Gender differences in the effects of deployment-related stressors and pre-deployment risk factors on the development of PTSD symptoms in National Guard Soldiers deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan

Journal of Psychiatric Research

Volumn 49, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 1-9

  Polusny, Melissa A ^a,b,c   Kumpula, Mandy J ^a,d   Meis, Laura A ^a,b,c   Erbes, Christopher R ^a,c   Arbisi, Paul A ^a,c,e   Murdoch, Maureen ^a,b,c   Thuras, Paul ^a,c   Kehle Forbes, Shannon M ^a,b,c   Johnson, Alexandria K ^a,b  

^a VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^d NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

Gender differences; Military; Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); Risk factors; Trauma

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AFGHANISTAN; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE SEVERITY; FAMILY; FEMALE; HUMAN; IRAQ; LIFE EVENT; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MILITARY DEPLOYMENT; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; SEX DIFFERENCE; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL SUPPORT; SOLDIER; VICTIM;

GENDER DIFFERENCES; MILITARY; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD); RISK FACTORS; TRAUMA;

ADULT; AFGHAN CAMPAIGN 2001-; FEMALE; HUMANS; IRAQ WAR, 2003-2011; LINEAR MODELS; MALE; MILITARY PERSONNEL; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; RISK FACTORS; SEX CHARACTERISTICS; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; TIME FACTORS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84891147852     PISSN: 00223956     EISSN: 18791379     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.09.016     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Arbisi P.A., Kaler M.E., Kehle-Forbes S.M., Erbes C.R., Polusny M.A., Thuras P. The predictive validity of the PTSD Checklist in a nonclinical sample of combat-exposed National Guard troops. Psychol Assess 2012, 24:1034-1040.
2. Brailey K., Vasterling J.J., Proctor S.P., Constans J., Friedman M.J. PTSD symptoms, life events, and unit cohesion in U.S. soldiers: baseline findings from the neurocognition deployment health study. JTrauma Stress 2007, 20:495-503.
3. Brewin C.R., Andrews B., Valentine J.D. Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. JConsult Clin Psychol 2000, 68:748-766.
4. Carter-Visscher R., Polusny M.A., Murdoch M., Thuras P., Erbes C.R., Kehle S.M. Predeployment gender differences in stressors and mental health among U.S. National Guard troops poised for Operation Iraqi Freedom deployment. JTrauma Stress 2010, 23:78-85.
5. Chapman B.P., Duberstein P.R., Sorensen S., Lyness J.M. Gender differences in five factor model personality traits in an elderly cohort: extension of robust and surprising findings to an older generation. Pers Individ Differ 2007, 43:1594-1603.
6. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences 1988, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Hillsdale, NJ.
7. Cohen J., Cohen P., West S.G., Aiken L.S. Applied regression analysis for the behavioral sciences 2003, Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ.
8. Department of Defense Contingency tracking system deployment file for operations enduring freedom and Iraqi freedom 2009, In.
9. Engel C.C., Engel A.L., Campbell S.J., McFall M.E., Russo J., Katon W. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and precombat sexual and physical abuse in Desert Storm veterans. JNerv Ment Dis 1993, 181:683-688.
10. Fear N.T., Jones M., Murphy D., Hull L., Iversen A.C., Coker B., et al. What are the consequences of deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan on the mental health of the UK armed forcesα A cohort study. Lancet 2010, 375:1783-1797.
11. Harvey S.B., Hatch S.L., Jones M., Hull L., Jones N., Greenberg N., et al. The long-term consequences of military deployment: a 5-year cohort study of United Kingdom reservists deployed to Iraq in 2003. Am J Epidemiol 2012, 176:1177-1184.
12. Hoge C.W., Castro C.A., Messer S.C., McGurk D., Cotting D.I., Koffman R.L. Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. NEngl J Med 2004, 351:13-22.
13. Hoge C.W., Clark J.C., Castro C.A. Commentary: women in combat and the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. Int J Epidemiol 2007, 36:327-329.
14. Iversen A.C., Fear N.T., Ehlers A., Hacker H.J., Hull L., Earnshaw M., et al. Risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder among UK Armed Forces personnel. Psychol Med 2008, 38:511-522.
15. Katz L.S., Cojucar G., Beheshti S., Nakamura E., Murray M. Military sexual trauma during deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan: prevalence, readjustment, and gender differences. Violence Vict 2012, 27:487-499.
16. Kessler R.C., Chiu W.T., Demler O., Merikangas K.R., Walters E.E. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005, 62:617-627.
17. King L.A., King D.W., Vogt D.S., Knight J., Samper R.E. Deployment risk and resilience inventory: a collection of measures for studying deployment-related experiences of military personnel and veterans. Mil Psychol 2006, 18:89-120.
18. Kramer M.D., Krueger R.F., Hicks B.M. The role of internalizing and externalizing liability factors in accounting for gender differences in the prevalence of common psychopathological syndromes. Psychol Med 2008, 38:51-61.
19. Leardmann C.A., Pietrucha A., Magruder K.M., Smith B., Murdoch M., Jacobson I.G., et al. Combat deployment is associated with sexual harassment or sexual assault in a large, female military cohort. Womens Health Iss 2013, 23:e215-e223.
20. Luxton D.D., Skopp N.A., Maguen S. Gender differences in depression and PTSD symptoms following combat exposure. Depress Anxiety 2010, 27:1027-1033.
21. Maguen S., Cohen B., Ren L., Bosch J., Kimerling R., Seal K. Gender differences in military sexual trauma and mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Womens Health Iss 2012, 22:e61-e66.
22. Maguen S., Luxton D.D., Skopp N.A., Madden E. Gender differences in traumatic experiences and mental health in active duty soldiers redeployed from Iraq and Afghanistan. JPsychiatr Res 2012, 46:311-316.
23. Ozer E.J., Best S.R., Lipsey T.L., Weiss D.S. Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 2003, 129:52-73.
24. Polusny M.A., Erbes C.R., Murdoch M., Arbisi P.A., Thuras P., Rath M.B. Prospective risk factors for new-onset post-traumatic stress disorder in National Guard soldiers deployed to Iraq. Psychol Med 2011, 41:687-698.
25. Rubin D.C., Berntsen D., Bohni M.K. Amemory-based model of posttraumatic stress disorder: evaluating basic assumptions underlying the PTSD diagnosis. Psychol Rev 2008, 115:985-1011.
26. Schell T.L., Marshall G.N. Survey of individuals previously deployed for OEF/OIF. Invisible wounds of war: Psychological and cognitive injuries, their consequences, and service to assist recovery 2008, 87-115. RAND Corporation, Santa Monica. T. Tanielian, L.H. Jaycox (Eds.).
27. Schlenger W.E., Kulka R.A., Fairbank J.A., Hough R.L., Jordan B.K., Marmar C.R., et al. The psychological risks of Vietnam: the NVVRS perspective. JTraum Stress 2007, 20:467-479.
28. Seelig A.D., Jacobson I.G., Smith B., Hooper T.I., Gackstetter G.D., Ryan M.A., et al. Prospective evaluation of mental health and deployment experience among women in the US military. Am J Epidemiol 2012, 176:135-145.
29. Skopp N.A., Reger M.A., Reger G.M., Mishkind M.C., Raskind M., Gahm G.A. The role of intimate relationships, appraisals of military service, and gender on the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms following Iraq deployment. JTrauma Stress 2011, 24:277-286.
30. Smith T.C., Ryan M.A., Wingard D.L., Slymen D.J., Sallis J.F., Kritz-Silverstein D. New onset and persistent symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder self reported after deployment and combat exposures: prospective population based US military cohort study. Br Med J 2008, 336:366-371.
31. Smith T.C., Wingard D.L., Ryan M.A., Kritz-Silverstein D., Slymen D.J., Sallis J.F. Prior assault and posttraumatic stress disorder after combat deployment. Epidemiol 2008, 19:505-512.
32. Street A.E., Gradus J.L., Giasson H.L., Vogt D., Resick P.A. Gender differences among veterans deployed in support of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. JGen Intern Med 2013, 28(Suppl.2):556-562.
33. Street A.E., Vogt D., Dutra L. Anew generation of women veterans: stressors faced by women deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan. Clin Psychol Rev 2009, 29:685-694.
34. Terhakopian A., Sinaii N., Engel C.C., Schnurr P.P., Hoge C.W. Estimating population prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder: an example using the PTSD checklist. JTrauma Stress 2008, 21:290-300.
35. Tolin D.F., Foa E.B. Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: a quantitative review of 25 years of research. Psychol Bull 2006, 132:959-992.
36. Vogt D., Smith B., Elwy R., Martin J., Schultz M., Drainoni M.L., et al. Predeployment, deployment, and postdeployment risk factors for posttraumatic stress symptomatology in female and male OEF/OIF veterans. JAbnorm Psychol 2011, 120:819-831.
37. Vogt D., Vaughn R., Glickman M.E., Schultz M., Drainoni M.L., Elwy R., et al. Gender differences in combat-related stressors and their association with postdeployment mental health in a nationally representative sample of U.S. OEF/OIF veterans. JAbnorm Psychol 2011, 120:797-806.
38. Vogt D.S., Pless A.P., King L.A., King D.W. Deployment stressors, gender, and mental health outcomes among Gulf War I veterans. JTrauma Stress 2005, 18:115-127.
39. Vogt D.S., Proctor S.P., King D.W., King L.A., Vasterling J.J. Validation of scales from the deployment risk and resilience inventory in a sample of Operation Iraqi Freedom Veterans. Assess 2008, 15:391-403.
40. Weathers F.W., Litz B.T., Herman D.S., Huska J.A., Keane T.M. The PTSD Checklist (PCL): reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at: the annual meeting of the international society for traumatic stress studies 1993, San Antonio, TX. F.W. Weathers, B.T. Litz, D.S. Herman, J.A. Huska, T.M. Keane (Eds.).
41. Woodhead C., Wesseley S., Jones N., Fear N.T., Hatch S.L. Impact of exposure to combat during deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan on mental health by gender 2012, In.
42. Zinzow H.M., Grubaugh A.L., Monnier J., Suffoletta-Maierle S., Frueh B.C. Trauma among female veterans: a critical review. Trauma Violence Abuse 2007, 8:384-400.