, W. A. and Wolfsberg, M., Comments on H/D isotope effects on polarizabilities. Correlation with virial coefficient, molar volume and electronic second moment isotope effects. Z. Naturforsch. 49A, 563 (1994).
164. Hirschfelder, J. O., Curtiss, C. F., Bird, R. B., Molecular Theory of Gases and Liquids, Wiley, New York, 1954.
165. Polyakov, V. B., Horita, J., Cole, D. R. and Chialvo, A. A. Novel corresponding-states principle approach for the equation of state of isotopologues: H2 18O as an example. J. Phys. Chem. B-111, 393 (2007).
166. Prausnitz, J. M. Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid Phase Equilibria, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1969.
167. Rabinovitch, I. B. Influence of isotopy on the physicochemical properties of liquids. Consultants Bureau, New York, 1970.
168. Van Ness, H. C., Abbott, M. M., Classical Thermodynamics of Nonelectrolyte Solutions, McGraw- Hill, New York. 1982.
169. Van Hook, W. A., Rebelo, L. P. N. and Wolfsberg, M. Isotope effects on VLE properties of fluids and corresponding states: critical point shifts on isotopic substitution. Fluid Phase Equilib. 257, 35 (2007).
170. Gao, Y. Q., Marcus, R. A. On the theory of the strange and unconventional isotopic effects in ozone formation. J. Chem. Phys. 116, 137 (2002).
171. Holbrook, K. A., Pilling, M. J., and Robertson, S. H. Unimolecular Reactions, Wiley, New York (1996).
172. Marcus, R. A. Mass independent isotope effect in the earliest processed solids in the solar system. A possible chemical mechanism. J. Chem. Phys. 121, 8201 (2004).
173. Marcus, R. A and Rice, O. K., The kinetics of the recombination of methyl radicals and iodine atoms. J. Phys. Chem 55, 894 (1951).
174. Marcus, R. A., Unimolecular dissociations and freeradical recombination reactions. J. Chem. Phys. 20, 359 (1952).
175. Mauersberger, K., Krankowsky, D., Janssen, C., Schinke, R. Assessment of the ozone isotope effect. Adv. Atomic, Mol. Opt. Phys. 50, 1 (2005).
176. Rabinovitch, B. S., Setser, D.W., Unimolecular decomposition and some isotope effects of simple alkanes and alkane radicals. Adv. Photochem. 3, 1 (1964).
177. Schneider, F.W. and Rabinovitch, B. S., The unimolecular isomerization of methyl-d3 isocyanide. Statistical-weight inverse secondary intermolecular kinetic isotope effects in nonequilibrium thermal systems. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85, 2365 (1963).
178. Thiemens, M. H. History and applications of mass-independent isotope effects. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 34, 217 (2006).
179. Thiemens, M. H. and Heidenreich, J. E. The mass independent fractionation of ozone. A novel isotope effect and its possible cosmochemical implications. Science 219, 1073 (1983).