메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 87, Issue 12, 2013, Pages 2063-2081

How the US National Academy of Sciences misled the world community on cancer risk assessment: New findings challenge historical foundations of the linear dose response

Author keywords

Dose response; History of science; Linearity; Muller; Mutation; Risk assessment

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CANCER RISK; CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS; DOSE RESPONSE; HISTORY; HUMAN; IONIZING RADIATION; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 84890568102     PISSN: 03405761     EISSN: 14320738     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1105-6     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (64)

References (94)
  • 1
    • 84857938313 scopus 로고
    • American Philosophical Society Stern Papers, Muller File - Box 16, 12 Nov
    • American Philosophical Society (1946) Muller letter to Stern. Stern Papers, Muller File - Box 16, 12 Nov
    • (1946) Muller Letter to Stern
  • 2
    • 84890557409 scopus 로고
    • American Philosophical Society 22 Jan 1947
    • American Philosophical Society (1947a) Stern letter to Muller, 22 Jan 1947
    • (1947) Stern Letter to Muller
  • 3
    • 84890557409 scopus 로고
    • American Philosophical Society 23 July 1947
    • American Philosophical Society (1947b) Stern letter to Muller, 23 July 1947
    • (1947) Stern Letter to Muller
  • 4
    • 84890557409 scopus 로고
    • American Philosophical Society 7 Aug 1947
    • American Philosophical Society (1947c) Stern letter to Muller (cable), 7 Aug 1947
    • (1947) Stern Letter to Muller (Cable)
  • 5
    • 84890561826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Philosophical Society (1947d) Muller letter to Stern, 8 Aug 1947
    • American Philosophical Society (1947d) Muller letter to Stern, 8 Aug 1947
  • 6
    • 84890566076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Philosophical Society (1947e) Stern letter to Muller, 9 Sept 1947
    • American Philosophical Society (1947e) Stern letter to Muller, 9 Sept 1947
  • 7
    • 84890568070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Philosophical Society (1947f) Caspari letter to Stern. Stern Papers, 25 Sept 1947
    • American Philosophical Society (1947f) Caspari letter to Stern. Stern Papers, 25 Sept 1947
  • 8
    • 84890546541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Philosophical Society (1947g) Caspari letter to Stern. Stern Papers, Box 21, 7 Oct
    • American Philosophical Society (1947g) Caspari letter to Stern. Stern Papers, Box 21, 7 Oct
  • 9
    • 84890569472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Philosophical Society (Undated) Stern letter to Caspari, July-Aug 1947
    • American Philosophical Society (Undated) Stern letter to Caspari, July-Aug 1947
  • 10
    • 84890557319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Philosophical Society (1949) Stern letter to Caspari. Stern Papers, 9 Feb 1949
    • American Philosophical Society (1949) Stern letter to Caspari. Stern Papers, 9 Feb 1949
  • 11
    • 84890560380 scopus 로고
    • American Philosophical Society Stern Nov 1973
    • American Philosophical Society (1973) A geneticists' journey, pp 1-19, Stern Nov 1973
    • (1973) A Geneticists' Journey , pp. 1-19
  • 12
    • 84986713159 scopus 로고
    • The effect of x rays on systems of biological importance
    • A. Hollaender (eds) McGraw-Hill Book Company New York
    • Barron ESG (1954) The effect of x rays on systems of biological importance. In: Hollaender A (ed) Radiation biology, volume I: high energy radiation, chapter 5. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, pp 283-314
    • (1954) Radiation Biology, Volume I: High Energy Radiation, Chapter 5 , pp. 283-314
    • Barron, E.S.G.1
  • 13
    • 70449264527 scopus 로고
    • Ionizing radiation and the citizen
    • Beadle GW (1959) Ionizing radiation and the citizen. Sci Am 201:219-232
    • (1959) Sci Am , vol.201 , pp. 219-232
    • Beadle, G.W.1
  • 14
    • 33847204264 scopus 로고
    • Genetic effects of atomic radiation
    • BEAR I (1956) Genetic effects of atomic radiation. Science 124:1157-1164
    • (1956) Science , vol.124 , pp. 1157-1164
    • Bear, I.1
  • 15
    • 84890563925 scopus 로고
    • Studies of X-ray mutations in the white and forked loci of Drosophila melanogaster. I. A Statistical analysis of mutation frequencies
    • Bonnier G, Lüning HG (1949) Studies of X-ray mutations in the white and forked loci of Drosophila melanogaster. I. A Statistical analysis of mutation frequencies. Hereditas 35:116-189
    • (1949) Hereditas , vol.35 , pp. 116-189
    • Bonnier, G.1    Lüning, H.G.2
  • 16
    • 84981839542 scopus 로고
    • Studies of X-ray mutations on the white and forked loci of Drosophila melanogaster. II. A study of the formation of Gynandromphs and other kinds of mosaics
    • Bonnier G, Lüning HG, Perje AM (1949) Studies of X-ray mutations on the white and forked loci of Drosophila melanogaster. II. A study of the formation of Gynandromphs and other kinds of mosaics. Hereditas 35:301-336
    • (1949) Hereditas , vol.35 , pp. 301-336
    • Bonnier, G.1    Lüning, H.G.2    Perje, A.M.3
  • 17
    • 84932579341 scopus 로고
    • Thermal effects on the spontaneous mutation rate in mature spermatozoa of Drosophila melanogaster
    • Byers L (1954) Thermal effects on the spontaneous mutation rate in mature spermatozoa of Drosophila melanogaster. Caryologia Suppl 1(6):694-696
    • (1954) Caryologia Suppl , vol.1 , Issue.6 , pp. 694-696
    • Byers, L.1
  • 18
    • 0000792662 scopus 로고
    • Influence of ageing at two different temperatures on the spontaneous mutation rate in mature spermatozoa of Drosophila melanogaster
    • Byers L, Muller HJ (1952) Influence of ageing at two different temperatures on the spontaneous mutation rate in mature spermatozoa of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 37(5):570-571
    • (1952) Genetics , vol.37 , Issue.5 , pp. 570-571
    • Byers, L.1    Muller, H.J.2
  • 19
    • 62349109928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The road to linearity: Why linearity at low doses became the basis for carcinogen risk assessment
    • 19247635 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXisVWrur0%3D
    • Calabrese EJ (2009) The road to linearity: why linearity at low doses became the basis for carcinogen risk assessment. Arch Toxicol 83:203-225
    • (2009) Arch Toxicol , vol.83 , pp. 203-225
    • Calabrese, E.J.1
  • 20
    • 81155144590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxicology rewrites its history and rethinks its future: Giving equal focus to both harmful and beneficial effects
    • 21932295 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsFyqsb3I
    • Calabrese EJ (2011a) Toxicology rewrites its history and rethinks its future: giving equal focus to both harmful and beneficial effects. Environ Toxicol Chem 30(12):2658-2673
    • (2011) Environ Toxicol Chem , vol.30 , Issue.12 , pp. 2658-2673
    • Calabrese, E.J.1
  • 21
    • 80053620898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Key studies to support cancer risk assessment questioned
    • 21786337 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXht1yks7%2FO
    • Calabrese EJ (2011b) Key studies to support cancer risk assessment questioned. Environ Mol Mutagen 52(8):595-606
    • (2011) Environ Mol Mutagen , vol.52 , Issue.8 , pp. 595-606
    • Calabrese, E.J.1
  • 22
    • 82355169796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muller's Nobel lecture on dose-response for ionizing radiation: Ideology or science?
    • 21717110 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXotFCksrc%3D
    • Calabrese EJ (2011c) Muller's Nobel lecture on dose-response for ionizing radiation: ideology or science? Arch Toxicol 85(12):1495-1498
    • (2011) Arch Toxicol , vol.85 , Issue.12 , pp. 1495-1498
    • Calabrese, E.J.1
  • 23
    • 84857989709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muller's Nobel Prize lecture: When ideology prevailed over science
    • 22166484 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XjtlKmtrY%3D
    • Calabrese EJ (2012) Muller's Nobel Prize lecture: when ideology prevailed over science. Toxicol Sci 126(1):1-4
    • (2012) Toxicol Sci , vol.126 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-4
    • Calabrese, E.J.1
  • 24
    • 80053627137 scopus 로고
    • The influence of chronic irradiation with gamma rays at low dosages on the mutation rate in Drosophila melanogaster
    • 17247272 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2s%2FmsFanug%3D%3D
    • Caspari E, Stern C (1948) The influence of chronic irradiation with gamma rays at low dosages on the mutation rate in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 33:75-95
    • (1948) Genetics , vol.33 , pp. 75-95
    • Caspari, E.1    Stern, C.2
  • 25
    • 76549257516 scopus 로고
    • Radiations and genetics
    • 14807928 1:STN:280:DyaG3M%2FjslCkug%3D%3D
    • Catcheside DG (1950) Radiations and genetics. Practitioner 165(990):590-593
    • (1950) Practitioner , vol.165 , Issue.990 , pp. 590-593
    • Catcheside, D.G.1
  • 26
    • 84890556316 scopus 로고
    • Professor of Genetics and Zoology, University of Wisconsin. Hearings before the Special Subcommittee on Radiation of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, Congress of the United States. 85th Congress, 1st session, part 1. United States Government Printing Office, Washington DC
    • Crow JF (1957a) Testimony - Statement of Dr. James F. Crow, Professor of Genetics and Zoology, University of Wisconsin. Hearings before the Special Subcommittee on Radiation of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, Congress of the United States. 85th Congress, 1st session, part 1. United States Government Printing Office, Washington DC
    • (1957) Testimony - Statement of Dr. James F. Crow
    • Crow, J.F.1
  • 27
    • 70449139837 scopus 로고
    • Genetic considerations in establishing maximum radiation doses
    • 13453709 1:STN:280:DyaG2s7gtVCrtg%3D%3D
    • Crow JF (1957b) Genetic considerations in establishing maximum radiation doses. Radiology 69(1):18-22
    • (1957) Radiology , vol.69 , Issue.1 , pp. 18-22
    • Crow, J.F.1
  • 28
    • 0029312538 scopus 로고
    • Quarreling geneticists and a diplomat
    • 7498724 1:STN:280:DyaK287itVahsQ%3D%3D
    • Crow JF (1995) Quarreling geneticists and a diplomat. Genetics 140:421-426
    • (1995) Genetics , vol.140 , pp. 421-426
    • Crow, J.F.1
  • 29
    • 84890560136 scopus 로고
    • Frequency of dominant lethal induced by radiation in sperms of Drosophila melanogaster
    • 17247125 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2s%2FmsFWjsw%3D%3D
    • Demerec M, Fano U (1944) Frequency of dominant lethal induced by radiation in sperms of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 29:348-360
    • (1944) Genetics , vol.29 , pp. 348-360
    • Demerec, M.1    Fano, U.2
  • 30
    • 84952308302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biographical memoirs. H. Bentley Glass
    • Erk FC (2009) Biographical memoirs. H. Bentley Glass. Proc Am Philos Soc 153(3):327-339
    • (2009) Proc Am Philos Soc , vol.153 , Issue.3 , pp. 327-339
    • Erk, F.C.1
  • 31
    • 37049250800 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative inferences concerning the genetic effects of radiation on human beings
    • 17782715 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3czot1Siug%3D%3D
    • Evans RD (1949) Quantitative inferences concerning the genetic effects of radiation on human beings. Science 109:299-304
    • (1949) Science , vol.109 , pp. 299-304
    • Evans, R.D.1
  • 32
    • 0242516306 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous chromosome aberrations in Tradescantia
    • 17246958 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2s%2FmsV2gtg%3D%3D
    • Giles N (1940) Spontaneous chromosome aberrations in Tradescantia. Genetics 25:69-87
    • (1940) Genetics , vol.25 , pp. 69-87
    • Giles, N.1
  • 34
    • 70449187742 scopus 로고
    • The genetic basis for the limitation of radiation exposure
    • 1:STN:280:DyaG1c%2FitFCksA%3D%3D
    • Glass B (1957b) The genetic basis for the limitation of radiation exposure. Am J Roentgen Radium Ther Nucl Med 78(6):955-960
    • (1957) Am J Roentgen Radium Ther Nucl Med , vol.78 , Issue.6 , pp. 955-960
    • Glass, B.1
  • 35
    • 76549240842 scopus 로고
    • Cytological aspects of protection from ionizing radiations
    • 15409084 1:STN:280:DyaG3c%2FhvVOitA%3D%3D
    • Glucksmann A (1950) Cytological aspects of protection from ionizing radiations. Br J Radiol 23(265):41-45
    • (1950) Br J Radiol , vol.23 , Issue.265 , pp. 41-45
    • Glucksmann, A.1
  • 36
    • 0015440898 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous mutations in Drosophila melanogaster
    • 1:STN:280:DyaE3s%2FotFWqsw%3D%3D
    • Graf U (1972) Spontaneous mutations in Drosophila melanogaster. Humangen Hum Genet 16(1):27-32
    • (1972) Humangen Hum Genet , vol.16 , Issue.1 , pp. 27-32
    • Graf, U.1
  • 37
    • 84883554236 scopus 로고
    • Mutations and mutagenic agents in bacteria
    • 1:CAS:528:DyaG3MXltlajtw%3D%3D
    • Haas Fl, Clark JB, Wyss O, Stone WS (1950) Mutations and mutagenic agents in bacteria. Am Nat 84(817):261-274
    • (1950) Am Nat , vol.84 , Issue.817 , pp. 261-274
    • Haas, F.1    Clark, J.B.2    Wyss, O.3    Stone, W.S.4
  • 38
    • 33847217335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A dispassionate and objective effort: Negotiating the first study on the biological effects of atomic radiation
    • 17993170
    • Hamblin JD (2007) A dispassionate and objective effort: negotiating the first study on the biological effects of atomic radiation. J Hist Biol 40(1):147-177
    • (2007) J Hist Biol , vol.40 , Issue.1 , pp. 147-177
    • Hamblin, J.D.1
  • 39
    • 9144267344 scopus 로고
    • An analysis of the effects of the different rays of radium in producing lethal mutations in Drosophila
    • 1:CAS:528:DyaA3cXotlw%3D
    • Hanson FB, Heys F (1929) An analysis of the effects of the different rays of radium in producing lethal mutations in Drosophila. Am Nat 63:201-213
    • (1929) Am Nat , vol.63 , pp. 201-213
    • Hanson, F.B.1    Heys, F.2
  • 40
    • 80053626032 scopus 로고
    • Atomic radiation hazards for fish
    • Higgins E (1951) Atomic radiation hazards for fish. J Wildl Manag 15(1):1-12
    • (1951) J Wildl Manag , vol.15 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-12
    • Higgins, E.1
  • 41
    • 70449317597 scopus 로고
    • Ionizing radiation and the living cell
    • 14402600 1:STN:280:DyaF3c7lsFaitg%3D%3D
    • Hollaender A, Stapleton GE (1959) Ionizing radiation and the living cell. Sci Am 201(3):94-100
    • (1959) Sci Am , vol.201 , Issue.3 , pp. 94-100
    • Hollaender, A.1    Stapleton, G.E.2
  • 42
    • 84890553542 scopus 로고
    • Joint Committee on Atomic Energy Summary-analysis of hearings 27-29 May, and 3-7 June, 1957 on the nature of radioactive fallout and its effect on man. United States Government Printing Office, Washington DC, Aug 1957
    • Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (1957) 85th Congress, 1st session. Summary-analysis of hearings 27-29 May, and 3-7 June, 1957 on the nature of radioactive fallout and its effect on man. United States Government Printing Office, Washington DC, Aug 1957
    • (1957) 85th Congress, 1st Session
  • 44
    • 11144277486 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous mutation rate in Drosophila
    • 20286617 1:STN:280:DyaH2s%2FkvVWgsw%3D%3D
    • Kaufmann BP (1947) Spontaneous mutation rate in Drosophila. Am Nat 81:77-80
    • (1947) Am Nat , vol.81 , pp. 77-80
    • Kaufmann, B.P.1
  • 45
    • 0002156405 scopus 로고
    • Symposium on radiation effects on cells and bacteria
    • 14363075 1:CAS:528:DyaG2MXkvFOguw%3D%3D
    • Kelner A, Bellamy WD, Stapleton GE, Zelle MR (1955) Symposium on radiation effects on cells and bacteria. Bacteriol Rev 19:22-44
    • (1955) Bacteriol Rev , vol.19 , pp. 22-44
    • Kelner, A.1    Bellamy, W.D.2    Stapleton, G.E.3    Zelle, M.R.4
  • 46
    • 84890569675 scopus 로고
    • X-ray induced genetic effects in germinal and somatic tissue of Drosophila Melanogaster
    • Lefevre G Jr (1950) X-ray induced genetic effects in germinal and somatic tissue of Drosophila Melanogaster. Am Nat 84(818):341-365
    • (1950) Am Nat , vol.84 , Issue.818 , pp. 341-365
    • Lefevre, Jr.G.1
  • 47
    • 0001119466 scopus 로고
    • Leukemia and ionizing radiation
    • 13421705 1:CAS:528:DyaG2sXlslSksw%3D%3D
    • Lewis EB (1957) Leukemia and ionizing radiation. Science 125(3255):965-972
    • (1957) Science , vol.125 , Issue.3255 , pp. 965-972
    • Lewis, E.B.1
  • 48
    • 84890568882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lilly Library (1938a) Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Stern letter to Demerec, 21 Jan 1938
    • Lilly Library (1938a) Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Stern letter to Demerec, 21 Jan 1938
  • 49
    • 84890567416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lilly Library (1938b) Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Demerec letter to Stern, 16 Mar 1938
    • Lilly Library (1938b) Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Demerec letter to Stern, 16 Mar 1938
  • 50
    • 84890548773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lilly Library (1938c) Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Stern letter to Demerec, 31 Mar 1938
    • Lilly Library (1938c) Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Stern letter to Demerec, 31 Mar 1938
  • 51
    • 84890568286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lilly Library (1946) Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Muller letter to Stern, 13 Sept 1946
    • Lilly Library (1946) Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Muller letter to Stern, 13 Sept 1946
  • 52
    • 84890568870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lilly Library (1947a) Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Muller letter to Stern, 14 Jan 1947
    • Lilly Library (1947a) Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Muller letter to Stern, 14 Jan 1947
  • 53
    • 84890554067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lilly Library (1947b) Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Muller letter to Stern, 3 Feb 1947
    • Lilly Library (1947b) Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Muller letter to Stern, 3 Feb 1947
  • 54
    • 84890569666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lilly Library (1947c) Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Muller letter to Stern, 4 Aug 1947
    • Lilly Library (1947c) Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Muller letter to Stern, 4 Aug 1947
  • 55
    • 84890554957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lilly Library (1949) Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Muller letter to Stern, 5 Feb 1949
    • Lilly Library (1949) Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Muller letter to Stern, 5 Feb 1949
  • 56
    • 14644401648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From fruit flies to fallout: Ed Lewis and his science
    • 15704137 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXislOjtrc%3D
    • Lipshitz HD (2005) From fruit flies to fallout: Ed Lewis and his science. Dev Dyn 232:529-546
    • (2005) Dev Dyn , vol.232 , pp. 529-546
    • Lipshitz, H.D.1
  • 57
    • 84981840147 scopus 로고
    • Effect of oxygen on irradiated males and females of Drosophila
    • Lüning KG (1954) Effect of oxygen on irradiated males and females of Drosophila. Hereditas 40(3-4):295-312
    • (1954) Hereditas , vol.40 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 295-312
    • Lüning, K.G.1
  • 58
    • 84981835385 scopus 로고
    • Neutron and x-ray experiments in barley
    • MacKey J (1951) Neutron and x-ray experiments in barley. Hereditas 37(3):421-464
    • (1951) Hereditas , vol.37 , Issue.3 , pp. 421-464
    • Mackey, J.1
  • 59
    • 84890554705 scopus 로고
    • Age in relation to the frequency of spontaneous mutations in Drosophila
    • Muller HJ (1945) Age in relation to the frequency of spontaneous mutations in Drosophila. Yearb Am Philos Soc 150-153
    • (1945) Yearb Am Philos Soc , pp. 150-153
    • Muller, H.J.1
  • 60
    • 84892696150 scopus 로고
    • The production of mutations
    • Nobleprize.org
    • Muller HJ (1946a) The production of mutations. Nobel Lecture, 1946. Nobleprize.org. http: www.nobelprize.org/nobel-prizes/medicine/laureates/1946
    • (1946) Nobel Lecture, 1946
    • Muller, H.J.1
  • 61
    • 84890554705 scopus 로고
    • Age in relation to the frequency of spontaneous mutations in Drosophila
    • 31 Dec 1945. The American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA
    • Muller HJ (1946b) Age in relation to the frequency of spontaneous mutations in Drosophila. In: Year book 1 Jan 1945, 31 Dec 1945. The American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA, pp 150-153
    • (1946) Year Book 1 Jan 1945 , pp. 150-153
    • Muller, H.J.1
  • 62
    • 0008451045 scopus 로고
    • The production of mutations
    • Muller J (1947) The production of mutations. J Hered 38(9):259-270
    • (1947) J Hered , vol.38 , Issue.9 , pp. 259-270
    • Muller, J.1
  • 63
    • 84890564168 scopus 로고
    • Mutational prophylaxis
    • 18864210 1:STN:280:DyaH1c%2Fgsl2mtQ%3D%3D
    • Muller HJ (1948) Mutational prophylaxis. Bull N Y Acad Med 24(7):447-469
    • (1948) Bull N y Acad Med , vol.24 , Issue.7 , pp. 447-469
    • Muller, H.J.1
  • 64
    • 76549243659 scopus 로고
    • Some present problems in the genetic effects of radiation
    • 1:STN:280:DyaG3c%2Fks1Wlsg%3D%3D
    • Muller HJ (1950a) Some present problems in the genetic effects of radiation. J Cell Comp Physiol 35(suppl 2):9-70
    • (1950) J Cell Comp Physiol , vol.35 , Issue.SUPPL. 2 , pp. 9-70
    • Muller, H.J.1
  • 65
    • 0001848754 scopus 로고
    • Radiation damage to the genetic material
    • 126
    • Muller HJ (1950b) Radiation damage to the genetic material. Am Sci 38(1):32-59, 126
    • (1950) Am Sci , vol.38 , Issue.1 , pp. 32-59
    • Muller, H.J.1
  • 67
    • 0343378544 scopus 로고
    • The nature of the genetic effects produced by radiation
    • A. Hollaender (eds) McGraw-Hill Book Company New York
    • Muller HJ (1954a) The nature of the genetic effects produced by radiation. In: Hollaender A (ed) Radiation biology. Volume I: high energy radiation, chapter 7. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, pp 351-473
    • (1954) Radiation Biology. Volume I: High Energy Radiation, Chapter 7 , pp. 351-473
    • Muller, H.J.1
  • 68
    • 0001876350 scopus 로고
    • The manner of production of mutations by radiation
    • A. Hollaender (eds) McGraw-Hill Book Company New York
    • Muller HJ (1954b) The manner of production of mutations by radiation. In: Hollaender A (ed) Radiation biology. Volume I: high energy radiation, chapter 8. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, pp 475-626
    • (1954) Radiation Biology. Volume I: High Energy Radiation, Chapter 8 , pp. 475-626
    • Muller, H.J.1
  • 72
    • 0004790824 scopus 로고
    • Mutation by alteration of the already existing gene
    • 13726701 1:STN:280:DyaF3c%2Fks1eiug%3D%3D
    • Muller HJ, Carlson E, Schalet A (1961) Mutation by alteration of the already existing gene. Genetics 46:213-226
    • (1961) Genetics , vol.46 , pp. 213-226
    • Muller, H.J.1    Carlson, E.2    Schalet, A.3
  • 73
    • 72849174845 scopus 로고
    • Genetic effects of ionizing radiation
    • 14426784 1:CAS:528:DyaF3cXksFSqug%3D%3D
    • Newcombe B (1960) Genetic effects of ionizing radiation. Can J Biochem Physiol 38(3):330-337
    • (1960) Can J Biochem Physiol , vol.38 , Issue.3 , pp. 330-337
    • Newcombe, B.1
  • 74
    • 70449212618 scopus 로고
    • Common sense approach to the problem of genetic hazard due to diagnostic radiology
    • 1:STN:280:DyaG1c7gs1ejtQ%3D%3D
    • Norwood WD (1958) Common sense approach to the problem of genetic hazard due to diagnostic radiology. JAMA 167(16):1928-1935
    • (1958) JAMA , vol.167 , Issue.16 , pp. 1928-1935
    • Norwood, W.D.1
  • 75
    • 84890547080 scopus 로고
    • The genetic effects of chronic-gamma irradiation in barley
    • Nybom N, Gustafsson A, Granhall I, Ehrenberg L (1956) The genetic effects of chronic-gamma irradiation in barley. Hereditas 42(1-2):74-84
    • (1956) Hereditas , vol.42 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 74-84
    • Nybom, N.1    Gustafsson, A.2    Granhall, I.3    Ehrenberg, L.4
  • 76
    • 1042285565 scopus 로고
    • The effect of varying the duration of x-ray treatment upon the frequency of mutation
    • 17806621 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3cvns1Gjsg%3D%3D
    • Oliver CP (1930) The effect of varying the duration of x-ray treatment upon the frequency of mutation. Science 71:44-46
    • (1930) Science , vol.71 , pp. 44-46
    • Oliver, C.P.1
  • 78
    • 34347177263 scopus 로고
    • Höhen-Strahlung und die Mutationsrate von Drosophila melanogaster
    • Rajewski BN, Timofeeff-Ressovsky NW (1939) Höhen-Strahlung und die Mutationsrate von Drosophila melanogaster. ZIAV 77:488-500
    • (1939) ZIAV , vol.77 , pp. 488-500
    • Rajewski, B.N.1    Timofeeff-Ressovsky, N.W.2
  • 79
    • 80053619835 scopus 로고
    • The validity of the Bunsen-Roscoe law in the production of mutations by radiation of extremely low intensity
    • Ray-Chaudhuri SP (1944) The validity of the Bunsen-Roscoe law in the production of mutations by radiation of extremely low intensity. Proc R Soc Edinb 62:66-72
    • (1944) Proc R Soc Edinb , vol.62 , pp. 66-72
    • Ray-Chaudhuri, S.P.1
  • 80
    • 0014511657 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous sex-linked recessive lethal frequencies from aged and non-aged spermatozoa of Drosophila melanogaster
    • 5807335 1:STN:280:DyaF1M3otVKmsw%3D%3D
    • Rinehart RR (1969) Spontaneous sex-linked recessive lethal frequencies from aged and non-aged spermatozoa of Drosophila melanogaster. Mutat Res 7:417-423
    • (1969) Mutat Res , vol.7 , pp. 417-423
    • Rinehart, R.R.1
  • 81
    • 38949144021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reflections on the impact of advances in the assessment of genetic risks of exposure to ionizing radiation on international radiation protection recommendations between the mid-1950s and the present
    • 18096428 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsVGku74%3D
    • Sankaranarayanan K, Wassom JS (2008) Reflections on the impact of advances in the assessment of genetic risks of exposure to ionizing radiation on international radiation protection recommendations between the mid-1950s and the present. Mutat Res 658:1-27
    • (2008) Mutat Res , vol.658 , pp. 1-27
    • Sankaranarayanan, K.1    Wassom, J.S.2
  • 82
    • 37049248713 scopus 로고
    • The cytological effects of low-intensity radiation
    • 14781746 1:STN:280:DyaG3M%2FhtFaqtA%3D%3D
    • Sax K (1950) The cytological effects of low-intensity radiation. Science 112(2908):332-333
    • (1950) Science , vol.112 , Issue.2908 , pp. 332-333
    • Sax, K.1
  • 83
    • 27144478732 scopus 로고
    • The effect of chronic gamma radiation on endosperm mutations in maize
    • 17247506 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2s%2FmsFCrsA%3D%3D
    • Singleton WR (1954a) The effect of chronic gamma radiation on endosperm mutations in maize. Genetics 39:587-603
    • (1954) Genetics , vol.39 , pp. 587-603
    • Singleton, W.R.1
  • 84
    • 62349113278 scopus 로고
    • Radiation effect on living systems
    • Singleton WR (1954b) Radiation effect on living systems. J Hered 45:58-64
    • (1954) J Hered , vol.45 , pp. 58-64
    • Singleton, W.R.1
  • 85
    • 0006404381 scopus 로고
    • The use of radiocobalt as a source of gamma rays and some effects of chronic irradiation on growing plants
    • Sparrow AH, Singleton WR (1953) The use of radiocobalt as a source of gamma rays and some effects of chronic irradiation on growing plants. Am Nat 87(832):29-48
    • (1953) Am Nat , vol.87 , Issue.832 , pp. 29-48
    • Sparrow, A.H.1    Singleton, W.R.2
  • 86
    • 77956815393 scopus 로고
    • Some biological aspects of experimental radiology. A historical review
    • 1:CAS:528:DyaG1MXpsFSrtQ%3D%3D
    • Spear FG (1958) Some biological aspects of experimental radiology. A historical review. Intern Rev Cytol 7:1-77
    • (1958) Intern Rev Cytol , vol.7 , pp. 1-77
    • Spear, F.G.1
  • 87
    • 0010147490 scopus 로고
    • Experiments to test the validity of the linear R-dose/mutation at low dosage
    • 17247270 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2s%2FmsFantA%3D%3D
    • Spencer WP, Stern C (1948) Experiments to test the validity of the linear R-dose/mutation at low dosage. Genetics 33:43-74
    • (1948) Genetics , vol.33 , pp. 43-74
    • Spencer, W.P.1    Stern, C.2
  • 90
    • 84890561434 scopus 로고
    • The concept of a maximum permissible exposure
    • 14920698 1:CAS:528:DyaG38Xkt1Clsg%3D%3D
    • Stone RS (1952) The concept of a maximum permissible exposure. Radiology 58(5):639-661
    • (1952) Radiology , vol.58 , Issue.5 , pp. 639-661
    • Stone, R.S.1
  • 91
    • 84981840206 scopus 로고
    • X-ray induced lethal mutations in several strains of Drosophila melanogaster
    • Strömnaes O (1951) X-ray induced lethal mutations in several strains of Drosophila melanogaster. Hereditas 37:533-559
    • (1951) Hereditas , vol.37 , pp. 533-559
    • Strömnaes, O.1
  • 92
    • 0000346260 scopus 로고
    • Uber die Natur der Genmutation und der Genstruktur. Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen:Mathematische-Physikalische Klass, Fachgruppe VI
    • Timoféeff-Ressovsky NW, Zimmer KG, Delbruck M (1935) Uber die Natur der Genmutation und der Genstruktur. Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen:Mathematische-Physikalische Klass, Fachgruppe VI, Biologie 1(13):189-245
    • (1935) Biologie , vol.1 , Issue.13 , pp. 189-245
    • Timoféeff-Ressovsky Nw, Z.1
  • 94
    • 9144236032 scopus 로고
    • The genetic effects of low intensity in irradiation
    • 17815002 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3czotlClsw%3D%3D
    • Uphoff DE, Stern C (1949) The genetic effects of low intensity in irradiation. Science 109:609-610
    • (1949) Science , vol.109 , pp. 609-610
    • Uphoff, D.E.1    Stern, C.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.