Moderation and mediation of the effect of attention training in social anxiety disorder

Behaviour Research and Therapy

Volumn 53, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 30-40

  Kuckertz, Jennie M ^a   Gildebrant, Elena ^b   Liliequist, Björn ^b   Karlström, Petra ^b   Väppling, Camilla ^b   Bodlund, Owe ^b   Stenlund, Therése ^b   Hofmann, Stefan G ^c   Andersson, Gerhard ^d   Amir, Nader ^a   Carlbring, Per ^e  

^a SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UMEÅ UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^c BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d LINKÖPING UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^e STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Attention; Information processing; Social anxiety disorder; Social phobia; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION TRAINING; ATTENTIONAL BIAS; COGNITIVE THERAPY; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTERNET; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PSYCHOTHERAPY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SELF REPORT; SOCIAL PHOBIA; STIMULUS RESPONSE; TELETHERAPY; THERAPY EFFECT; TREATMENT DURATION; VISUAL STIMULATION; ATTENTION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; MIDDLE AGED; PHOBIC DISORDERS; PROCEDURES; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; TREATMENT OUTCOME; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; ATTENTION; COGNITIVE THERAPY; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERNET; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PHOBIC DISORDERS; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; TREATMENT OUTCOME; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84891062758     PISSN: 00057967     EISSN: 1873622X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2013.12.003     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Amir N., Beard C., Taylor C.T., Klumpp H., Elias J., Burns M., et al. Attention training in individuals with generalized social phobia: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2009, 77:961-973. 10.1037/a0016685.
2. Amir, N., McNally, R. J., Riemann, B. C., Burns, J., Lorenz, M., & Mullen, J. T. Suppression of the emotional Stroop effect by increased anxiety in patients with social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 945-948. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00054-X.
3. Amir N., Taylor C.T., Donohue M.C. Predictors of response to an attention modification program in generalized social phobia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2011, 79:533-541. 10.1037/a0023808.
4. Amir N., Weber G., Beard C., Bomyea J., Taylor C.T. The effect of a single-session attention modification program on response to a public-speaking challenge in socially anxious individuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2008, 117:860-868. 10.1037/a0013445.
5. Andersson G., Carlbring P. Social phobia (Social anxiety disorder). Stepped care and e-Health: Practical applications to behavioral disorders 2011, 99-114. Springer, New York, NY. W.T. O'Donohue, C.R. Draper (Eds.).
6. Andersson G., Carlbring P., Furmark T. Therapist experience and knowledge acquisition in Internet-delivered CBT for social anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial. PloS ONE 2012, 7(5):e37411. on behalf of the SOFIE Research Group. 10.1371/journal.pone.0037411.
7. Andersson G., Carlbring P., Holmström A., Sparthan E., Furmark T., Nilsson-Ihrfelt E., et al. Internet-based self-help with therapist feedback and invivo group exposure for social phobia: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2006, 74:677-686. 10.1037/0022-006X.74.4.677.
8. Andrews G., Davies M., Titov N. Effectiveness randomized controlled trial of face to face versus internet cognitive behaviour therapy for social phobia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2011, 45:337-340. 10.3109/00048674.2010.538840.
9. Baker S.L., Heinrichs N., Kim H.J., Hofmann S.G. The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale as a self-report instrument: a preliminary psychometric analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2002, 40:701-715. 10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00060-2.
10. Bar-Haim Y., Lamy D., Pergamin L., Bakermans-Kranenburg M.J., van IJzendoorn M.H. Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: a meta-analytic study. Psychological Bulletin 2007, 133:1-24. 10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.1.
11. Beard C., Sawyer A.T., Hofmann S.G. Efficacy of attention bias modification using threat and appetitive stimuli: a meta-analytic review. Behavior Therapy 2012, 43:724-740. 10.1016/j.beth.2012.01.002.
12. Beck A.T., Epstein N., Brown G., Steer R.A. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1988, 56:893-897. 10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893.
13. Berger T., Hohl E., Caspar F. Internet-based treatment for social phobia: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychology 2009, 65:1021-1035. 10.1002/jclp.20603.
14. Boettcher J., Berger T., Renneberg B. Internet-based attention training for social anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2011, Advance online publication. 10.1007/s10608-011-9374-y.
15. Boettcher J., Hasselrot J., Sund E., Andersson G., Carlbring P. Combining attention training with internet-based cognitive-behavioural self-help for social anxiety: a randomised controlled trial. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 2014, 43:34-48. 10.1080/16506073.2013.809141.
16. Botella C., Gallego M.J., García-Palacios A., Guillen V., Baños R.M., Quero S., et al. An Internet-based self-help treatment for fear of public speaking: a controlled trial. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 2010, 13:407-421. 10.1089/cyber.2009.0224.
17. Bowler J.O., Mackintosh B., Dunn B.D., Mathews A., Dalgleish T., Hoppott L. Acomparison of cognitive bias modification for interpretation and computerized cognitve behavior therapy: effects on anxiety, depression, attentional control, and interpretive bias. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2012, Advance online publication. 10.1037/a0029932.
18. Carlbring P., Brunt S., Bohman S., Austin D., Richards J., Öst L., et al. Internet vs. paper and pencil administration of questionnaires commonly used in panic/agoraphobia research. Computers in Human Behavior 2007, 23:1421-1434. 10.1016/j.chb.2005.05.002.
19. Carlbring P., Gunnarsdóttir M., Hedensjö L., Andersson G., Ekselius L., Furmark T. Treatment of social phobia: randomised trial of internet-delivered cognitive-behavioural therapy with telephone support. British Journal of Psychiatry 2007, 190:123-128. 10.1192/bjp.bp.105.020107.
20. Carlbring P., Löfqvist M., Sehlin H., Amir N., Rousseau A., Hofman S., et al. Internet-delivered attention bias modification training in individuals with social anxiety disorder - a double blind randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2012, 12(66). 10.1186/1471-244X-12-66.
21. Clark D.M., Wells A. Acognitive model of social phobia. Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment 1995, 69-93. Guilford Press, New York, NY. R.G. Heimberg, M.R. Liebowitz, D.A. Hope, F.R. Schneier (Eds.).
22. Cox B.J., Ross L., Swinson R.P., Direnfeld D.M. Acomparison of social phobia outcome measures in cognitive-behavioral group therapy. Behavior Modification 1998, 22:285-297. 10.1177/01454455980223004.
23. Emmelkamp P.M.G. Attention bias modification: the emperor's new suit?. BMC Medicine 2012, 10(63). 10.1186/1741-7015-10-63.
24. Fresco D.M., Coles M.E., Heimberg R.G., Liebowitz M.R., Hami S., Stein M.B., et al. The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale: a comparison of the psychometric properties of self-report and clinician-administered formats. Psychological Medicine 2001, 31:1025-1035. 10.1017/S0033291701004056.
25. Frisch M.B., Cornell J., Villanueva M., Retzlaff P.J. Clinical validation of the quality of life inventory. A measure of life satisfaction for use in treatment planning and outcome assessment. Psychological Assessment 1992, 4:92-101. 10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.92.
26. Furmark T., Carlbring P., Hedman E., Sonnenstein A., Clevberger P., Bohman B., et al. Guided and unguided self-help for social anxiety disorder: randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2009, 195:440-447. 10.1192/bjp.bp.108.060996.
27. Furmark T., Holmström A., Sparthan E., Carlbring P., Andersson G. Social phobia - Effective treatment with cognitive-behavioural therapy (in Swedish) 2006, Liber, Stockholm, Sweden.
28. Furmark T.T., Tillfors M.M., Everz P.O., Marteinsdottir I.I., Gefvert O.O., Fredrikson M.M. Social phobia in the general population: prevalence and sociodemographic profile. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 1999, 34:416-424. 10.1007/s001270050163.
29. Garner M., Mogg K., Bradley B.P. Orienting and maintenance of gaze to facial expressions in social anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2006, 115:760-770. 10.1037/0021-843X.115.4.760.
30. Guy W. Clinical global impressions. ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology, revised 1976, 217-222. National Institute of Mental Health, Rockville, MD.
31. Hakamata Y., Lissek S., Bar-Haim Y., Britton J.C., Fox N.A., Leibenluft E., et al. Attention Bias Modification Treatment: a meta-analysis toward the establishment of novel treatment for anxiety. Biological Psychiatry 2010, 68:982-990. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.07.021.
32. Hallion L.S., Ruscio A.M. Ameta-analysis of the effect of cognitive bias modification on anxiety and depression. Psychological Bulletin 2011, 137:940-958. 10.1037/a0024355.
33. Hayes A.F. PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling 2012, White paper. Retrieved from. http://www.afhayes.com/public/process2012.pdf.
34. Hedman E., Andersson G., Ljótsson B., Andersson E., Rück C., Mörtberg E., et al. Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy vs. cognitive behavioral group therapy for social anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. PloS ONE 2011, 6(3). 10.1371/journal.pone.0018001.
35. Hedman E., Ljótsson B., Rück C., Furmark T., Carlbring P., Lindefors N., et al. Internet administration of self-report measures commonly used in research on social anxiety disorder: a psychometric evaluation. Computers in Human Behavior 2010, 26:736-740. 10.1016/j.chb.2010.01.010.
36. Heeren A., Reese H.E., McNally R.J., Philippot P. Attention training toward and away from threat in social phobia: effects on subjective, behavioral, and physiological measures of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2012, 50:30-39. 10.1016/j.brat.2011.10.005.
37. Heinrichs N., Hofmann S.G. Information processing in social phobia: a critical review. Clinical Psychology Review 2001, 21:751-770. 10.1016/S0272-7358(00)00067-2.
38. Hofmann S.G. Cognitive factors that maintain social anxiety disorder: a comprehensive model and its treatment implications. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 2007, 36:195-209. 10.1080/16506070701421313.
39. Johnson P.O., Neyman J. Tests of certain linear hypotheses and their application to some educational problems. Statistical Research Memoirs 1936, 1:57-93.
40. Kessler R.C. The impairments caused by social phobia in the general population: implications for intervention. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2003, 108(Suppl.417):19-27. 10.1034/j.1600-0447.108.s417.2.x.
41. Kessler R.C., Berglund P., Demler O., Jin R., Merikangas K.R., Walters E.E. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry 2005, 62:593-602. 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593.
42. Koster E.W., Crombez G., Verschuere B., De Houwer J. Selective attention to threat in the dot probe paradigm: differentiating vigilance and difficulty to disengage. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2004, 42:1183-1192. 10.1016/j.brat.2003.08.001.
43. Liebowitz M.R. Social phobia. Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychiatry 1987, 22:141-173.
44. Lindner P., Andersson G., Öst L.-G., Carlbring P. Validation of the internet-administered Quality of Life Inventory (QOLI) in different psychiatric conditions. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 2013, 42:315-327. 10.1080/16506073.2013.806584.
45. MacLeod C., Mathews A., Tata P. Attentional bias in emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1986, 95:15-20. 10.1037/0021-843X.95.1.15.
46. MacLeod C., Rutherford E., Campbell L., Ebsworthy G., Holker L. Selective attention and emotional vulnerability: assessing the causal basis of their association through the experimental manipulation of attentional bias. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2002, 111:107-123. 10.1037/0021-843X.111.1.107.
47. Mansell W., Ehlers A., Clark D.M., Chen Y. Attention to positive and negative social-evaluative words: investigating the effects of social anxiety, trait anxiety and social threat. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal 2002, 15:19-29. 10.1080/10615800290007263.
48. Maric M., Wiers R.W., Prins P.M. Ten ways to improve the use of statistical mediation analysis in the practice of child and adolescent treatment research. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 2012, 15:177-191. 10.1007/s10567-012-0114-y.
49. Matsumoto D., Ekman P. American-Japanese cultural differences in intensity ratings of facial expressions of emotion. Motivation and Emotion 1989, 13:143-157. 10.1007/BF00992959.
50. Mattick R.P., Clarke J. Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1998, 36:455-470. 10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10031-6.
51. Mogg K., Philippot P., Bradley B.P. Selective attention to angry faces in clinical social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2004, 113:160-165. 10.1037/0021-843X.113.1.160.
52. Neubauer K., von Auer M., Murray E., Petermann F., Helbig-Lang S., Gerlach A.L. Internet-delivered attention modification training as a treatment for social phobia: a randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2013, 51:87-97. 10.1016/j.brat.2012.10.006.
53. Preacher K.J., Hayes A.F. SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers 2004, 36:717-731.
54. Rapee R.M., Heimberg R.G. Acognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1997, 35:741-756. 10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00022-3.
55. Salemink E., van den Hout M.A., Kindt M. Selective attention and threat: quick orienting versus slow disengagement and two versions of the dot probe task. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2007, 45:607-615. 10.1016/j.brat.2006.04.004.
56. Schmidt N.B., Richey J., Buckner J.D., Timpano K.R. Attention training for generalized social anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2009, 118:5-14. 10.1037/a0013643.
57. Schneier F.R., Heckelman L.R., Garfinkel R., Campeas R., Fallon B.A., Gitow A., et al. Functional impairment in social phobia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1994, 55:322-331.
58. Selig J.P., Preacher K.J. Mediation models for longitudinal data in developmental research. Research in Human Development 2009, 6:144-164. 10.1080/15427600902911247.
59. Sobel M.E. Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological Methodology 1982, 13:290-312. 10.2307/270723.
60. Svanborg P., Åsberg M.M. Anew self-rating scale for depression and anxiety states based on the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1994, 89:21-28. 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01480.x.
61. Thorndike F.P., Carlbring P., Smyth F.L., Magee J.C., Gonder-Frederick L., Ost L., et al. Web-based measurement: effect of completing single or multiple items per webpage. Computers in Human Behavior 2009, 25:393-401. 10.1016/j.chb.2008.05.006.
62. Tillfors M., Andersson G., Ekselius L., Furmark T., Lewenhaupt S., Karlsson A., et al. Arandomized trial of internet-delivered treatment for social anxiety disorder in high school students. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 2011, 40:147-157. 10.1080/16506073.2011.555486.
63. Titov N., Andrews G., Schwencke G., Drobny J., Einstein D. Shyness 1: distance treatment of social phobia over the Internet. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2008, 42:585-594. 10.1080/00048670802119762.