Research progress of neodymium doped gadolinium gallium garnet crystal and its performance optimization

Rengong Jingti Xuebao/Journal of Synthetic Crystals

Volumn 42, Issue 11, 2013, Pages 2220-2229

  Fu, Xiu Wei ^a   Jia, Zhi Tai ^a   Dong, Chun Ming ^a   Tao, Xu Tang ^a  

^a SHANDONG UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Laser crystal; Nd:GGG; Performance optimization; Research progress

Indexed keywords

HIGH POWER; LASER CRYSTALS; NEODYMIUM-DOPED GADOLINIUM GALLIUM GARNET; PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATIONS;

OPTIMIZATION;

RESEARCH;

EID: 84891047270     PISSN: 1000985X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Maiman T H. Stimulated Optical Radiation in Ruby [J]. Nature, 1960, 187(4736): 493-494.
2. 3+ Ion-doped Laser Materals [J]. Materials Review, 2009, 23(11): 40-44 (in Chinese).
3. Li C, Cao Y H. Review of Nd-doped Laser Materials [J]. Laser & Infrared, 1995, 25(6): 16-20 (in Chinese).
4. Chen L, Wang Z, Xu X, et al. LD End-pumped 1.11 μm Laser of Nd:GGG Crystal [J]. Laser Phys. Lett., 2012, 9(10): 721-725.
5. 3+ Ions [J]. J. Lumin., 1999, 82(1): 9-15.
6. Jia Z T. Growth and Characterization of Large Laser Crystal and Thin Silicon Semiconductor Fiber [D]. Jinan: Dissertation for Ph. D. Degree of Shandong University, 2009 (in Chinese).
7. Geusic J E, Marcos H M, Van Uitert L G. Laser Oscillations in Nd-doped Yttrium Aluminum, Yttrium Gallium and Gadolinium Garnets [J]. Appl. Phys. Lett., 1964, 4(10): 182-184.
8. Linares R C. Growth of Garnet Laser Crystals [J]. Solid State Commun., 1964, 2(8): 229-231.
9. Geller S, Gilleo M. Structure and Ferrimagnetism of Yttrium and Rare-earth-iron Garnets [J]. Acta. Cryst., 1957, 10(3): 239.
10. Nielsen J. Improved Method for the Growth of Yttrium-iron and Yttrium-gallium Garnets [J]. J. Appl. Phys., 1960, 31(5): S51-S52.
11. Nielsen J, Dearborn E. The Growth of Single Crystals of Magnetic Garnets [J]. J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 1958, 5(3): 202-207.
12. Nielsen J. Growth of Magnetic Garnet Crystals [J]. J. Appl. Phys., 1958, 29(3): 390-391.
13. Mee J, Archer J, Meade R, et al. Chemical Vapor Deposition of Epitaxial YIG on YAG and Epitaxial GdIG on YAG [J]. Appl. Phys. Lett., 1967, 10(10): 289-291.
14. Linares R, McGraw R, Schroeder J. Growth and Properties of Yttrium Iron Garnet Single Crystal Films [J]. J. Appl. Phys., 1965, 36(9): 2884-2886.
15. Blank S, Nielsen J. The Growth of Magnetic Garnets by Liquid Phase Epitaxy [J]. J. Cryst. Growth, 1972, 17: 302-311.
16. Geller S, Espinosa G, Crandall P. Thermal Expansion of Yttrium and Gadolinium Iron, Gallium and Aluminum Garnets [J]. J. Appl. Crystallogr., 1969, 2(2): 86-88.
17. Brandle C, Miller D, Nielsen J. The Elimination of Defects in Czochralski Grown Rare-earth Gallium Garnets [J]. J. Cryst. Growth, 1972, 12(3): 195-200.
18. Brandle C, Valentino A. Czochralski Growth of Rare Earth Gallium Garnets [J]. J. Cryst. Growth, 1972, 12(1): 3-8.
19. Cockayne B, Roslington J. The Dislocation-free Growth of Gadolinium Gallium Garnet Single Crystals [J]. Journal of Materials Science, 1973, 8(4): 601-605.
20. O'Kane D, Sadagopan V, Giess E, et al. Crystal Growth and Characterization of Gadolinium Gallium Garnet [J]. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1973, 120(9): 1272-1275.
21. Cockayne B, Lent B, Roslington J. Interface Shape Changes During the Czochralski Growth of Gadolinium Gallium Garnet Single Crystals [J]. Journal of Materials Science, 1976, 11(2): 259-263.
22. Takagi K, Fukazawa T, Ishii M. Inversion of the Direction of the Solid-liquid Interface on the Czochralski Growth of GGG Crystals [J]. J. Cryst. Growth, 1976, 32(1): 89-94.
23. Takagi K, Ikeda T, Fukazawa T, et al. Growth Striae in Single Crystals of Gadolinium Gallium Garnet Grown by Automatic Diameter Control [J]. J. Cryst. Growth, 1977, 38(2): 206-212.
24. 3+ Single Crystals [J]. Physica Status Solidi (A), 1978, 49(1): 305-311.
25. 12 Crystals [J]. J. Appl. Phys., 1978, 49(3): 1855-1858.
26. 12 Crystals Grown by the Czochralski Method [J]. J. Cryst. Growth, 1982, 57(2): 353-361.
27. Parker A. Bright Future for Compact Tactical Laser Weapons [J]. LLNL Sci. Technol. Rev., 2002, 4: 11-21.
28. 12 Crystals Studied by Optical Absorption Method [J]. Cryst. Res. Technol., 2005, 40(7): 698-702.
29. 3+:GGG) by Czochralski Method [J]. J. Cryst. Growth, 2006, 292(2): 386-390.
30. Jia Z T, Tao X T, Dong C M, et al. Growth of 5-inch Nd:GGG Laser Crystal [J]. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2007, 36(6): 1257-1260 (in Chinese).
31. Asadian M, Hajiesmaeilbaigi F, Mirzaei N, et al. Composition and Dissociation Processes Analysis in Crystal Growth of Nd:GGG by the Czochralski Method [J]. J. Cryst. Growth, 2010, 312(9): 1645-1650.
32. Saeedi H, Asadian M, Enayati S, et al. The Effect of Crucible Bottom Deformation on the Quality of Nd:GGG Crystals Grown by Czochralski Method [J]. Cryst. Res. Technol., 2011, 46(12): 1229-1234.
33. 3 [J]. J. Cryst. Growth, 1974, 23(4): 289-294.
34. Carruthers J. Flow Transitions and Interface Shapes in the Czochralski Growth of Oxide Crystals [J]. J. Cryst. Growth, 1976, 36(2): 212-214.
35. 3 Phase Diagrams [J]. Journal of Solid State Chemistry France, 1984, 52(2): 101-113.
36. Glass H. X-ray Double Crystal Analysis of Facets in Czochralski Grown Gadolinium Gallium Garnet [J]. Mater. Res. Bull., 1972, 7(10): 1087-1092.
37. Matthews J, Plaskett T, Ahn J. Observation of Dislocations in Large Crystals of Gadolinium Gallium Garnet [J]. Philosophical Magazine, 1976, 33(1): 73-85.
38. 12)-I. Dislocations at Inclusions [J]. Acta Metall., 1973, 21(3): 203-211.
39. 12) [J]. Physica Status Solidi(A), 1973, 19(2): 671-678.
40. Naumowicz P, Wieteska K, Szarras S, et al. Growth Spirals of Gadolinium Gallium Garnet (GGG) Crystals [J]. Kristall und Technik, 1981, 16(9): 983-988.
41. Brandle C, Barns R. Crystal Stoichiometry of Czochralski Grown Rare-earth Gallium Garnets [J]. J. Cryst. Growth, 1974, 26(1): 169-170.
42. Walters C, Dulaney J, Campbell B, et al. Nd-glass Burst Laser with kW Average Power Putput [J]. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 1995, 31(2): 293-300.
43. Xu X Z, Gui Y X, Wang Y G. Research Progress of High Quality and Large Size Laser Crystals [J]. Laser & Infrared, 2007, 37(4): 295-299 (in Chinese).
44. Asadian M, Mirzaei N, Saeedi H, et al. Improvement of Nd:GGG Crystal Growth Process Under Dynamic Atmosphere Composition [J]. Solid State Sciences, 2011, 14(2): 262-268.
45. 12 (Nd:GGG) Crystal by the Czochralski Technique Under Different Gas Flow Rates and Using Different Crucible Sizes for Flat Interface Growth [J]. J. Cryst. Growth, 2013, 363: 76-79.
46. Kane T, Eckardt R, Byer R. Reduced Thermal Focusing and Birefringence in Zig-zag Slab Geometry Crystalline Lasers [J]. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 1983, 19(9): 1351-1354.
47. Kane T, Eggleston J, Byer R. The Slab Geometry Laser-part II: Thermal Effects in a Finite Slab [J]. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 1985, 21(8): 1195-1210.
48. Eggleston J, Kane T, Kuhn K, et al. The Slab Geometry Laser-part I: Theory [J]. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 1984, 20(3): 289-301.
49. 12 Slab Laser [J]. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 1987, 26(10): L1623-L1625.
50. Yoshida K, Yoshida H, Kato Y. Characterization of High Average Power Nd:GGG Slab Lasers [J]. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 1988, 24(6): 1188-1192.
51. Rotter M D, Dane C B, Fochs S, et al. Solid-state Heat-capacity Lasers: Good Candidates for the Marketplace [J]. Photonics Spectra, 2004, 38(8): 44-46.
52. 3+:YAG Saturable Absorber [J]. Laser physics, 2010, 20(8): 1717-1720.
53. 4+:YAG Saturable Absorber [J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2009, 41(1): 17-20.
54. Zuo C H, Zhang B T, He J L, et al. 13.2 W of CW Output Generated by a Diode-end-pumped Nd:GGG Laser [J]. Laser Phys. Lett., 2008, 5(8): 582-584.
55. Zuo C H, Zhang B T, He J L, et al. The Acousto-optical Q-switched Nd:GGG Laser [J]. Laser Phys. Lett., 2008, 5(10): 719-721.
56. Qin L, Tang D, Xie G, et al. Diode-end-pumped Passively Mode-locked Nd:GGG Laser with a Semiconductor Saturable Mirror [J]. Opt. Commun., 2008, 281(18): 4762-4764.
57. Qin L, Tang D, Xie G, et al. High-power Continuous Wave and Passively Q-switched Laser Operations of a Nd:GGG Crystal [J]. Laser Phys. Lett., 2008, 5(2): 100-103.
58. Gerhardt R, Kleine-Borger J, Beilschmidt L, et al. Efficient Channel-waveguide Laser in Nd:GGG at 1.062 μm Wavelength [J]. Appl. Phys. Lett., 1999, 75(9): 1210-1212.
59. Field S, Hanna D, Large A, et al. An Efficient Diode-pumped, Ion-implanted Nd:GGG Planar Waveguide Laser [J]. Opt. Commun., 1991, 86(2): 161-166.
60. Yang Y, Yang X, Jia Z, et al. Diode-pumped Passively Mode-locked Nd:GGG Laser at 1331.3 nm [J]. Laser Phys. Lett., 2012, 9(7): 481-484.
61. Brandle C, Barns R. Crystal Stoichiometry and Growth of Rare-earth Garnets Containing Scandium [J]. J. Cryst. Growth, 1973, 20(1): 1-5.
62. 12 Crystals [J]. Physica Status Solidi(A), 1976, 34(2): K109-K114.
63. Krupke W, Shinn M, Marion J, et al. Spectroscopic, Optical, and Thermomechanical Properties of Neodymium- and Chromium-Doped Gadolinium Scandium Gallium Garnet [J]. JOSA B, 1986, 3(1): 102-114.
64. Sumida D S, Jones D C, Rockwell D A. An 8.2 J Phase-conjugate Solid-state Laser Coherently Combining Eight Parallel Amplifiers [J]. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 1994, 30(11): 2617-2627.
65. Zhang Q L, Yin S T, Wang A H, et al. Research Progress of Laser Crystal GGG Species [J]. Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics, 2002, 19(6): 481-484 (in Chinese).
66. Sun D, Luo J, Zhang Q, et al. Gamma-ray Irradiation Effect on the Absorption and Luminescence Spectra of Nd:GGG and Nd:GSGG Laser Crystals [J]. J. Lumin., 2008, 128(12): 1886-1889.
67. 12 Single Crystals [J]. J. Cryst. Growth, 1986, 74(1): 187-190.
68. 12 Garnets [J]. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 1989, 28(9): 1644-1647.
69. Zhang J, Tao X T, Dong C M, et al. Crystal Growth, Optical Properties, and CW Laser Operation at 1.06 μm of Nd:GAGG Crystals [J]. Laser Phys. Lett., 2009, 6(5): 355-358.
70. Fu X W, Jia Z T, Tao X T, et al. Growth and Characterization of Nd:LGGG Laser Crystal [J]. J. Cryst. Growth, 2012, 353(1): 72-76.
71. 12 Laser Crystal [J]. Opt. Mater. Express, 2012, 2(9): 1242-1253.
72. Zhi Y C, Dong C M, Tao X T, et al. Continuous-wave and Passively Q-switched Laser Performance of LD-end-pumped 1062 nm Nd:GAGG Laser [J]. Opt. Express, 2010, 18(8): 7584-7589.
73. Agnesi A, Pirzio F, Reali G, et al. Multi-wavelength Nd:GAGG Picosecond Laser [J]. Opt. Mater., 2010, 32(9): 1130-1133.
74. 3+:YAG Saturable Absorber [J]. Laser Phys. Lett., 2010, 7(10): 715-718.
75. 3+:YAG Saturable Absorber [J]. Opt. Express, 2010, 18(12): 12052-12058.
76. 2+:LMA Saturable Absorber [J]. Laser Phys. Lett., 2011, 8(11): 782-786.
77. Li Y B, Jia Z T, Tao X T, et al. Diode-end-pumped Passively Mode-locked Nd:GAGG Laser at 1.3 μm with SESAM [J]. Laser Phys. Lett., 2012, 9(8): 557-560.
78. 12 Laser Crystal by Czochralski Method [J]. Opt. Mater., 2008, 31(2): 346-349.
79. 12 Crystal at 1062 nm [J]. Laser Phys. Lett., 2012, 9(12): 833-837.
80. Slack G A, Oliver D. Thermal Conductivity of Garnets and Phonon Scattering by Rare-earth Ions [J]. Physical Review B, 1971, 4(2): 592.
81. Chenais S, Druon F, Balembois F, et al. Diode-pumped Yb:GGG Laser: Comparison with Yb:YAG [J]. Opt. Mater., 2003, 22(2): 99-106.
82. 12 [J]. Mater. Res. Bull., 2007, 42(1): 27-32.
83. 3+:GGG Crystal [J]. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2004, 33(4): 581-585 (in Chinese).
84. Pfistner C, Weber R, Weber H, et al. Thermal Beam Distortions in End-pumped Nd:YAG, Nd:GSGG, and Nd:YLF Rods [J]. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 1994, 30(7): 1605-1615.
85. Cockayne B, Gasson D, Findlay D, et al. The Growth and Laser Characteristics of Yttrium-gadolinium-aluminium Garnet Single Crystals [J]. J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 1968, 29(6): 905-910.
86. 3+) Laser Crystal [D]. Jinan: Dissertation for Master Degree of Shandong University, 2013 (in Chinese).
87. 12 Crystal at 1062 nm [J]. Laser Phys. Lett., 2012, 9(10): 704-708.