메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 65-90

Confusion and delirium

Author keywords

cancer; confusion; delirium; encephalopathy; palliative care; psychosis

Indexed keywords


EID: 84891391641     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-412-4_6     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (1)

References (171)
  • 1
    • 0026517043 scopus 로고
    • The spectrum of neurologic disease in patients with systemic cancer
    • Clouston PD, DeAngelis LM, Posner JB. The spectrum of neurologic disease in patients with systemic cancer. Ann Neurol 1992;31(3):268-273.
    • (1992) Ann Neurol , vol.31 , Issue.3 , pp. 268-273
    • Clouston, P.D.1    Deangelis, L.M.2    Posner, J.B.3
  • 3
    • 84891397065 scopus 로고
    • Hippocates
    • London: William, Heinemann
    • Jones W. Hippocates. English translation. London: William Heinemann; 1931.
    • (1931) English Translation
    • Jones, W.1
  • 4
    • 0019417828 scopus 로고
    • Delirium and confusion in the 19th century: A conceptual history
    • Berrios GE. Delirium and confusion in the 19th century: a conceptual history. Br J Psychiatry 1981;139:439-449.
    • (1981) Br J Psychiatry , vol.139 , pp. 439-449
    • Berrios, G.E.1
  • 5
    • 84891433939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What modern neuroscience can learn from Hughling Jackson
    • Clifford Rose F, ed, Oxford: Butter worth Heinemann
    • Steinberg D. What modern neuroscience can learn from Hughling Jackson. In: Clifford Rose F, ed. A Short History of Neurology. Oxford: Butter worth Heinemann; 1999:165-177.
    • (1999) A Short History of Neurology , pp. 165-177
    • Steinberg, D.1
  • 6
    • 0002788626 scopus 로고
    • Attention confusional states and neglect
    • Mesulam MM, ed, Philadelphia: F.A.Davis
    • Mesulam MM. Attention, confusional states and neglect. In: Mesulam MM, ed. Principles of Behavioral Neurology. Philadelphia: F.A.Davis; 1985:125-168.
    • (1985) Principles of Behavioral Neurology , pp. 125-168
    • Mesulam, M.M.1
  • 9
    • 0001201861 scopus 로고
    • Delirium, a syndrome of cerebral insufficiency
    • Engel GL, Romano J. Delirium, a syndrome of cerebral insufficiency. J Chronic Dis 1959;9(3):260-277.
    • (1959) J Chronic Dis , vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp. 260-277
    • Engel, G.L.1    Romano, J.2
  • 12
    • 84870465485 scopus 로고
    • American Psychiatric Association, Fourth Edition. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association
    • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fourth Edition. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
    • (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
  • 14
    • 0026311355 scopus 로고
    • Etiological models and their phenomenological variants. CNS arousal systems: Possible role in delirium
    • Ross CA. Etiological models and their phenomenological variants. CNS arousal systems: possible role in delirium. Int Psychogeriatr 1991;3(2):353-371.
    • (1991) Int Psychogeriatr , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 353-371
    • Ross, C.A.1
  • 15
    • 0032811640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update on the neuropathogenesis of delirium
    • Trzepacz PT. Update on the neuropathogenesis of delirium. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 1999;10:330-334.
    • (1999) Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord , vol.10 , pp. 330-334
    • Trzepacz, P.T.1
  • 16
    • 33646818802 scopus 로고
    • Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG
    • Moruzzi G, Magoun HW. Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 1949;1:455-473.
    • (1949) Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol , vol.1 , pp. 455-473
    • Moruzzi, G.1    Magoun, H.W.2
  • 17
    • 0029268160 scopus 로고
    • Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG. 1949
    • Moruzzi G, Magoun HW. Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG. 1949. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1995;7(2):251-267.
    • (1995) J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci , vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp. 251-267
    • Moruzzi, G.1    Magoun, H.W.2
  • 18
    • 0033018477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acetylcholine in mind: A neurotrasmitter correlate of consciousness
    • Perry E, Walker M, Grace J, Perry R. Acetylcholine in mind: a neurotrasmitter correlate of consciousness. Trends Neurosci 1999;22(6):273-280.
    • (1999) Trends Neurosci , vol.22 , Issue.6 , pp. 273-280
    • Perry, E.1    Walker, M.2    Grace, J.3    Perry, R.4
  • 20
    • 0017259551 scopus 로고
    • Acute confusional states with right middle cerebral artery infarctions
    • Mesulam MM, Waxman SG, Geschwind N et al. Acute confusional states with right middle cerebral artery infarctions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1976;39(1):84-89.
    • (1976) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.39 , Issue.1 , pp. 84-89
    • Mesulam, M.M.1    Waxman, S.G.2    Geschwind, N.3
  • 24
    • 0031798082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dementia with Lewy bodies: Response of delirium-like features to donepezil
    • Kaufer D, Catt K, Lopez O, De KS. Dementia with Lewy bodies: response of delirium-like features to donepezil. Neurology 1998;51(5):1512.
    • (1998) Neurology , vol.51 , Issue.5 , pp. 1512
    • Kaufer, D.1    Catt, K.2    Lopez, O.3    De, K.S.4
  • 25
    • 0032809478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebrometabolic aspects of delirium in relationship to dementia
    • Blass JP, Gibson GE. Cerebrometabolic aspects of delirium in relationship to dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 1999;10(5): 335-338.
    • (1999) Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord , vol.10 , Issue.5 , pp. 335-338
    • Blass, J.P.1    Gibson, G.E.2
  • 26
    • 0026307206 scopus 로고
    • The cellular basis of delirium and its relevance to age-related disorders including Alzheimer's disease
    • Gibson GE, Blass JP, Huang HM et al. The cellular basis of delirium and its relevance to age-related disorders including Alzheimer's disease. Int Psychogeriatr 1991;3(2):373-395.
    • (1991) Int Psychogeriatr , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 373-395
    • Gibson, G.E.1    Blass, J.P.2    Huang, H.M.3
  • 27
    • 0028362409 scopus 로고
    • The immune neuro-link and the macrophage: Postcardiotomy delirium. HIV associate dementia and psychiatry
    • Stefano GB, Bilfinger TV, Fricchione GL. The immune neuro-link and the macrophage: postcardiotomy delirium, HIV associate dementia and psychiatry. Prog Neurobiol 1994;42(4):475-488.
    • (1994) Prog Neurobiol , vol.42 , Issue.4 , pp. 475-488
    • Stefano, G.B.1    Bilfinger, T.V.2    Fricchione, G.L.3
  • 28
    • 34250370082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytokines and C-reactive protein production in hip-fracture-operated elderly patients
    • Beloosesky Y, Hendel D, Weiss A et al. Cytokines and C-reactive protein production in hip-fracture-operated elderly patients. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007;62(4):420-426.
    • (2007) J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci , vol.62 , Issue.4 , pp. 420-426
    • Beloosesky, Y.1    Hendel, D.2    Weiss, A.3
  • 29
    • 0032935345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum anticholinergic activity changes with acute illness in elderly medical patients
    • Flacker JM, Lipsitz LA. Serum anticholinergic activity changes with acute illness in elderly medical patients. J Gerontol MS 1999;54A:M12-M6.
    • (1999) J Gerontol MS , vol.54 A
    • Flacker, J.M.1    Lipsitz, L.A.2
  • 30
    • 0028151537 scopus 로고
    • Thiamine deficiency in patients admitted to a palliative care unit
    • Barbato M, Rodriguez PJ. Thiamine deficiency in patients admitted to a palliative care unit. Pall Medicine 1994;8:320-324.
    • (1994) Pall Medicine , vol.8 , pp. 320-324
    • Barbato, M.1    Rodriguez, P.J.2
  • 31
    • 0028282127 scopus 로고
    • Thiamine deficiency in hospitalized elderly patients
    • O'Keeffe, Tormey WP, Glasgow R et al. Thiamine deficiency in hospitalized elderly patients. Gronyology 1994;40(1):18-24.
    • (1994) Gronyology , vol.40 , Issue.1 , pp. 18-24
    • O'Keeffe Tormey, W.P.1    Glasgow, R.2
  • 32
    • 0033033409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical relevance of thiamine status amongst hospitalized elderly patients
    • Papersack T, Garbusinski J, Robberecht J et al. Clinical relevance of thiamine status amongst hospitalized elderly patients. Gerontology 1999;45:96-101.
    • (1999) Gerontology , vol.45 , pp. 96-101
    • Papersack, T.1    Garbusinski, J.2    Robberecht, J.3
  • 33
    • 0033030191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural mechanisms of delirium: Current hypotheses and evolving concepts
    • Flacker JM, Lipsitz LA. Neural mechanisms of delirium: current hypotheses and evolving concepts. J Gerontol Biol Sci 1999;54A:B239-B46.
    • (1999) J Gerontol Biol Sci , vol.54 A
    • Flacker, J.M.1    Lipsitz, L.A.2
  • 34
    • 33744900620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impaired executive function is associated with delirium after coronary artery bypass graft surgery
    • Rudolph JL, Jones RN, Grande LJ et al. Impaired executive function is associated with delirium after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006;54(6):937-941.
    • (2006) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.54 , Issue.6 , pp. 937-941
    • Rudolph, J.L.1    Jones, R.N.2    Grande, L.J.3
  • 35
    • 0028236953 scopus 로고
    • The neuropathogenesis of delirium: A need to focus our research
    • Trzepacz PT. The neuropathogenesis of delirium: a need to focus our research. Psychosomatics 1994;35:374-91.
    • (1994) Psychosomatics , vol.35 , pp. 374-391
    • Trzepacz, P.T.1
  • 36
    • 0032951356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with delirium
    • American Psychiatric Association
    • Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with delirium. American Psychiatric Association. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156(5 Suppl): 1-20.
    • (1999) Am J Psychiatry , vol.156 , Issue.5 SUPPL. , pp. 1-20
  • 37
    • 33644652127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium and its motoric subtypes: A study of 614 critically ill patients
    • Peterson JF, Pun BT, Dittus RS et al. Delirium and its motoric subtypes: a study of 614 critically ill patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006;54(3):479-484.
    • (2006) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.54 , Issue.3 , pp. 479-484
    • Peterson, J.F.1    Pun, B.T.2    Dittus, R.S.3
  • 38
    • 0041334081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for development of delirium among oncology patients
    • Ljubisavljevic V, Kelly B. Risk factors for development of delirium among oncology patients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2003;25(5): 345-352.
    • (2003) Gen Hosp Psychiatry , vol.25 , Issue.5 , pp. 345-352
    • Ljubisavljevic, V.1    Kelly, B.2
  • 39
    • 0029844780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychiatric morbidity in terminally ill cancer patients
    • Minagawa H, Yosuke U, Yamawaki S, Ishitani K. Psychiatric morbidity in terminally ill cancer patients. Cancer 1996;78:1131-1137.
    • (1996) Cancer , vol.78 , pp. 1131-1137
    • Minagawa, H.1    Yosuke, U.2    Yamawaki, S.3    Ishitani, K.4
  • 40
    • 0342700250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occurrence, causes, and outcome of delirium in patients with advanced cancer
    • Lawlor PG, Gagnon B, Mancini IL et al. Occurrence, causes, and outcome of delirium in patients with advanced cancer. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:786-794.
    • (2000) Arch Intern Med , vol.160 , pp. 786-794
    • Lawlor, P.G.1    Gagnon, B.2    Mancini, I.L.3
  • 42
    • 0033923728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium in terminal cancer: A prospective study using daily screening, early diagnosis and continuous monitoring
    • Gagnon P, Allard P, Masse B, DeSerres M. Delirium in terminal cancer: a prospective study using daily screening, early diagnosis and continuous monitoring. J Pain Symptom Manage 2000; 19(6):412-426.
    • (2000) J Pain Symptom Manage , vol.19 , Issue.6 , pp. 412-426
    • Gagnon, P.1    Allard, P.2    Masse, B.3    Deserres, M.4
  • 43
    • 0025980135 scopus 로고
    • An empirical study of diagnostic criteria for delirium
    • Liptzin B, Levkoff SE, Cleary PD et al. An empirical study of diagnostic criteria for delirium. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148(4):454-457.
    • (1991) Am J Psychiatry , vol.148 , Issue.4 , pp. 454-457
    • Liptzin, B.1    Levkoff, S.E.2    Cleary, P.D.3
  • 44
    • 0028904932 scopus 로고
    • Unrecognized delirium in ED geriatric patients
    • Lewis LM, Miller DK, Morley JE, et al. Unrecognized delirium in ED geriatric patients. Am J Emerg Med 1995;13(2):142-145.
    • (1995) Am J Emerg Med , vol.13 , Issue.2 , pp. 142-145
    • Lewis, L.M.1    Miller, D.K.2    Morley, J.E.3
  • 46
    • 84901244476 scopus 로고
    • Nature of delirium and allied states: The disergastic reaction
    • Wolf HG, Curran D. Nature of delirium and allied states: the disergastic reaction. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1935;33:1175-1215.
    • (1935) Arch Neurol Psychiatry , vol.33 , pp. 1175-1215
    • Wolf, H.G.1    Curran, D.2
  • 47
    • 0026464822 scopus 로고
    • An empyrical study of delirium subtypes
    • Liptzin B, Levkoff SE. An empyrical study of delirium subtypes. Br J Psychiatry 1992;161:843-845.
    • (1992) Br J Psychiatry , vol.161 , pp. 843-845
    • Liptzin, B.1    Levkoff, S.E.2
  • 48
    • 32444443524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypoactive delirium: Assessing the extent of the problem for inpatient specialist palliative care
    • Spiller JA, Keen JC. Hypoactive delirium: assessing the extent of the problem for inpatient specialist palliative care. Palliat Med 2006;20(1):17-23.
    • (2006) Palliat Med , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 17-23
    • Spiller, J.A.1    Keen, J.C.2
  • 49
    • 34748892931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motoric subtypes of delirium in mechanically ventilated surgical and trauma intensive care unit patients
    • online
    • Pandharipande P, Cotton BA, Shintani A et al. Motoric subtypes of delirium in mechanically ventilated surgical and trauma intensive care unit patients. Intensive Care Med 2007;online.
    • (2007) Intensive Care Med
    • Pandharipande, P.1    Cotton, B.A.2    Shintani, A.3
  • 50
    • 0036097548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The delirium experience: Delirium recall and delirium-related distress in hospitalized patients with cancer, their spouses/caregivers, and their nurses
    • Breitbart W, Gibson C, Tremblay A. The delirium experience: delirium recall and delirium-related distress in hospitalized patients with cancer, their spouses/caregivers, and their nurses. Psychosomatics 2002;43(3): 183-194.
    • (2002) Psychosomatics , vol.43 , Issue.3 , pp. 183-194
    • Breitbart, W.1    Gibson, C.2    Tremblay, A.3
  • 51
    • 0015389108 scopus 로고
    • Writing disturbances in acute confusional state
    • Chedru F, Geschwind N. Writing disturbances in acute confusional state. Neuropsychologia 1972;10:343-353.
    • (1972) Neuropsychologia , vol.10 , pp. 343-353
    • Chedru, F.1    Geschwind, N.2
  • 52
    • 0030944845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dysgraphia in terminal delirium
    • Macleod AD, Whitehead LE. Dysgraphia in terminal delirium. Palliat Med 1997;11:127-132.
    • (1997) Palliat Med , vol.11 , pp. 127-132
    • MacLeod, A.D.1    Whitehead, L.E.2
  • 54
    • 0036193906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of psychotropic drugs on seizure threshold
    • Pisani F, Oteri G, Costa C et al. Effects of psychotropic drugs on seizure threshold. Drug Saf 2002;25(2):91-110.
    • (2002) Drug Saf , vol.25 , Issue.2 , pp. 91-110
    • Pisani, F.1    Oteri, G.2    Costa, C.3
  • 55
    • 0042978721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catatonia in psychiatric classification: A home of its own
    • Taylor MA, Fink M. Catatonia in psychiatric classification: a home of its own. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160(7):1233-1241.
    • (2003) Am J Psychiatry , vol.160 , Issue.7 , pp. 1233-1241
    • Taylor, M.A.1    Fink, M.2
  • 56
    • 0025667229 scopus 로고
    • Clarifying confusion: The confusion assessment method-A new method for detection of delirium
    • Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA et al. Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method-a new method for detection of delirium. Ann Intern Med 1990;113(12):941-948.
    • (1990) Ann Intern Med , vol.113 , Issue.12 , pp. 941-948
    • Inouye, S.K.1    Van Dyck, C.H.2    Alessi, C.A.3
  • 57
    • 0031684358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection and diagnosis of delirium in the elderly: Psychiatrist diagnosis confusion assessment method or consensus diagnosis?
    • Zou Y, Cole M, Primeau F et al. Detection and diagnosis of delirium in the elderly: psychiatrist diagnosis, confusion assessment method, or consensus diagnosis? Int Psychogeriatr 1998;10(3): 303-308.
    • (1998) Int Psychogeriatr , vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp. 303-308
    • Zou, Y.1    Cole, M.2    Primeau, F.3
  • 60
    • 0028914128 scopus 로고
    • A critique of instruments and methods to detect, diagnose, and rate delirium
    • Smith MJ, Breitbart WS, Piatt MM. A critique of instruments and methods to detect, diagnose, and rate delirium. J Pain Symptom Manage 1994;10:35-77.
    • (1994) J Pain Symptom Manage , vol.10 , pp. 35-77
    • Smith, M.J.1    Breitbart, W.S.2    Piatt, M.M.3
  • 61
    • 4544381224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methods for assessment of cognitive failure and delirium in palliative care patients: Implications for practice and research
    • Hjermstad M, Loge JH, Kaasa S. Methods for assessment of cognitive failure and delirium in palliative care patients: implications for practice and research. Palliat Med 2004;18(6):494-506.
    • (2004) Palliat Med , vol.18 , Issue.6 , pp. 494-506
    • Hjermstad, M.1    Loge, J.H.2    Kaasa, S.3
  • 62
    • 18844461969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact on delirium detection of using a sensitive instrument integrated into clinical practice
    • Gaudreau JD, Gagnon P, Harel F et al. Impact on delirium detection of using a sensitive instrument integrated into clinical practice. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2005;27(3): 194-199.
    • (2005) Gen Hosp Psychiatry , vol.27 , Issue.3 , pp. 194-199
    • Gaudreau, J.D.1    Gagnon, P.2    Harel, F.3
  • 63
    • 0028868328 scopus 로고
    • Detecting delirium among hospitalized older patients
    • Pompei P, Foreman M, Cassel C et al. Detecting delirium among hospitalized older patients. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:301-307.
    • (1995) Arch Intern Med , vol.155 , pp. 301-307
    • Pompei, P.1    Foreman, M.2    Cassel, C.3
  • 64
    • 0029974414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cross-validation of the delirium rating scale in older patients
    • Rockwood K, Gooodman J, Flynn M et al. Cross-validation of the delirium rating scale in older patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996;44:839-842.
    • (1996) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.44 , pp. 839-842
    • Rockwood, K.1    Gooodman, J.2    Flynn, M.3
  • 65
    • 0035121523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing delirium in cancer patients: The Italian versions of the delirium rating scale and the memorial delirium assessment scale
    • Grassi L, Caraceni A, Beltrami E et al. Assessing delirium in cancer patients: the Italian versions of the delirium rating scale and the memorial delirium assessment scale. J Pain Symptom Manage 2001;21(1):59-68.
    • (2001) J Pain Symptom Manage , vol.21 , Issue.1 , pp. 59-68
    • Grassi, L.1    Caraceni, A.2    Beltrami, E.3
  • 66
    • 0034984728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of the delirium rating scale-revised-98: Comparison with the delirium rating scale and the cognitive test for delirium
    • Trzepacz PT, Mittal D, Torres R et al. Validation of the delirium rating scale-revised-98: comparison with the delirium rating scale and the cognitive test for delirium. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001;13(2):229-242.
    • (2001) J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci , vol.13 , Issue.2 , pp. 229-242
    • Trzepacz, P.T.1    Mittal, D.2    Torres, R.3
  • 67
    • 0023936974 scopus 로고
    • Delirium in liver transplantation candidates: Discriminant analysis of multiple test variables
    • Trzepacz PT, Brenner RP, Coffman GC et al. Delirium in liver transplantation candidates: discriminant analysis of multiple test variables. Biol Psychiatry 1988;24:3-15.
    • (1988) Biol Psychiatry , vol.24 , pp. 3-15
    • Trzepacz, P.T.1    Brenner, R.P.2    Coffman, G.C.3
  • 68
    • 0027526177 scopus 로고
    • Conventional and quantitative EEG in the diagnosis of delirium among the elderly
    • Jacobson SA, Leuchter AF, Walter DO. Conventional and quantitative EEG in the diagnosis of delirium among the elderly. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993;56:153-158.
    • (1993) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.56 , pp. 153-158
    • Jacobson, S.A.1    Leuchter, A.F.2    Walter, D.O.3
  • 70
    • 0031424250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An electroencephalographic classification system for coma
    • Young GB, McLachlan RS, Kreeft JH et al. An electroencephalographic classification system for coma. Can J Neurol Sci 1997;24: 329-325.
    • (1997) Can J Neurol Sci , vol.24 , pp. 329-325
    • Young, G.B.1    McLachlan, R.S.2    Kreeft, J.H.3
  • 71
    • 0027439070 scopus 로고
    • Ifosfamide-induced nonconvulsive status epilepticus
    • Wengs WJ, Talwar D, Bernard J. Ifosfamide-induced nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Arch Neurol 1993;50:1104-1105.
    • (1993) Arch Neurol , vol.50 , pp. 1104-1105
    • Wengs, W.J.1    Talwar, D.2    Bernard, J.3
  • 72
    • 0021157439 scopus 로고
    • Agitated confusional states in patients with right hemisphere infarctions
    • Schmidley JW, Messing RO. Agitated confusional states in patients with right hemisphere infarctions. Stroke 1984;5:883-885.
    • (1984) Stroke , vol.5 , pp. 883-885
    • Schmidley, J.W.1    Messing, R.O.2
  • 73
    • 0023270212 scopus 로고
    • Acute confusional state and acute agitated delirium: Occurrence after infarction in the right middle cerebral artery territory
    • Mori E, Yamadori A. Acute confusional state and acute agitated delirium: occurrence after infarction in the right middle cerebral artery territory. Arch Neurol 1987;44:1139-1143.
    • (1987) Arch Neurol , vol.44 , pp. 1139-1143
    • Mori, E.1    Yamadori, A.2
  • 74
    • 0344450773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Confusional state in stroke: Relation to preexisting dementia, patient characteristics, and outcome
    • Henon H, Lebert F, Durieu I et al. Confusional state in stroke: relation to preexisting dementia, patient characteristics, and outcome. Stroke 1999;30:773-779.
    • (1999) Stroke , vol.30 , pp. 773-779
    • Henon, H.1    Lebert, F.2    Durieu, I.3
  • 75
    • 0020040396 scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and treatment of leptomeningeal metastases from solid tumors: Experience with 90 patients
    • Wasserstrom WR, Glass JP, Posner JB. Diagnosis and treatment of leptomeningeal metastases from solid tumors: experience with 90 patients. Cancer 1982;49(4):759-772.
    • (1982) Cancer , vol.49 , Issue.4 , pp. 759-772
    • Wasserstrom, W.R.1    Glass, J.P.2    Posner, J.B.3
  • 77
    • 0032081571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meningeal metastases: Clinical aspects and diagnosis
    • Formaglio F, Caraceni A. Meningeal metastases: clinical aspects and diagnosis. Ital J Neurol Sci 1998;19(3):133-149.
    • (1998) Ital J Neurol Sci , vol.19 , Issue.3 , pp. 133-149
    • Formaglio, F.1    Caraceni, A.2
  • 78
    • 0028838477 scopus 로고
    • Patients with malignant meningitis presenting with neuropsychiatric manifestations
    • Weitzener MA, Olofson SM, Forman AD. Patients with malignant meningitis presenting with neuropsychiatric manifestations. Cancer 1995;76:1804-1808.
    • (1995) Cancer , vol.76 , pp. 1804-1808
    • Weitzener, M.A.1    Olofson, S.M.2    Forman, A.D.3
  • 79
    • 0020386033 scopus 로고
    • Cerebrospinal fluid flow abnormalities in patients with neoplastic meningitis: An evaluation using lllindium-DTPA ventriculography
    • Grossman SA, Trump DL, Chen DC et al. Cerebrospinal fluid flow abnormalities in patients with neoplastic meningitis: an evaluation using lllindium-DTPA ventriculography. Am J Med 1982;73(5):641-647.
    • (1982) Am J Med , vol.73 , Issue.5 , pp. 641-647
    • Grossman, S.A.1    Trump, D.L.2    Chen, D.C.3
  • 80
    • 0029971407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cholinergic delirium and neurotoxicity associated with tacrine for Alzheimer's dementia
    • Trzepacz P, Ho V, Mallavarapu H. Cholinergic delirium and neurotoxicity associated with tacrine for Alzheimer's dementia. Psycho-somatics 1996;37(3):299-301.
    • (1996) Psycho-somatics , vol.37 , Issue.3 , pp. 299-301
    • Trzepacz, P.1    Ho, V.2    Mallavarapu, H.3
  • 81
    • 0024421574 scopus 로고
    • The cognitive effects of the administration of narcotic analgesics in patients with cancer pain
    • Bruera E, Macmillan K, Hanson J et al. The cognitive effects of the administration of narcotic analgesics in patients with cancer pain. Pain 1989;39(1):13-16.
    • (1989) Pain , vol.39 , Issue.1 , pp. 13-16
    • Bruera, E.1    MacMillan, K.2    Hanson, J.3
  • 82
    • 0028866159 scopus 로고
    • A review of the effects of opioids on psychomotor function and cognitive functioning in humans
    • Zacny J. A review of the effects of opioids on psychomotor function and cognitive functioning in humans. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 1995;3(4):432-466.
    • (1995) Exp Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.3 , Issue.4 , pp. 432-466
    • Zacny, J.1
  • 83
    • 0034213672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychological performance in cancer patients: The role of oral opioids, pain, and performance status
    • Sjogren P, Olsen AK, Thomsen AB et al. Neuropsychological performance in cancer patients: the role of oral opioids, pain, and performance status. Pain 2000;86(3):237-245.
    • (2000) Pain , vol.86 , Issue.3 , pp. 237-245
    • Sjogren, P.1    Olsen, A.K.2    Thomsen, A.B.3
  • 84
    • 0033672790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered mental status in patients with cancer
    • Tuma R, DeAngelis LM. Altered mental status in patients with cancer. Arch Neurol 2000;57(12):1727-1731.
    • (2000) Arch Neurol , vol.57 , Issue.12 , pp. 1727-1731
    • Tuma, R.1    Deangelis, L.M.2
  • 85
    • 34249012145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opioid medications and longitudinal risk of delirium in hospitalized cancer patients
    • Gaudreau JD, Gagnon P, Roy MA et al. Opioid medications and longitudinal risk of delirium in hospitalized cancer patients. Cancer 2007; 109(11):2365-2673.
    • (2007) Cancer , vol.109 , Issue.11 , pp. 2365-2673
    • Gaudreau, J.D.1    Gagnon, P.2    Roy, M.A.3
  • 86
    • 0023194341 scopus 로고
    • Hallucination during sustained-release morphine and methadone administration
    • Jellema JG. Hallucination during sustained-release morphine and methadone administration. Lancet 1987;2(8555):392.
    • (1987) Lancet , vol.2 , Issue.8555 , pp. 392
    • Jellema, J.G.1
  • 87
    • 0028567815 scopus 로고
    • Organic brain syndromes and opioid administration for cancer pain
    • Caraceni A, Martini C, De Conno F et al. Organic brain syndromes and opioid administration for cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 1994;9(8):527-533.
    • (1994) J Pain Symptom Manage , vol.9 , Issue.8 , pp. 527-533
    • Caraceni, A.1    Martini, C.2    De Conno, F.3
  • 88
    • 0030802901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strychnine-like multifocal myoclonus and seizures in extremely high-dose opioid administration: Treatment strategies
    • Hagen N, Swanson R. Strychnine-like multifocal myoclonus and seizures in extremely high-dose opioid administration: treatment strategies. J Pain Symptom Manage 1997;14:51-58.
    • (1997) J Pain Symptom Manage , vol.14 , pp. 51-58
    • Hagen, N.1    Swanson, R.2
  • 89
    • 0027527448 scopus 로고
    • Hyperalgesia and myoclonus in terminal cancer patients treated with continuous intravenous morphine
    • Sjogren P, Jonsson T, Jensen NH et al. Hyperalgesia and myoclonus in terminal cancer patients treated with continuous intravenous morphine. Pain 1993;55(1):93-97.
    • (1993) Pain , vol.55 , Issue.1 , pp. 93-97
    • Sjogren, P.1    Jonsson, T.2    Jensen, N.H.3
  • 90
    • 27244458356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychoactive medications and risk of delirium in hospitalized cancer patients
    • Gaudreau JD, Gagnon P, Harel F et al. Psychoactive medications and risk of delirium in hospitalized cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2005;23(27):6712-6718.
    • (2005) J Clin Oncol , vol.23 , Issue.27 , pp. 6712-6718
    • Gaudreau, J.D.1    Gagnon, P.2    Harel, F.3
  • 91
    • 0026750331 scopus 로고
    • Prognosis after hospital discharge of older medical patients with delirium
    • Francis J, Kapoor WN. Prognosis after hospital discharge of older medical patients with delirium. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992;40:601-606.
    • (1992) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.40 , pp. 601-606
    • Francis, J.1    Kapoor, W.N.2
  • 92
    • 0026505007 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for delirium in hospitalized elderly
    • Schor JD, Levkoff SE, Lipsitz LA et al. Risk factors for delirium in hospitalized elderly. JAMA 1992;267(6):827-831.
    • (1992) JAMA , vol.267 , Issue.6 , pp. 827-831
    • Schor, J.D.1    Levkoff, S.E.2    Lipsitz, L.A.3
  • 93
    • 0027486727 scopus 로고
    • A predictive model for delirium in hospitalized elderly medical patients based on admission characteristics
    • Inouye SK, Viscoli CM, Horwitz RI et al. A predictive model for delirium in hospitalized elderly medical patients based on admission characteristics. Ann Intern Med 1993;119(6):474-481.
    • (1993) Ann Intern Med , vol.119 , Issue.6 , pp. 474-481
    • Inouye, S.K.1    Viscoli, C.M.2    Horwitz, R.I.3
  • 94
    • 0029818142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for delirium tremens development
    • Ferguson JA, Suelzer CJ, Eckert GJ et al. Risk factors for delirium tremens development. J Gen Intern Med 1996;11(7):410-414.
    • (1996) J Gen Intern Med , vol.11 , Issue.7 , pp. 410-414
    • Ferguson, J.A.1    Suelzer, C.J.2    Eckert, G.J.3
  • 95
    • 0029917496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precipitating factors for delirium in hospitalized elderly persons: Predictive model and interrelationship with baseline vulnerability
    • Inouye SK, Charpentier PA. Precipitating factors for delirium in hospitalized elderly persons: predictive model and interrelationship with baseline vulnerability. JAMA 1996;275(11):852-857.
    • (1996) JAMA , vol.275 , Issue.11 , pp. 852-857
    • Inouye, S.K.1    Charpentier, P.A.2
  • 96
    • 0033522146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multicomponent intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients
    • Inouye SK, Bogardus ST, Charpentier PA et al. A multicomponent intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients. N Engl J Med 1999;340(9):669-676.
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.340 , Issue.9 , pp. 669-676
    • Inouye, S.K.1    Bogardus, S.T.2    Charpentier, P.A.3
  • 97
    • 0024447868 scopus 로고
    • Alcohol withdrawal syndromes: A review of pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment
    • Turner RC, Lichstein PR, Peden JG, Jr. et al. Alcohol withdrawal syndromes: a review of pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment. J Gen Intern Med 1989;4(5):432-444.
    • (1989) J Gen Intern Med , vol.4 , Issue.5 , pp. 432-444
    • Turner, R.C.1    Lichstein, P.R.2    Peden Jr., J.G.3
  • 98
    • 33846550614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic polymorphisms related to delirium tremens: A systematic review
    • van Munster BC, Korevaar JC, de Rooij SE et al. Genetic polymorphisms related to delirium tremens: a systematic review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007;31(2):177-184.
    • (2007) Alcohol Clin Exp Res , vol.31 , Issue.2 , pp. 177-184
    • Van Munster, B.C.1    Korevaar, J.C.2    De Rooij, S.E.3
  • 99
    • 0023039160 scopus 로고
    • Recognition, management, and prevention of neuropsychological dysfunction after operation
    • Seibert CP. Recognition, management, and prevention of neuropsychological dysfunction after operation. Int Anesthesiol Clin 1986;24(4):39-58.
    • (1986) Int Anesthesiol Clin , vol.24 , Issue.4 , pp. 39-58
    • Seibert, C.P.1
  • 100
    • 0024557123 scopus 로고
    • Postcardiotomy delirium: Conclusions after 25 years?
    • Smith LW, Dimsdale JE. Postcardiotomy delirium: conclusions after 25 years? Am J Psychiatry 1989;146(4):452-458.
    • (1989) Am J Psychiatry , vol.146 , Issue.4 , pp. 452-458
    • Smith, L.W.1    Dimsdale, J.E.2
  • 101
    • 0023230922 scopus 로고
    • Postoperative confusion after anesthesia in elderly patients with femoral neck fractures
    • Berggren D, Gustafson Y, Eriksson B et al. Postoperative confusion after anesthesia in elderly patients with femoral neck fractures. Anesth Analg 1987;66(6):497-504.
    • (1987) Anesth Analg , vol.66 , Issue.6 , pp. 497-504
    • Berggren, D.1    Gustafson, Y.2    Eriksson, B.3
  • 102
    • 0028008505 scopus 로고
    • A clinical prediction rule for delirium after elective noncardiac surgery
    • Marcantonio ER, Goldman L, Mangione CM et al. A clinical prediction rule for delirium after elective noncardiac surgery. JAMA 1994;271(2):134-139.
    • (1994) JAMA , vol.271 , Issue.2 , pp. 134-139
    • Marcantonio, E.R.1    Goldman, L.2    Mangione, C.M.3
  • 103
    • 0028051733 scopus 로고
    • Postoperative delirium in the elderly
    • O'Keeffe ST, Chonchubhair A. Postoperative delirium in the elderly. Br J Anaesth 1995;73(5):673-687.
    • (1995) Br J Anaesth , vol.73 , Issue.5 , pp. 673-687
    • O'Keeffe, S.T.1    Chonchubhair, A.2
  • 104
    • 0028117068 scopus 로고
    • The relationship of postoperative delirium with psychoactive medications
    • Marcantonio ER, Juarez G, Goldman L et al. The relationship of postoperative delirium with psychoactive medications. JAMA 1994;272(19):1518- 1522.
    • (1994) JAMA , vol.272 , Issue.19 , pp. 1518-1522
    • Marcantonio, E.R.1    Juarez, G.2    Goldman, L.3
  • 105
    • 0032211485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association of intraoperative factors with the development of postoperative delirium
    • Marcantonio ER, Goldman L, Orav EJ et al. The association of intraoperative factors with the development of postoperative delirium. Am J Med 1998;105(5):380-384.
    • (1998) Am J Med , vol.105 , Issue.5 , pp. 380-384
    • Marcantonio, E.R.1    Goldman, L.2    Orav, E.J.3
  • 106
    • 0032812866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical subtypes of delirium in the elderly
    • O'Keeffe ST. Clinical subtypes of delirium in the elderly. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 1999;10:380-385.
    • (1999) Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord , vol.10 , pp. 380-385
    • O'Keeffe, S.T.1
  • 107
    • 84891436429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium in the elderly: Epidemiological, pathogenetic, and treatment aspects
    • Carlson LA, Gottfries CG, Winbland B et al. (eds.). Delirium in the elderly: epidemiological, pathogenetic, and treatment aspects. Dement Geriatr Cog Disord 1999;10(5):306-129.
    • (1999) Dement Geriatr Cog Disord , vol.10 , Issue.5 , pp. 306-129
    • Carlson, L.A.1    Gottfries, C.G.2    Winbland, B.3
  • 108
    • 0028856215 scopus 로고
    • Misdiagnosing delirium as depression in medically ill elderly patients
    • Farrell KR, Ganzini L. Misdiagnosing delirium as depression in medically ill elderly patients. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:2459-2464.
    • (1995) Arch Intern Med , vol.155 , pp. 2459-2464
    • Farrell, K.R.1    Ganzini, L.2
  • 109
    • 0032919889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The palliative prognostic index: A scoring system for survival prediction of terminally ill cancer patients
    • Morita T, Tsunoda J, Inoue S et al. The palliative prognostic index: a scoring system for survival prediction of terminally ill cancer patients. Support Care Cancer 1999;7(3):128-133.
    • (1999) Support Care Cancer , vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp. 128-133
    • Morita, T.1    Tsunoda, J.2    Inoue, S.3
  • 110
    • 0035800052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and management of delirium near the end of life
    • Casarett DJ, Inouye SK. Diagnosis and management of delirium near the end of life. Ann Intern Med 2001;135(1):32-40.
    • (2001) Ann Intern Med , vol.135 , Issue.1 , pp. 32-40
    • Casarett, D.J.1    Inouye, S.K.2
  • 111
    • 0030751984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CNS adverse effects of opioids in cancer patients: Guidelines for treatment
    • Ripamonti C, Bruera E. CNS adverse effects of opioids in cancer patients: guidelines for treatment. CNS Drugs 1997;8(1):21-37.
    • (1997) CNS Drugs , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 21-37
    • Ripamonti, C.1    Bruera, E.2
  • 113
    • 0242285728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of adherence on the effectiveness of nonpharmacologic interventions: Evidence from the delirium prevention trial
    • Inouye SK, Bogardus ST, Jr., Williams CS et al. The role of adherence on the effectiveness of nonpharmacologic interventions: evidence from the delirium prevention trial. Arch Intern Med 2003;163(8):958-964.
    • (2003) Arch Intern Med , vol.163 , Issue.8 , pp. 958-964
    • Inouye, S.K.1    Bogardus Jr., S.T.2    Williams, C.S.3
  • 114
    • 0001860252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Counselling for the confused patient and the family
    • Portenoy RK, Bruera E, eds
    • Borreani C, Caraceni A, Tamburini M. Counselling for the confused patient and the family. In: Portenoy RK, Bruera E, eds. Topics in Palliative Care; 1997:45-54.
    • (1997) Topics in Palliative Care , pp. 45-54
    • Borreani, C.1    Caraceni, A.2    Tamburini, M.3
  • 115
    • 2942653036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium in advanced cancer patients
    • Centeno C, Sanz A, Bruera E. Delirium in advanced cancer patients. Palliat Med 2004;18(3):184-194.
    • (2004) Palliat Med , vol.18 , Issue.3 , pp. 184-194
    • Centeno, C.1    Sanz, A.2    Bruera, E.3
  • 116
    • 1442300927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Family-perceived distress from delirium-related symptoms of terminally ill cancer patients
    • Morita T, Hirai K, Sakaguchi Y et al. Family-perceived distress from delirium-related symptoms of terminally ill cancer patients. Psychosomatics 2004;45(2):107-113.
    • (2004) Psychosomatics , vol.45 , Issue.2 , pp. 107-113
    • Morita, T.1    Hirai, K.2    Sakaguchi, Y.3
  • 117
    • 0026735095 scopus 로고
    • The assessment of pain intensity in patients with cognitive failure: A preliminary report
    • Bruera E, Fainsinger RL, Miller MJ et al. The assessment of pain intensity in patients with cognitive failure: a preliminary report. J Pain Symptom Manage 1992;7(5):267-270.
    • (1992) J Pain Symptom Manage , vol.7 , Issue.5 , pp. 267-270
    • Bruera, E.1    Fainsinger, R.L.2    Miller, M.J.3
  • 118
    • 0028031603 scopus 로고
    • Delirium as a contributing factor to "crescendo" pain: Three case reports
    • Coyle N, Breitbart W, Weaver S et al. Delirium as a contributing factor to "crescendo" pain: three case reports. J Pain Symptom Manage 1994;9(1):44-17.
    • (1994) J Pain Symptom Manage , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. 44-17
    • Coyle, N.1    Breitbart, W.2    Weaver, S.3
  • 120
    • 9044244135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A double-blind trial of haloperidol, chlorpromazine, and lorazepam in the treatment of delirium in hospitalized AIDS patients
    • Breitbart W, Marotta R, Piatt MM et al. A double-blind trial of haloperidol, chlorpromazine, and lorazepam in the treatment of delirium in hospitalized AIDS patients. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153(2):231-237.
    • (1996) Am J Psychiatry , vol.153 , Issue.2 , pp. 231-237
    • Breitbart, W.1    Marotta, R.2    Piatt, M.M.3
  • 121
    • 0034797876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Movement disorders associated with neuroleptic treatment
    • Wirshing WC. Movement disorders associated with neuroleptic treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62 Suppl 21:15-18.
    • (2001) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.62 , Issue.SUPPL. 21 , pp. 15-18
    • Wirshing, W.C.1
  • 123
    • 0027364742 scopus 로고
    • Torsade de pointes associated with the use of intravenous haloperidol
    • Wilt JL, Minnema AM, Johnson RF et al. Torsade de pointes associated with the use of intravenous haloperidol. Ann Intern Med 1993;119(5):391-1.
    • (1993) Ann Intern Med , vol.119 , Issue.5 , pp. 391-401
    • Wilt, J.L.1    Minnema, A.M.2    Johnson, R.F.3
  • 124
    • 0028803399 scopus 로고
    • The association between intravenous haloperidol and torsades de pointes
    • Hunt N, Stern TA. The association between intravenous haloperidol and torsades de pointes. Psychosomatics 1995;36(6):541-9.
    • (1995) Psychosomatics , vol.36 , Issue.6 , pp. 541-549
    • Hunt, N.1    Stern, T.A.2
  • 125
    • 0028997522 scopus 로고
    • Torsade de pointes caused by high-dose intravenous halpoeridol in cardiac patients
    • DiSalvo TG, O'Gara PT. Torsade de pointes caused by high-dose intravenous halpoeridol in cardiac patients. Clin Cardiol 1995;18(5):285-290.
    • (1995) Clin Cardiol , vol.18 , Issue.5 , pp. 285-290
    • Disalvo, T.G.1    O'Gara, P.T.2
  • 126
    • 0030883377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Torsade de pointes and low-dose oral haloperidol
    • Jackson T, Ditmanson L, Phibbs B. Torsade de pointes and low-dose oral haloperidol. Arch Intern Med 1997;157(17):2013-2015.
    • (1997) Arch Intern Med , vol.157 , Issue.17 , pp. 2013-2015
    • Jackson, T.1    Ditmanson, L.2    Phibbs, B.3
  • 127
    • 4444305179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Torsades de pointes caused by a small dose of risperidone in a terminally ill cancer patient
    • Tei Y, Morita T, Inoue S et al. Torsades de pointes caused by a small dose of risperidone in a terminally ill cancer patient. Psychosomatics 2004;45(5):450-451.
    • (2004) Psychosomatics , vol.45 , Issue.5 , pp. 450-451
    • Tei, Y.1    Morita, T.2    Inoue, S.3
  • 129
    • 14844325740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Torsade de pointes induced by psychotropic drugs and the prevalence of its risk factors
    • Justo D, Prokhorov V, Heller K et al. Torsade de pointes induced by psychotropic drugs and the prevalence of its risk factors. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005;111(3):81-86.
    • (2005) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.111 , Issue.3 , pp. 81-86
    • Justo, D.1    Prokhorov, V.2    Heller, K.3
  • 130
    • 0037823364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Torsade de pointes due to noncardiac drugs: Most patients have easily identifiable risk factors
    • Zeltser D, Justo D, Halkin A et al. Torsade de pointes due to noncardiac drugs: most patients have easily identifiable risk factors. Medicine (Baltimore) 2003;82(4):282-290.
    • (2003) Medicine (Baltimore) , vol.82 , Issue.4 , pp. 282-290
    • Zeltser, D.1    Justo, D.2    Halkin, A.3
  • 132
    • 0029372153 scopus 로고
    • Practice parameters for intravenous analgesia and sedation for adult patients in the intensive care unit: An executive summary. Society of Critical Care Medicine
    • Shapiro BA, Warren J, Egol AB et al. Practice parameters for intravenous analgesia and sedation for adult patients in the intensive care unit: an executive summary. Society of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med 1995;23(9):1596-1600.
    • (1995) Crit Care Med , vol.23 , Issue.9 , pp. 1596-1600
    • Shapiro, B.A.1    Warren, J.2    Egol, A.B.3
  • 133
    • 0022410196 scopus 로고
    • Use of high-dose intravenous haloperidol in the treatment of agitated cardiac patients
    • Tesar GE, Murray GB, Cassem NH. Use of high-dose intravenous haloperidol in the treatment of agitated cardiac patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1985;5(6):344-347.
    • (1985) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.5 , Issue.6 , pp. 344-347
    • Tesar, G.E.1    Murray, G.B.2    Cassem, N.H.3
  • 134
    • 0028354462 scopus 로고
    • Continuous infusion of haloperidol controls agitation in critically ill patients
    • Riker RR, Fraser GL, Cox PM. Continuous infusion of haloperidol controls agitation in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1994;22(3):433-440.
    • (1994) Crit Care Med , vol.22 , Issue.3 , pp. 433-440
    • Riker, R.R.1    Fraser, G.L.2    Cox, P.M.3
  • 135
    • 0028813728 scopus 로고
    • High-dose intravenous haloperidol for agitated delirium following lung transplantation
    • Levenson JL. High-dose intravenous haloperidol for agitated delirium following lung transplantation. Psychosomatics 1995;36(1): 66-68.
    • (1995) Psychosomatics , vol.36 , Issue.1 , pp. 66-68
    • Levenson, J.L.1
  • 137
    • 18044387383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adverse events associated with sedatives, analgesics, and other drugs that provide patient comfort in the intensive care unit
    • Riker RR, Fraser GL. Adverse events associated with sedatives, analgesics, and other drugs that provide patient comfort in the intensive care unit. Pharmacotherapy 2005;25(5 Pt 2):8S-18S.
    • (2005) Pharmacotherapy , vol.25 , Issue.5 PART 2
    • Riker, R.R.1    Fraser, G.L.2
  • 138
  • 139
    • 0030996364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Movement disorders associated with withdrawal from high-dose intravenous haloperidol therapy in delirious ICU patients
    • Riker RR, Fraser GL, Richen P. Movement disorders associated with withdrawal from high-dose intravenous haloperidol therapy in delirious ICU patients. Chest 1997;111(6):1778-1781.
    • (1997) Chest , vol.111 , Issue.6 , pp. 1778-1781
    • Riker, R.R.1    Fraser, G.L.2    Richen, P.3
  • 140
    • 0028997522 scopus 로고
    • Torsade de pointes caused by high-dose intravenous haloperidol in cardiac patients
    • Di Salvo TG, O'Gara PT. Torsade de pointes caused by high-dose intravenous haloperidol in cardiac patients. Clin Cardiol 1995;18(5):285-290.
    • (1995) Clin Cardiol , vol.18 , Issue.5 , pp. 285-290
    • Di Salvo, T.G.1    O'Gara, P.T.2
  • 141
    • 0026583337 scopus 로고
    • Droperidol versus haloperidol for chemical restraint of agitated and combative patients
    • Thomas H, Schwartz E, Petrilli R. Droperidol versus haloperidol for chemical restraint of agitated and combative patients. Ann Emerg Med 1992;21:407-413.
    • (1992) Ann Emerg Med , vol.21 , pp. 407-413
    • Thomas, H.1    Schwartz, E.2    Petrilli, R.3
  • 142
    • 0029013711 scopus 로고
    • Continuous droperidol infusion for management of agitated delirium in an intensive care unit
    • Frye MA, Coudreaut MF, Hakeman SM et al. Continuous droperidol infusion for management of agitated delirium in an intensive care unit. Psychosomatics 1995;36(3):301-305.
    • (1995) Psychosomatics , vol.36 , Issue.3 , pp. 301-305
    • Frye, M.A.1    Coudreaut, M.F.2    Hakeman, S.M.3
  • 143
    • 0030797191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of risperidone in delirium: Case reports
    • Sipahimalani A, Masand P. Use of risperidone in delirium: case reports. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1997;9(2):105-107.
    • (1997) Ann Clin Psychiatry , vol.9 , Issue.2 , pp. 105-107
    • Sipahimalani, A.1    Masand, P.2
  • 144
    • 0036097170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An open trial of olanzapine for the treatment of delirium in hospitalized cancer patients
    • Breitbart W, Tremblay A, Gibson C. An open trial of olanzapine for the treatment of delirium in hospitalized cancer patients. Psychosomatics 2002;43(3)-.n5-lS2.
    • (2002) Psychosomatics , vol.43 , Issue.3
    • Breitbart, W.1    Tremblay, A.2    Gibson, C.3
  • 145
    • 33645990638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atypical antipsychotics in the management of delirium: A review of the empirical literature
    • Boettger S, Breitbart W. Atypical antipsychotics in the management of delirium: a review of the empirical literature. Palliat Support Care 2005;3(3):227-237.
    • (2005) Palliat Support Care , vol.3 , Issue.3 , pp. 227-237
    • Boettger, S.1    Breitbart, W.2
  • 146
    • 33751001646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review of antipsychotics for the treatment of hospital-associated delirium in medically or surgically ill patients
    • Lacasse H, Perreault MM, Williamson DR. Systematic review of antipsychotics for the treatment of hospital-associated delirium in medically or surgically ill patients. Ann Pharmacother 2006;40(11):1966-1973.
    • (2006) Ann Pharmacother , vol.40 , Issue.11 , pp. 1966-1973
    • Lacasse, H.1    Perreault, M.M.2    Williamson, D.R.3
  • 147
    • 3142721188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of alcohol withdrawal delirium: An evidence-based practice guideline
    • Mayo-Smith MF, Beecher LH, Fischer TL et al. Management of alcohol withdrawal delirium: an evidence-based practice guideline. Arch Intern Med 2004;164(13):1405-1412.
    • (2004) Arch Intern Med , vol.164 , Issue.13 , pp. 1405-1412
    • Mayo-Smith, M.F.1    Beecher, L.H.2    Fischer, T.L.3
  • 148
    • 23244453877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experience with an adult alcohol withdrawal syndrome practice guideline in internal medicine patients
    • Stanley KM, Worrall CL, Lunsford SL et al. Experience with an adult alcohol withdrawal syndrome practice guideline in internal medicine patients. Pharmacotherapy 2005;25(8):1073-1083.
    • (2005) Pharmacotherapy , vol.25 , Issue.8 , pp. 1073-1083
    • Stanley, K.M.1    Worrall, C.L.2    Lunsford, S.L.3
  • 149
    • 26944500542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sedation in PACU: The role of benzodiazepines
    • Arcangeli A, Antonelli M, Mignani V et al. Sedation in PACU: the role of benzodiazepines. Curr Drug Targets 2005;6(7):745-748.
    • (2005) Curr Drug Targets , vol.6 , Issue.7 , pp. 745-748
    • Arcangeli, A.1    Antonelli, M.2    Mignani, V.3
  • 150
    • 0025083148 scopus 로고
    • Subcutaneous midazolam infusion in palliative care
    • Bottomley DM, Hanks GW. Subcutaneous midazolam infusion in palliative care. J Pain Symptom Manage 1990;5(4):259-261.
    • (1990) J Pain Symptom Manage , vol.5 , Issue.4 , pp. 259-261
    • Bottomley, D.M.1    Hanks, G.W.2
  • 151
    • 0025996688 scopus 로고
    • Terminal restlessness: Its management and the role of midazolam
    • Burke AL, Diamond PL, Hulbert J et al. Terminal restlessness: its management and the role of midazolam. Med J Aust 1991;155(7): 485-187.
    • (1991) Med J Aust , vol.155 , Issue.7 , pp. 485-187
    • Burke, A.L.1    Diamond, P.L.2    Hulbert, J.3
  • 152
    • 0026576759 scopus 로고
    • Acute confusional states in patients with advanced cancer
    • Stiefel F, Fainsinger R, Bruera E. Acute confusional states in patients with advanced cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage 1992;7(2):94-98.
    • (1992) J Pain Symptom Manage , vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp. 94-98
    • Stiefel, F.1    Fainsinger, R.2    Bruera, E.3
  • 153
    • 0031012449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Palliative care: An update on "terminal restlessness
    • Burke AL. Palliative care: an update on "terminal restlessness. Med J Aust 1997;166:39-42.
    • (1997) Med J Aust , vol.166 , pp. 39-42
    • Burke, A.L.1
  • 154
    • 0037383463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlation of the dose of midazolam for symptom control with administration periods: The possibility of tolerance
    • Morita T, Tei Y, Inoue S. Correlation of the dose of midazolam for symptom control with administration periods: the possibility of tolerance. J Pain Symptom Manage 2003;25(4):369-375.
    • (2003) J Pain Symptom Manage , vol.25 , Issue.4 , pp. 369-375
    • Morita, T.1    Tei, Y.2    Inoue, S.3
  • 155
    • 0024429508 scopus 로고
    • Management of delirium in terminally ill AIDS patients
    • Fernandez F, Levy JK, Mansell PW. Management of delirium in terminally ill AIDS patients. Int J Psychiatry Med 1989; 19(2): 165-172.
    • (1989) Int J Psychiatry Med , vol.19 , Issue.2 , pp. 165-172
    • Fernandez, F.1    Levy, J.K.2    Mansell, P.W.3
  • 156
    • 0023856506 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive impairment due to AIDS-related complex and its response to psychostimulants
    • Fernandez F, Adams F, Levy JK et al. Cognitive impairment due to AIDS-related complex and its response to psychostimulants. Psychosomatics 1988;29(1):38-16.
    • (1988) Psychosomatics , vol.29 , Issue.1 , pp. 38-16
    • Fernandez, F.1    Adams, F.2    Levy, J.K.3
  • 157
    • 0032605184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Propylene glycol toxicity related to high-dose lorazepam infusion: Case report and discussion
    • Arbour RB. Propylene glycol toxicity related to high-dose lorazepam infusion: case report and discussion. Am J Crit Care 1999;8(1):499-506.
    • (1999) Am J Crit Care , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 499-506
    • Arbour, R.B.1
  • 158
    • 0034861426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term lorazepam infusion and concern for propylene glycol toxicity: Case report and review
    • Cawley MJ. Short-term lorazepam infusion and concern for propylene glycol toxicity: case report and review. Pharmacotherapy 2001;21(9):1140-1144.
    • (2001) Pharmacotherapy , vol.21 , Issue.9 , pp. 1140-1144
    • Cawley, M.J.1
  • 159
    • 0036163664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Removal of propylene glycol and correction of increased osmolar gap by hemodialysis in a patient on high-dose lorazepam infusion therapy
    • Parker MG, Fraser GL, Watson DM et al. Removal of propylene glycol and correction of increased osmolar gap by hemodialysis in a patient on high-dose lorazepam infusion therapy. Intensive Care Med 2002;28(1):81-84.
    • (2002) Intensive Care Med , vol.28 , Issue.1 , pp. 81-84
    • Parker, M.G.1    Fraser, G.L.2    Watson, D.M.3
  • 160
    • 0037068641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperosmolar metabolic acidosis and intravenous Lorazepam
    • author reply-8
    • Mullins ME, Barnes BJ. Hyperosmolar metabolic acidosis and intravenous Lorazepam. N Engl J Med 2002;347(11):857-858; author reply-8.
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.347 , Issue.11 , pp. 857-858
    • Mullins, M.E.1    Barnes, B.J.2
  • 161
    • 0035014074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Donepezil in the treatment of opioid-induced sedation: Report of six cases
    • Slatkin NE, Rhiner M, Bolton TM. Donepezil in the treatment of opioid-induced sedation: report of six cases. J Pain Symptom Manage 2001;21(5):425-438.
    • (2001) J Pain Symptom Manage , vol.21 , Issue.5 , pp. 425-438
    • Slatkin, N.E.1    Rhiner, M.2    Bolton, T.M.3
  • 162
    • 0026596314 scopus 로고
    • Should psychostimulants be used to treat delirious patients with depressed mood
    • Levenson JA. Should psychostimulants be used to treat delirious patients with depressed mood. J Clin Psychiatry 1992;53(2):69.
    • (1992) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.53 , Issue.2 , pp. 69
    • Levenson, J.A.1
  • 163
    • 0034104209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Succesful palliation of hypoactive delirium due to multiorgan failure by oral methylphenidate
    • Morita T, Otani H, Tsunoda J et al. Succesful palliation of hypoactive delirium due to multiorgan failure by oral methylphenidate. Supp Care Cancer 2000;8(2):134-137.
    • (2000) Supp Care Cancer , vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp. 134-137
    • Morita, T.1    Otani, H.2    Tsunoda, J.3
  • 164
    • 17544365270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methylphenidate hydrochloride improves cognitive function in patients with advanced cancer and hypoactive delirium: A prospective clinical study
    • Gagnon B, Low G, Schreier G. Methylphenidate hydrochloride improves cognitive function in patients with advanced cancer and hypoactive delirium: a prospective clinical study. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2005;30(2): 100-107.
    • (2005) J Psychiatry Neurosci , vol.30 , Issue.2 , pp. 100-107
    • Gagnon, B.1    Low, G.2    Schreier, G.3
  • 165
    • 0033898458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of physostigmine and benzodiazepines for the treatment of anticholinergic poisoning
    • Burns MJ, Linden CH, Graudins A, Brown RM, Fletcher KE. A comparison of physostigmine and benzodiazepines for the treatment of anticholinergic poisoning. Ann Emerg Med 2000;35(4):374-381.
    • (2000) Ann Emerg Med , vol.35 , Issue.4 , pp. 374-381
    • Burns, M.J.1    Linden, C.H.2    Graudins, A.3    Brown, R.M.4    Fletcher, K.E.5
  • 166
    • 30944447824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Haloperidol prophylaxis for elderly hip-surgery patients at risk for delirium: A randomized placebo-controlled study
    • Kalisvaart KJ, de Jonghe JF, Bogaards MJ et al. Haloperidol prophylaxis for elderly hip-surgery patients at risk for delirium: a randomized placebo-controlled study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53(10): 1658-1666.
    • (2005) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.53 , Issue.10 , pp. 1658-1666
    • Kalisvaart, K.J.1    De Jonghe, J.F.2    Bogaards, M.J.3
  • 168
    • 0027304275 scopus 로고
    • A prospective study of delirium in elderly patients admitted to a psychiatric hospital
    • Koponen HJ, Riekkinen PJ. A prospective study of delirium in elderly patients admitted to a psychiatric hospital. Psychol Med 1993;23:103-109.
    • (1993) Psychol Med , vol.23 , pp. 103-109
    • Koponen, H.J.1    Riekkinen, P.J.2
  • 169
    • 0026506903 scopus 로고
    • Delirium: The occurrence and persistence of symptoms among elderly hospitalized patients
    • Levkoff SE, Evans DA, Liptzin B et al. Delirium: the occurrence and persistence of symptoms among elderly hospitalized patients. Arch Intern Med 1992;152(2):334-340.
    • (1992) Arch Intern Med , vol.152 , Issue.2 , pp. 334-340
    • Levkoff, S.E.1    Evans, D.A.2    Liptzin, B.3
  • 170
    • 0028294194 scopus 로고
    • Excess mortality in general hospital patients with delirium: A 5-year follow-up of 519 patients seen in psychiatric consultation
    • van Hemert AM, van der Mast RC, Hengeveld MW et al. Excess mortality in general hospital patients with delirium: a 5-year follow-up of 519 patients seen in psychiatric consultation. J Psychosom Res 1994;38(4):339-346.
    • (1994) J Psychosom Res , vol.38 , Issue.4 , pp. 339-346
    • Van Hemert, A.M.1    Van Der Mast, R.C.2    Hengeveld, M.W.3
  • 171
    • 23744512373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Premature death associated with delirium at 1-year follow-up
    • Leslie DL, Zhang Y, Holford TR et al. Premature death associated with delirium at 1-year follow-up. Arch Intern Med 2005;165(14):1657-1662.
    • (2005) Arch Intern Med , vol.165 , Issue.14 , pp. 1657-1662
    • Leslie, D.L.1    Zhang, Y.2    Holford, T.R.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.