Imitation to innovation in China: The role of patents in biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries

Imitation to Innovation in China: The Role of Patents in Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Industries

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-189

  Li, Yahong ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84890689531     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4337/9781849808149     Document Type: Book

References (204)

1. Arrow, Kennethl (1962), 'Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention, in the Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity', in Nelson, R.R., The Rate and Direction of Invention Activity: Economic and Social Factors, Cambridge, MA: (National Bureau of Economic Research) pp. 609-626.
2. Ashton, T.S. (1968), The Industnal Revolution, 1760-1830, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3. Barton, L.H. (2006), 'Emerging Patent Issues in Genomic Diagnostics', Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 24, No.8, 939-941.
4. Barton, H. and EJ. Emanuel (2005), 'The Patent-Based Pharmaceutical Development Process, Rationale, Problems, and Potential Refonns', The Journal of the American Medical Association, 294 (16), 2075-2082.
5. Blakeney, M. (2009), 'Biotechnological Patenting and Innovation', in Prinz zu Waldeck und Pynnont W., MJ. Adelmann, R. Brauneis, J. Drexl, and R. Nack (eds) (2009), Patents and Technological Progress in a Globali=ed World, Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Berlag, p. 240.
6. Boehm K. and A. Silberston (1967), The British Patent System: Admmistration, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7. Braga, C.A.P. (1990), 'The Developing Country Case For and Against Intellectual Property Protection,' in W.E. Siebeck (ed.), Strengthening Protection of Intellectual Property in Developing Countries (112 World Bank Discussion Papers), pp. 69-87.
8. Burk, D.L. and Mark A. Lemley (2003), 'Policy Levers in Patent Law', Virginia Law Review, 89, 1575.
9. Chambers, l (2003), 'Patent Eligibility of Biotechnological Inventions in the United States, Europe and Japan: How Much Patent Policy is Public Policy?' George Washington International Law Review, 34, p. 225.
10. CIPR (2002), Integrating Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy, London: CIPR.
11. Coriat, B., F. Orsi and C. d' Almeida (2006), 'TRIPS and the International Public Health Controversies: Issues and Challenges'. Industrial and Corporate Change, 15 (6), 1033-62.
12. Dutton, H.I. (1984), The Patent System and Inventive Activity During the Industrial Revolution, 1750-1852, Manchester; Dover, NH: Manchester University Press.
13. Frew, S.E, R. Rezaie, S.M. Sammut, M. Ray, A.S. Daar and P. Singer (2007), 'India's health biotech sector at a crossroads', Nature Biotechnology, 25 (4), 415.
14. Grace, C. (2004), 'The Effect of Changing Intellectual Property on Phannaceutical Industry Prospects in India and China: Considerations for Access to Medicines', Issues paper, London: DFID Health Resource Center.
15. Greenhalgh, C. and Mark Rogers (2007), 'The value of intellectual property rights to finns and society', Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 23 (4), 541-56.
16. Grundmann, H.E. (1970), 'The Economic Arguments for Patents and their Validity for Developing Countries,' Indian Economic Journal, 19 (2), 198.
17. Heller, M.A and R.S. Eisenberg (1998), 'Can Patents Deter Innovation? The Anticommons in Biomedical Research', Science, 280 (5364), 698-70 I, accessed: www.sciencemag.org/cgi /contentlfull/280/5364/698.
18. Landes, D.S. (1970), The Unbound Prometheus, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
19. Machlup, F. (1958), An Economic Review of the Patent System, Study No. IS of the Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks and Copyrights of the Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate 85th Congress, 2nd Session, Washington, pp. 79 - 80.
20. Mansfield, E. (1986) 'Patents and Innovation', Management Science, 32(2), 173-81.
21. Maskus, Keith (2003), 'Transfer of Technology and Technological Capacity Building, accessed: www.iprsonline.org/unctadictsd/bellagio/docs/Maskus_Bellagi02.pdf.
22. Quach, U., H. Thorsteinsdottir, J. Renihan, A Bhatt, Z. Aesch, P. Singer, and A Daar (2006), 'Biotechnology patenting takes off in developing countries', International Journal of Biotechnology, 8 (1/2), 45.
23. Outlines of National Intellectual Property Strategy (2008), Article 2 (7), 'Goals for the next five years', accessed: www.nipso.cn/gnwzscqxx/qtipdtlQ0080621_98086.asp.
24. Rezaie, R., S.E. Frew, S.M. Sammut, M.R. Maliakkal, AS. Daar & P. Singer (2008), 'Brazilian health biotech - fostering crosstalk between public and private sectors', Nature Biotechnology, 26 (6),637.
25. Roger, Mark (1998), 'The Definition and Measurement of Innovation', Melbourne Institute Working Paper No. 10/98, 5, accessed: www.melbourneinstitute.comlwp/wpI998n I O.pdf.
26. Schiff, E. (1971), Industriali:ation Without National Patents: The Netherlands. 1869-1912, Swit:erland. 1850-1907. Princeton University Press.
27. Schmookler, J. (1966), Invention and Economic Growth, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
28. Seguin; B., B. Hardy, P.A Singer and AS. Daar (2008), 'Genomic medicine and developing countries: creating a room of their own', Nature Rewiews/Genetics, 9, 487-93, 487.
29. S IPO Bureau of Planing and Development (2007), 'China accepted 4 million patent applications', Patent Statistics Report, 23, accessed: www.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/ztxx/zlxxjb/.
30. Stephen E. Siwik of Economists Incorporated (2005), 'Engines of Growth: Economic Contributions of the U.S. Intellectual Property Industries', Economists Incorporated, accessed: www.nbcuni.com/About_NBC Universalllntellectual_ Property/pdf/Engines oC Growth. pdf.
31. Straus, J. (2007), 'The Impact of the New World Order on Economic Development: The Role of the Intellectual Property Right System', European Review, 15 (I), 47-63.
32. Tang, YJ. (2004), 'Chinese biotech industry on its way to innovation', ACHEMASIA Trend Report: Chinese Biotech Industry, ACHEMASIA, 6th International Exhibition-Congress on Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, accessed: www.achemasia.de/data/achemasia~tren d_report_IO_e.htm.
33. Boston Consulting Group (BCG) (2005), 'A Game Plan for China: Right Sing to the Productivity Challenge in Biopharrna R&D', BCG Focus, accessed: www.bcg.com.
34. Business Daily Update (2004), 'Biotech research takes giant leap forward', 20 January 2004.
35. Business Daily Update (2004), 'Human proteome project launched in China', 16 December 2003.
36. China Daily (1999), 'China: biotech re-engineering itself, 19 September, p. 3.
37. China Intellectual Property Studies (ed.) (2008), Patented Technologies in AI/Industries: The Report of the Current Status and the Trend of Development 2007-2008, Beijing: Science Press, p.174.
38. Conner, J.D., M. Bouncher and J. Li (2006), 'China's Regulation of Agricultural Biotechnology', The Metropolitan Corporate Counsel, December, p. 67, accessed: www.mckennalong.com/att achmentl480IMCC_2006_12_China%20Agri%20BiotechnologLConner_Boucher_Li.pdf.
39. Frew, S.E., S.M. Sammut, A.F Shore, J.K Ramjist, S. AI-Bader, R. Rezaie, A.S Daar and P. Singer (2007), 'Chinese health biotech and the billion-patient market', Nature Biotechnology, 25 (4), 38.
40. Gao, YJ (2006), 'Copyright Law Cannot Protect Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions? The Court Explains the Reasons', accessed: www.nipso.cn/gnwzscqxx.cym/t20060919_82579. asp.
41. Grace, C. (2004), 'The Effect of Changing Intellectual Property on Pharmaceutical Industry Prospects in India and China: Considerations for Access to Medicines', Issues paper, London: DFID Health Resource Center, p. 43.
42. Huang, J.K, S. Rozelle, C. Pray, Q. Wang (2002), 'Plant Biotechnology in China', Science, 295. 674, accessed: www.sciencemag.orglcgi/contentlfuIl/29515555/674.
43. Jin, L. (2006), 'The status quo, problems and countermeasures of the IPR protection of Chinese medicine', International Anti-Counterfeit, Forum Space, p. 44.
44. Liu, J.Y. and N. Wang (2006), 'Vaccine in China: Advances in Biopharmaceutical Technology in China', BioPlan Associates, Inc. and Society for Industrial Microbiology, 9 (22).
45. Ma. Lian. and R.D. Schmid (2003), Chinese Bio Today, Shanghai: Printing Center of the General Office of the CPC Shanghai Municipal Committee.
46. SinoCast (2004), 'China's Traditional Medicine enterprises face challenges', II May.
47. Stipp, D. (2002), 'China's Biotech is Starting to Bloom', Fortune, 2 September, accessed: shuwu.com/ar/EnglishIl17079.shtml.
48. Tang, Y. (2004), 'Chinese biotech industry on its way to innovation', ACHEMASIA Trend Report No. 10: Chinese Biotech Industry, ACHEMASIA 2004, 6th International Exhibition Congress on Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, accessed: www.achemasia.de/datalac hemasia-'trend_report_1 O_e.htmTeh. I. (2007).
49. 'Biotech's long march', BioSpectnlln, Monday 7 May, accessed: www/biospectrumindia.com!conte ntlcolumns/I0705072.asp.
50. Torrens, C. (2005), 'BioShanghai', The Scientist, 19 (19). 48, accessed: www.the-scientist.com larticle/display/15783/.
51. Wonacott, P. (2005), 'U.S. medical finns take shot in China: opportunities abound, as do questions on ethics', The Wall Street Journal, 21-23 October, p. 14.
52. Zhou, E. Y. (2007), 'China today: vaccine development in China', BioPharm International, accessed: www.biopharmintemational.com/biophann/contentiprintContentPopup.jsp?id=4158 31.
53. Asia Pulse (2003), 'Chinese Scientists Decode New Hepatitis BVirus Genes', 21 August.
54. Asiainfo Daily China News (2006), 'Biotech: a tonic for growth of traditional medicines', 13 September.
55. BBC News (2006), 'EU to fund embryo stem cell research', 24 July, accessed: news. bbc.co. ukl2/hi/europel 52091 06.stm.
56. Bio-Industry Report (2007), Bio-Industry Annual Report in China 2006, edited by High Technology Industrial Bureau of the State Development and Reform Commission and China Bio-Engineering Association, Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, p. 9.
57. Boston Consulting Group (BCG) (2005), 'A Game Plan for China: right sing to the productivity challenge in biophanna R&D', BCG Focus, accessed: www.bcg.com/impact_expertise/public ations/fiJes/Game_Plan_China_Risin&.Productivity_Challenge_Biopharma_RD_Dec2005.pdf.
58. China Daily (2003), 'Comments: ethics needed in medical research', accessed: www.chinadaily. com.cn/en/doc/2003-1 0/31 Icontent 277136.htm.
59. Conner, D., M. Bouncher and l Li (2006), 'China's Regulation of Agricultural Biotechnology', The Metropolitan Corporate Counsel, 67, accessed: www.mckennalong.com/attachmentl4801M CC 2006_12_ China%20Agri%20B iotechnology Conner_Boucher Li. pdf.
60. Chang, AL. (2004), 'Research-friendly S'pore luring the best and brightest', The Straits Times (Singapore). 17 February, Tech & Science section.
61. Cui, X. (2005), 'The State Engineering Research Center for TCM Solid Preparation Technology had been approved', China Medical and Pharmaceutical News, 17 November.
62. Daar, IF. (2003), 'The Prospect of Human Cloning: Improving Nature or Dooming the Species?' Seton Hall Law Review, 33, 511.
63. Dickson, D. (1998), 'Back on track: the rebirth of human genetics in China', Nature, 396, 303- 06.
64. Examination Guidelines (2006), Beijing: Intellectual Property Office.
65. Fan, R.P. (2003), 'SYMPOSIUM ARTICLE: Modern Western Science as a Standard for Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Critical Appraisal', Journal of Law, Medicine and EthiCS, 31, 213.
66. Frew, S.E., S.M. Sammut, AF. Shore, lK. Ramjist, S. AI-Bader, R. Rezaie, AS. Daar and P. Singer (2007), 'Chinese health biotech and the billion-patient market', Nature Biotechnology, 25 (4). 38.
67. Gale. F., W. Lin, B. Lohmar and F. Tuan (2002), 'Is Biotechnology in China's Future?' China's Food and Agriculture: Issuesfor the 21st Century / AIB-775 (Economic Research Service 1 USDA), accessed: www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aib775/aib775m.pdf.
68. George, E.P. (2002), 'Comment: the Stem Cell Debate: the Legal, Political and Ethical Issues. Surrounding Federal Funding of Scientific Research on Human Embryos', Albany Law Journal o/Science & Technology, 12, 747.
69. Grace,.c. (2004), 'The Effect of Changing Intellectual Property on Pharmaceutical Industry Prospects in India and China: Considerations for Access to Medicines,' Issues paper, London: DFID Health Resource Center, p. 43.
70. Hawkins, A (200 I), 'Protecting Human Dignity and Individuality: The Need for Uniformity in International Cloning Legislation', Transnational Law, 14,243-294.
71. Huang, lK, S. Rozelle, C. Pray, Q. Wang (2002), 'Plant Biotechnology in China', Science 295, 674, accessed: www.sciencemag.org/cgi/contentifuIl/29515555/674.
72. International Anti-counterfeit (2006), 'International technical cooperation in Chinese medicine: respecting IPR', September 2006, accessed: fw.cps.com.cn.
73. Jia, H.P. and l Kling (2006), 'China offers alternative gateway for experimental drugs', Nature Biotechnology, 24, 117-118, accessed: www.nature.com/nbtljournal!v24/n2/full/nbt0206- 117.html#tl.
74. Lin, L. (2006), 'The status quo, problems and countermeasures of the IPR protection of Chinese medicine', International Anti-Counterfeit J, p. 45.
75. Kopinski. N.E. (2004), 'Human-Nonhuman Chimeras: A Regulatory Proposal on the Blurring of Species Lines,' Boston College Law Review 45. 619-666.
76. Liu, H.R., J.Y. Cao and X. Gao (2006), 'The development and ethics of human stem cell research' , accessed: http://www.cipnews.com.cn/showArticle.asp?Articleid=1878.
77. Liu. L. (2006), 'Compound artemether: a made-in-China anti-malaria miracle', Xinjin Newspaper, 14 September.
78. Ma, Lian and Rolf D. Schmid (2003), Chinese Bio Today, Shanghai: General Office of the CPC Shanghai Municipal Committee, pp. 4-6.
79. Managing Intellectual Property (MIP) (2005), 'Big pharma expands R&D in China', News, accessed: www.managingip.com/includes/news/PRINT.asp?SID=596232&1SS=20855.
80. Paarlberg, R.L. (2001), Governing the GM Crop Revolution: Policy Choices for Developing Countries discussion paper 16, Washington, DC: 20/20 Vision for Peace and the Environment.
81. People's Daily (2001), 'New Laws to Guide Nation's Gene Work', Online, 30 May, accessed: english.people.com.cn/english/200105/30/eng20010530_71375.html.
82. People's Daily (2001), 'China clones scores of plants, pigs, sheep, rabbits, cows', 29 May, accessed: english.people.com.cnlenglish/200 I 05/29/eng200 10529 _71313.html.
83. Qaim, M. (2001), The Situation of Agricultural Biotechnology in India, Bonn, Germany: Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn.
84. Quach, U., H. Thorsteinsdottir, J. Renihan, A. Bhatt, Z. Aesch, P. Singer and A. Daar (2006), 'Biotechnology patenting takes off in developing countries', International Journal Of Biotechnology, 8 (112), 45.
85. Santini, L. (2004), 'Birth of a Biotech Industry', The Asian Wall Street Journal, 19 November, accessed: www.aegis.com/news/wsj/2004/wj041110.html.
86. Sharma, P. (2007), 'Test tube wars - II: India must press ahead on the advantages of its homegrown companies', The Public Affairs Maga=ine, Newslnsight, 14 May, accessed: www.indiareacts.com/archievedates Inat2.asp?recno= I 595&ctg=.
87. Shikai, Y.M. (2004), 'Don't be Swept Away by Mass Hysteria: the Benefits of Human Reproductive Cloning and its Future', Southwestern University Law Review JJ, 259.
88. Tang, Y.J. (2004), 'Chinese biotechnology shows strong potential', ACHEMASIA Press Release, accessed: www.achemasia.de/datalachemasia-.trend_report_9_e.htm.
89. Teh, I. (2007), 'Biotech's long march', BioSpectrum, 7 May, accessed: www.biospectru mindia.com Icontent/columnsl I 0705072.asp.
90. The Ministry of Science and Technology (2006). China Science and Technology Newsletter, No. 430, 20 February, accessed: www.most.gov.cnlenglnewsletters/2006/200602/t20060213 2870 7.htm.
91. Torrens, C. (2005), 'BioShanghai', The Scientist 2005, 19(19), 4849, accessed: www.thescientist. com/article/display/l 5783/.
92. Wang, Ming Xu; Liu, lia Quan and Qin, Zheng Zhu Bian (eds) (2004), Strategic Research of Medicine Intellectual Property, Beijing: The Military Medical Science Press, p. 61.
93. Wang, XQ. (2006), 'Gold fever in anti-cancer drugs', Southern Weekend, 19 October, C18.
94. Xinhua Economic News Service (2003), 'China tights snail fever', 24 September. Wednesday.
95. Xinhua Economic News Service (2001), 'Chinese Government. Scientists Oppose Human Cloning', 30 November, accessed: www.edu.cnl20011130/3012409.shtml.
96. Zhang, J. and Q. Wang (2005), 'High productivity ofZhengda Tianqing Pharmaceutical's R&D', China Machinery and Electronic Journal, 21 September.
97. Zhang, W. (2005), 'Yunnanbalyao looks for foreign aid because it is difficult to dance alone'. China High and New Technology Industry Journal, 13 September.
98. Zhou, E. Y. (2007), 'China Today: Biopharmaceutical Industry Trends in China - A Five-year Prospective', BioPharma International, I March. accessed: www.biopharminternational.co m/biopharrnlarticle larticleDetail.jsp?id=41 5.
99. Zhou, E.Y. (2007), 'China today: vaccine development in China', BioPharm International, I April, accessed: www.biopharminternational.comlbiopharm/contentlprintContentPopup.jsp?id =415831.
100. Zhong Jing Web (2005), 'TCM Research of Guangdong province has been included in the State plan', 2 October.
101. Boston Consulting Group (BCG) (2005), 'A Game Plan for China: right sing to the productivity challenge in biopharma R&D,' BeG Focus, www.bcg.com, accessed: www.bcg.com/impact_ expertise/pub I ications/files/Game Plan_China _ Rising_ Productiv ity Challenge B iopharma _ R D_Dec2005.pdf.
102. Chen, K. and A.D. Marcus (2005), 'Second Chance: Once-Touted Drug for Cancer Finds New Life in China', The Wall Street Journal online, 22 December, accessed: http:webreprints.djre prints. com/I 377770914678.html.
103. Conner, J.D., M. Bouncher and J. Li (2006), 'China's Regulation of Agricultural Biotechnology,' The Metropolitan Corporate Counsel, December, p. 67, accessed: www.mckennalong.com/attachmentl480IMCC_2006_12 China%20Agri%20BiotechnologL Conner_Boucher.:. Li. pdf.
104. Discussion forum (2006), 'The inevitable trend of China's biopharmaceutical R&D', accessed: www.dxy.cn/bbs/postlprint?bid=114&id=6714877. Posted on 31 July 2006.
105. Frew, S.E., H.E. Kettler and P.A Singer (2008), 'The Indian And Chinese Health biotechnology Industries: Potential Champions Of Global Health?' Health Affairs, 27 (4), 1029-41.
106. Frew, S.E., S.M. Sammut, AF Shore, J.K Ramjist, S. AI-Bader, R. Rezaie, AS Daar and P. Singer (2007), 'Chinese health biotechnology and the billion-patient market,' Nature Biotechnology, 25 (4), 37-58.
107. Gale, F., W. Lin, B. Lohmar, and F. Tuan (2002), 'Is Biotechnology in China's Future?' China's Food and Agriculture: Issues for the 21st Century / AIB-775 (Economic Research Service I USDA), accessed: www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aib775/aib775m.pdf.
108. Grace, C (2004), 'The Effect of Changing Intellectual Property on Pharmaceutical Industry Prospects in India and China: Considerations for Access to Medicines,' Issues paper (DFID Health Resource Center), p. 43.
109. Jia, H.P., and J. Kling (2006), 'China offers alternative gateway for experimental drugs', Nature Biotechnology, 24, 117-118, published online: 7 February 2006, accessed: www.nature.com/n btljournal/v24/n2/full/nbt0206-117 .html#t I.
110. Lee, E.G.Z (2006), Tongjitang seeks FDA's approval for Xianling Gubao, Hong Kong: Hong Kong Jockey Club Institute of Chinese Medicine (HKJC).
111. Mu, R.P., X.F. Fan, H.F. Song, Z.B. Ren, Q. Wang and X. Li (2006), 'The Patentability of Generelated Technologies and Computer Program Inventions', in Legal Department of the SIPO (ed), The Research Report on the Third Amendment of the Patent Law and the Detailed Implementation Regulations of Patent Law, I, Beijing: Intellectual Property Press, p. 286.
112. Quach, U., H. Thorsteinsdottir,I. Renihan, A Bhatt, Z. Aesch, P. Singer, and A Daar (2006), 'Biotechnology patenting takes off in developing countries,' International Journal of Biotechnology, 8 (1/2),47 and 53.
113. Stipp, D. (2002), 'China's Biotechnology is Starting to Bloom', Fortune, 2 September, accessed: shuwu.com/ar/english/I17079.shtml, p. 7.
114. Sun, Catherine (2004), China Intellectual Property For Foreign Business, Hong Kong, Singapore: LexisNexis Butterworths, p. 116.
115. Wang, X.Q. (2006), 'Gold fever in anti-cancer drugs', Southern Weekend, 19 October, C 18.
116. Wong, A (2004), 'The life science patent battle', China IP Focus 2004, Managing Intellectual Property, London: Euromoney Publications PLC, pp. 72-76.
117. Xu, S.Z. and J.c. Lu (200 I), 'Meeting the new wave of the industrialization of bio-agriculture technologies', Management of Research and Development, 13 (1), p. 36.
118. Yong, H.Y. and S.X. Gao (2005), 'The Present State of Inventiveness of TCM', Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, 36 (6), 801-804.
119. Zhang,.G.M. (2005), 'Let IPRs become a motive force for pharmaceutical R&D', China Medical and Pharmaceutical, 8 November, accessed: http://www.hljda.gov.cn/show.aspx?newsid=382 O&typeid=21
120. Boston Consulting Group (BCG) (2005), 'A Game Plan for China: right sing to the productivity challenge in biopharma R&D', BCG Focus, December, accessed: www.bcg.com.
121. High Technology Industrial Bureau of the State Development and Reform Commission and China Bio-Engineering Association (ed.) (2007), Bio-Industry Annual Report in China 2006, Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, p. 188.
122. China IP Studies (2008), Patent Technologies in Various Industries: Present and Development Trend Report 2007-2008, Beijing: Science Press, pp. 158, 196, 308, 312, 316, 317 and 513.
123. Dickson, D. (1998), 'Back on track: the rebirth of human genetics in China', Nature, 396, pp. 303-306.
124. Frew, S.E., S.M. Sammut, AF Shore, J.K Ramjist, S. AI-Bader, R. Rezaie, AS Daar and P. Singer (2007), 'Chinese health biotechnology and the billion-patient market', Nature Biotechnology, 25 (4), p. 43.
125. Gan, Z.R. (2006), 'IP protection for China's insulin sector and related issues', People's New, 29 December, accessed: www.biotech.org.cn/news/news/print.php.
126. Gu, Q.Z. and W. Zhu (2006), 'The verdict of the first intellectual property case of Guangdong University: HAU consolidated its status of Chinaberry king', China Journal of Intellectual Property, 26 July.
127. Guo, AL. (2006), 'HIOI 's patent ownership dispute', The First Finance and Economics Journal, 2 August.
128. Hall, B.H. (2007), 'Patents and patent policy', Oxford Review of EconomiC Policy, 23 (4), 568-87.
129. Jia, H.P. (2004), 'IP Litigation in China could drive innovation', Nature Biotechnology, 22, 368, accessed: www.nature.com!nbtljournal/v22/n4/full/nbtl0404-368.html.
130. Michael, D., Collins Qian, Vladislav Boutenko, Ralph Eckardt, and Mark Blaxill (2007), Beyond the Great Wall: Intellectual Property Strategies for Chinese Companies, Boston, MA: The Boston Consulting Group, p. 6.
131. Meng, J. (2007), 'Tasly won the battle of safeguarding its TCM patent', 22 January, accessed: www.tasly.com/show.aspx?id=3232&cid=22.
132. Mu, R.P., X.F. Fan, H.F. Song, Z.B. Ren, Q. Wang and X. Li (2006), 'The Patentability of Gene-related Technologies and Computer Program Inventions', in Legal Department of the SIPO, The Research Report on the Third Amendment of the Patent Law and the Detailed Implementation Regulations of Patent Law, 1, Beijing: Intellectual Property Press, p. 284.
133. Schankerman, M. and A. Pakes (1986), 'Estimates of the Value of Patent Rights in European Countries during the Post-19S0 Period', The Economic Journal, 96 (384), IOS2-77.
134. Shi, F.Y. and H.Y. Tong (200S), 'A study on IP strategies of Pharmaceutical industry', accessed: www.huake.come.cnl200S0Ia.htm.
135. Wei, Y.L. (2006), 'The hiding secrets of the case of Sangong v. Wansheng', 23 September, accessed: zhuanli.lawtime.cn/zlalanli/2006092234075.html.
136. Wen, J.P. (2006), 'Patent is the foundation of gene drug innovation: an interview with Professor Yu Zailing of Beijing University, Faculty of Life Science', Biotechnology World, No. 10, accessed: biotechworld.cn.
137. Yong, H.Y. and S.X Gao (2005), 'The Present State of Inventiveness of TCM', Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, 36 (6), 801-04.
138. Yu, Z.L. (2006), 'The way out for China's bio-pharmaceutical industry', People's Net, 29 December, accessed: www.biotech.org.cnlnews/news/print.php.
139. Zhang, G.M. (2005), 'Let IPRs become a motive force for pharmaceutical R&D', China Medical and Pharmaceutical, 8 November, accessed: http://www.hljda.gov.cn/show.aspx?newsid=382 0&typeid=21
140. Zhang, Xiaodu (2002), Substantial Requirementsfor Patent, Beijing: Law Press, p. 270.
141. Zhang, Z.C. (2005), 'The tale on China's first patent case on 'glowing fungus' 'production method', China Intellectual Property, 14 September.
142. Bodeker. G. (2003). 'Symposium: Traditional Knowledge, Intellectual Property and Indigenous Culture: Traditional Medical Knowledge, Intellectual property Rights and Benefit Sharing', Cardo=oJournal o/International & Comparative Loll', 11. 785.
143. Cai, Z.D. (1998), 'Final verdict on exclusive right of new drug qing hao su', Chmese Journal of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, 5 (5), p. 57.
144. Chambers, J. (2002) 'Patent Eligibility of Biotechnological Inventions in the US, Europe, and Japan: How Much Patent Policy is Public Policy?' 34 George Washington Intellectual Property Law ReviewJ4.
145. Dubois, P.A. and K. McCallie (2003), 'Of Mice and Men', Managing Intellectual Property, accessed: www.managingip.com.
146. Examination Guidelines (2006), The State Intellectual Property Office. Beijing: Intellectual Property Press.
147. Grisham, J. (2000). 'New rules for gene patents', Nature Biotechnology. 18 (9). 921.
148. Gao. Y.J. (2006). Copyright Law Cannot Protect Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions? Thee ourt xxplains the Reasons, accessed: www.nipso.cn/gnwzscqxx.cym/t20060919_82579. asp.
149. Heath, C. and S. Weidlich (2003), 'Intellectual Property: Suitable for Protecting Traditional Medicine' Intellectual Property Quarterly, 1,69 - 96.
150. Liu, Y.L. (2007), Studies on Legallssuesfor Biotechnology, Beijing: Science Publishing House.
151. Mu, R.P., XF. Fan, H.F. Song, Z.B. Ren, Q. Wang and X. Li (2006), 'The Patentability of Generelated Technologies and Computer Program Inventions: in Legal Department of the SIPO (ed.), The Research Report on the Third Amendment of the Patent Law and the Detailed Implementation Regulations of Patent Law, Vol. 1, Beijing: Intellectual Property Press.
152. Qiao, S. (2005), 'The challenges of biotechnology to patent system and the amendments to Chinese patent law', Northwest University Politics and Law Journal of Legal Science, NO.2.
153. Wei, G. (2002), An Introduction to Genetic Engineering. Life Science and the Law, Singapore: Singapore University Press.
154. Wei, Y.L. (2004), Studies on Patent Protection for Biotechnology, Beijing: Intellectual Property Press.
155. Zhang, Q.K. (2005), Writing and Examination of Patent Applications for the Inventions in the Fields of Medical. Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology (2nd Edition), Beijing: Intellectual Property Press.
156. Zhang, XD. (2002), Substantial Requirementsfor Patent, Beijing: Law Press.
157. Adelman, MJ., R.R. Rader, J.R. Thomas and H.C. Wegner (2003), Cases and Materials on Patent Law, 2nd Edition, Eagan, MN: West Group.
158. Ducor, P.G. (1998), Patenting the Recombinant Products of Biotechnology, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International.
159. Intellectual Property Office (2006), Examination Guidelines, Beijing: Intellectual Property Press.
160. Heath, C. and S. Weidlich (2003), 'Intellectual Property: Suitable for Protecting Traditional Medicine,' Intellectual Property Quarterly 1.
161. Liu, Y.L. (2003), 'IPR Protection for New Traditional Knowledge: with a Case Study of Traditional Chinese Medicine' European Intellectual Property Review, 25(4).
162. MIP (Managing Intellectual Property) (2008), 'Weekly News - 28 July 2008 Eisai patent survives obviousness claim post KSR,' accessed: www.managingip.com/Popupos/PrintArticle. aspx? ArticlelD= 198707.
163. MIP (Managing Intellectual Property) (2008), 'Weekly News - II July 2008, 'House of Lords clarifies obviousness test,' accessed: new.managingip.com/ Article/ 1972607 /House-of-Lordsclarifies- test-for-obviousness.html.
164. Miller, CJ. (1997), 'Patent law and human genomics,' Capital University Law Review, 26, 893.
165. Sha, J. (2007), 'Third time lucky,' Managing Intellectual Property, China IP Focus.
166. Warren-Jones, Amanda (200 I), Patenting rDNA: human and animal biotechnology in the United Kingdom and Europe, Whitney, Oxfordshire: Lawtext Publishing.
167. Warren, W. and L. Fang (2009) 'Special Report: Patentability of Genetic Sequences Limited,' Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, 13 May, accessed: www.genengnews.com/news.
168. Zhang, Qing Kui (ed.) (2005), Writing and Examination of Patent Applications for the Inventions in the Fields of Medical. Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology, 2nd edition, Beijing: Intellectual Property Press.
169. Adelman MJ. (1999), Ownership. Shop Rights and the Work For Hire Doctrine, CASRIP Publication Series: Streamlining International Intellectual Property, No.5, accessed: www.law. washington.edu/C ASRIP?Symposium?Number5/pub5atclI5.pdf.
170. American Chamber of Commerce (2003), '2003 White Paper, American Business in China,' accessed: www.amcham-china.org.cn/publications/white/2003/en-34.htm.
171. Baker, B.K. (2004), 'The Drug Registration Battlefield: US Trade Policy Erects New, Nearly Impenetrable Barriers to Lower-Cost Generic Medicines of Assured Quality', 16 February, accessed: www.cptech.org/ip/healthldataexcl/baker02162004.html.
172. Dueker, K.S. (1997), 'Biobusiness on Campus: Commercialization of University-Developed Biomedical Technologies,' Food Drug Law Journal 52(4), 453-509.
173. Draft amendments of Patent Law for public consultation (2006), Article 6, accessed: http://tanaka-laboratory.law.officelive.com/Documents/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7% 89%B9%E8%A8%B 1 %E6%B3%95%E8%8D%89%E6%A 1 %88%E5%AF%BE%E7%85%A 7%E8%Al%A8.pdf
174. Eisenberg, R.S. (1992), 'Genes, Patents, and Product Development,' SCience, 257 (5072), 903-08.
175. European Chemical Industry Council (2001), 'The chemical industry comments on possible new round and TRIPS, April, accessed: www.cefic.org.
176. Heller, M.A and R.S. Eisenberg (1998), 'Can Patents Deter Innovation? The Anticommons in Biomedical Research,' Science, 280 (5364), 698-701.
177. Liu, Yinliang (2007), Studies on Legal Issues for Biotechnology, Beijing: Science Publishing House.
178. Love, J. (2001), 'E-drug: linkage of patents and drug registration', accessed: www.essentialdrugs. org/edrug/archieve/200 1 02/msgOOO 1 O. php.
179. Mowery, D.C., R.R. Nelson, B.N. Sampat, and AA Ziedonis (2004), 'Ivory tower and industrial innovation: university-industry technology transfer before and after Bayh-Dole,' Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
180. Quach, u., H. Thorsteinsdottir, J. Renihan, A Bhatt, Z. Aesch, P. Singer and A Daar (2006), 'Biotechnology patenting takes off in developing countries,' International Journal of Biotechnology, 8 (1/2), 45.
181. SIPO, Annex 2 (2006), 'The explanations on the draft amendment of the PRC Patent Law (draft for public consultation 2006),' accessed: www.sipo.gov.cn.
182. Sha, J. (2006), 'Third time lucky', Managmg Intellectual Property, China IP Focus, p. 29.
183. Wong, A (2004), 'The life science patent battle', Managing Intellectual Property, China IP Focus 2004, p. 74.
184. Wu, Y.H. (2007), 'Are Clinical Trials Exempted from Liability for Patent Infringement?' China Patents & Trademarks, No.2, p. 59.
185. Barton, J.B and E.J. Emanuel (2005), 'The Patent-Based Phannaceutical Development Process, Rationale, Problems, and Potential Refonns', The Journal oj the American Medical Association, 294 (16), 2075-2082.
186. Blad, L.H. Jr. and P.R. Frontczak (2006), 'Old battle, new field: where will China draw the line between intellectual property and antitrust law?' Legal Times, October.
187. Boston Consulting Group (BCG) (2007), Beyond the Great Wall: Intellectual Property StrategiesJor Chinese Companies, Boston, MA: BCG, accessed: www.bcg.com.
188. Burk, D.L. and M.A Lemley (2003), 'Policy Levers in Patent Law', Virginia Law Review, 89,1575.
189. DFID (2004), 'Access to medicines in under-served markets: what are the implications of changes in intellectual property rights, trade and drug registration policy?' DFID Health System Resource Center, accessed: www.dfidhealthrc.orgipublications/atmlDFID_synthesis_ aw.pdf.
190. Frew, S.E., S.M. Sammut. AF. Shore, J.K. Ramjist, S. AI-Bader, R. Rezaie. AS. Daar and P. Singer (2007), 'Chinese health biotechnology and the billion-patient market.' Nature Biotechnology, 25(4).
191. Grace, C. (2004), 'The Effect of Changing Intellectual Property on Pharmaceutical Industry Prospects in India and China: Considerations for Access to Medicines,' Issues paper (DFID Health Resource Center, June 2004).
192. Grace, C. (2005), 'A Briefing Paper for DFID: Update on China and India and Access to Medicines,' London: DFID Health Resource Center.
193. Hu. X.D (2007). 'How to change China's 'patent slave' status?' SOllthern Weekend, 24 May, B15.
194. Li. F. and W.H. Deng (2006). 'SIPO: 99 per cent Chinese enterprises have no patents,' accessed: news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2006-06/19/content_ 47IS741.htm.
195. Liu Yingliang (2007), Studies on Legal Issues for Biotechnology, Beijing: Science Publishing House.
196. Mashelkar, R.A. (2005), 'Nation building through science and technology: a developing world perspective,' 10th Zuckennan Lecture, Innovation Strategy Today, I (I), London: Royal Society.
197. Quach, U., H. Thorsteinsdottir, J. Renihan. A. Bhatt, Z.C. Von Aesch, P.A. Singer and A.S. Daar (2006), 'Biotechnology patenting takes off in developing countries', International Journal of Biotechnology, 8 (1/2), 43-59.
198. Santini, L. (2004), 'Birth of a Biotechnology Industry', The Asian Wall Street Journal, 19 November, accessed: www.aegis.com/news/wsj/2004/wj041110.html.
199. Taplin, R. (2006), 'Innovation and Intellectual Property in China', KnowledgeLink Newsleller, accessed: scientific.thomson.com/news/newsletter/2006-0S/8322486/.
200. WIPO Patent Report (2008), Statistics on Worldwide Patent Activity, accessed: www.wipo.intl ipstats/enistatistics/patents/wipo.Jlub_931.html.
201. Xie, J.P. and H.H, Wang (2001), 'Formulation of Patent Strategy for China's Medium and Small Enterprises of Biological and Medical Technology', R&D Management, 13 (1), accessed: http://www.i1ib2.comlA-ISSN-1004-8308(2001)01-00SI-06.html
202. Yu, Z.L. (2006), 'The way out for China's bio-phannaceutical industry', People's Net, accessed: www.biotech.org.cnlnews/news/print. php.
203. Zhang, Xiaodu (2002), Substantial Requirementsfor Patent, Beijing: Law Press.
204. Zhou E.Y.B (2006), 'Chinese Biogenerics and Protection oflP Large Market Potential and Solid Foundation Set the Stage', Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, 26 (IS), accessed: www.gengengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid= I 875&chid=4.