Understanding the Impact of the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem on the Relationship between Active Travel and the Built Environment

Urban Studies

Volumn 51, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 284-299

  Clark, Andrew ^a   Scott, Darren ^a  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DATA SET; GUIDELINE; LOGIT ANALYSIS; NUMERICAL MODEL; TEMPORAL ANALYSIS; URBAN AREA;

CANADA; HALIFAX; NOVA SCOTIA;

EID: 84891049707     PISSN: 00420980     EISSN: 1360063X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0042098013489742     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Boer R.,Zheng Y.,Overton A.,Ridgeway G. K.,Cohen D. A.Neighborhood design and walking trips in ten U.S. metropolitan areas.American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2007;32:298-304.
2. Braza M.,Shoemaker W.,Seeley A.Neighbourhood design and rates of walking and biking to elementary schools in 34 California communities.American Journal of Health Promotion. 2004;19:128-136.
3. Brownson R. C.,Housemann R. A.Promoting physical activity in rural communities: walking trail access, use, and effects.American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2000;18:235-241.
4. Brownson R. C.,Hoehner M. C.,Day K.,Forsyth A.,Sallis J. F.Measuring the built environment for physical activity: state of the science.American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2009;36:S99-S123.
5. Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute (2009) Bulletin 2: physical activity levels of Canadians. Canadian Fitness & Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa, ON (http://www.cflri.ca/media/node/82/files/PAM2008FactsFigures_Bulletin02_ PA_among_CanadiansEN.pdf).
6. Cao X.,Handy S. L.,Mokhtarian P. L.The influences of the built environment and residential self-selection on pedestrian behavior: evidence from Austin, TX.Transportation. 2006;33:1-20.
7. Cervero R.,Duncan M.Walking, bicycling, and urban landscapes: evidence from San Francisco Bay Area.American Journal of Public Health. 2003;93:1478-1483.
8. Cervero R.,Radisch C.Travel choices in pedestrian versus automobile oriented neighborhoods.Transport Policy. 1996;3:127-141.
9. Duncan M. J.,Winkler E.,Sugiyama T.,Cerin E., et al.Relationships of land use mix with walking for transport: do land uses and geographical scale matter?.Journal of Urban Health. 2010;87:782-795.
10. Ewing R.,Schroeer W.,Greene W.School location and student travel analysis of factors affecting mode choice.Transportation Research Record. 2004 1895;:55-63.
11. Forsyth A.,Oakes J. M.,Schmitz K. H.,Hearst M.Does residential density increase walking and other physical activity?.Urban Studies. 2007;44:679-697.
12. Forsyth A.,Schmitz K. H.,Oakes M.,Zimmerman J.,Koepp J.Standards for environmental measurement using GIS: toward a protocol for protocols.Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 2006;3:S241-S257.
13. Fotheringham A. S.,Wong D. W. S.The modifiable areal unit problem in statistical analysis.Environment and Planning A. 1991;23:1025-1044.
14. Frank L. D.,Engelke P. O.The built environment and human activity patterns: exploring the impacts of urban form on public health.Journal of Planning Literature. 2001;16:202-218.
15. Frank L. D.,Sallis J. F.,Saelens B. E.,Leary L., et al.The development of a walkability index: application to the Neighbourhood Quality of Life Study.British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2010;44:924-933.
16. Freese J.,Long J. S.Regression for Categorical Dependent Variables Using Stata. College Station, TX: Stata Press; 2006:.
17. Gehlke C. E.,Biehl K.Certain effects of grouping upon the size of the correlation coefficient in census tract material.Journal of the American Statistical Association. 1934;29:169-170.
18. HandyS. L. (2005) Critical assessment of the literature on the relationships among transportation, land use, and physical activity. Background Paper for Transportation Research Board Special Report No. 282 (http://trb.org/downloads/sr282papers/sr282Handy.pdf).
19. Heywood I.,Cornelius S.,Carver S.An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems. 2006) An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems, 3rd edn.Harlow: Pearson Education.Harlow: Pearson Education; 2006:.
20. Jelinski D. E.,Jianguo W.The modifiable areal unit problem and implications for landscape ecology.Landscape Ecology. 1996;11:129-140.
21. Katzmarzyk P. T.The economic costs associated with physical inactivity and obesity in Ontario.Health and Fitness Journal of Canada. 2011;4:31-40.
22. Kerr J.,Rosenberg D.,Sallis J. F.,Saelens B. E., et al.Active commuting to school: associations with environment and parental concerns.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2006;38:784-794.
23. Krizek K. J.,Johnson P. J.The effect of neighborhood trails and retail on cycling and walking in an urban environment.Journal of the American Planning Association. 2006;72:33-42.
24. Miller H. J.Potential contributions of spatial analysis to geographic information systems for transportation (GIS-T).Geographical Analysis. 1999;31:373-398.
25. Millward H.,Spinney J.Time use, travel behavior, and the rural-urban continuum: results from the Halifax STAR project.Journal of Transport Geography. 2011;19:51-58.
26. Mitra R.,Buliung R. N.Built environment correlates of active school transportation: neighborhood and the modifiable areal unit problem.Journal of Transport Geography. 2012;20:51-61.
27. Riva M.,Apparicio P.,Gauvin L.,Brodeur J. M.Establishing the soundness of administrative spatial units for operationalising the active living potential of residential environments: an exemplar for designing optimal zones.International Journal of Health Geographics. 2008;7:.
28. Rodriguez D. A.,Joo J.The relationship between non-motorized mode choice and the local physical environment.Transportation Research Part D. 2004;9:151-173.
29. Scott D.Encyclopedia of Geographic Information Science. Kemp K. K., ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 2008:6-8.
30. Spinney J. E. L.,Millward H.Weather impacts on leisure activities in Halifax, Nova Scotia.International Journal of Biometeorology. 2011;55:133-145.
31. STATA Statistics/Data Analysis 11.0 SE edn. TX: College Station; 2009:.
32. Stock J. H.,Watson M. W.Heteroskedasticity-robust standard errors for fixed effects panel data regression.Econometrica. 2008;76:155-174.
33. US Department of Health and Human Services (1996) Physical activity and health: a report of the Surgeon General. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/sgr/pdf/sgrfull.pdf).
34. Zhang K.,Kukadia N.Metrics of urban form and the modifiable areal unit problem.Transportation Research Record. 2005;1902:71-79.