Insights on the study of nafion nanoscale morphology by transmission electron microscopy

Membranes

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 424-439

  Yakovlev, Sergey ^a,c   Balsara, Nitash P ^a,b   Downing, Kenneth H ^a  

^a LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c EXXONMOBIL UPSTREAM RESEARCH COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

Electron beam damage; Electron microscopy; Nafion

Indexed keywords

ELECTRON BEAMS; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; IRRADIATION; MEMBRANES; PHASE SEPARATION; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;

BEAM-INDUCED MOVEMENTS; CHARGE NEUTRALIZATION; ELECTRON BEAM DAMAGE; ELECTRON BEAM IRRADIATION; ENERGY-LOSS SPECTROSCOPY; NAFION; NANOSCALE MORPHOLOGY; POLYELECTROLYTE MEMBRANES;

MORPHOLOGY;

EID: 84890511729     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20770375     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/membranes3040424     Document Type: Article

References (20)

1. Heitner-Wirguin, C. Recent advances in perfluorinated ionomer membranes: Structure, properties and applications. J. Membr. Sci. 1996, 120, 1-33.
2. Mauritz, K.A.; Moore, R.B. State of understanding of Nafion. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 4535-4585.
3. Józef, C. Electron microscopy investigation of ion exchange membranes. Polymer 1978, 19, 73-76.
4. Porat, Z.; Fryer, J.R.; Huxham, M.; Rubinstein, I. Electron Microscopy Investigation of the Microstructure of Nafion Films. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 4667-4671.
5. Fujimura, M.; Hashimoto, T.; Kawai, H. Small-angle X-ray scattering study of perfluorinated ionomer membranes. 2. Models for ionic scattering maximum. Macromolecules 1982, 15, 136-144.
6. Li, C.; Register, R.A.; Cooper, S.L. Direct observation of ionic aggregates in sulphonated polystyrene ionomers. Polymer 1989, 30, 1227-1233.
7. Bahr, G.F.; Johnson, F.B.; Zeitler, E. Elementarty composition of organic objects after electron irradiation. Lab. Invest. 1965, 14, 1115-1133.
8. Ciliax, B.J.; Kirk, K.L.; Leapman, R.D. Radiation damage of fluorinated organic compounds measured by parallel electron energy loss spectroscopy. Ultramicroscopy 1993, 48, 13-25.
9. Glaeser, R.M.; Taylor, K.A. Radiation damage relative to transmission electron microscopy of biological specimens at low temperature: A review. J. Microsc. 1978, 112, 127-138.
10. Hongsirikarn, K.; Mo, X.; Goodwin, J.G., Jr.; Creager, S. Effect of H2O2 on Nafion® properties and conductivity at fuel cell conditions. J. Power Sources 2011, 196, 3060-3072.
11. Peron, J.; Mani, A.; Zhao, X.; Edwards, D.; Adachi, M.; Soboleva, T.; Shi, Z.; Xie, Z.; Navessin, T.; Holdcroft, S. Properties of Nafion® NR-211 membranes for PEMFCs. J. Membr. Sci. 2010, 356, 44-51.
12. Scheiba, F.; Benker, N.; Kunz, U.; Roth, C.; Fuess, H. Electron microscopy techniques for the analysis of the polymer electrolyte distribution in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J. Power Sources 2008, 177, 273-280.
13. Peiffer, D.G.; Weiss, R.A.; Lundberg, R.D. Microphase separation in sulfonated polystyrene ionomers. J. Polym. Sci. 1982, 20, 1503-1509.
14. Laird, E.D.; Bose, R.K.; Wang, W.; Lau, K.K.S.; Li, C.Y. Carbon Nanotube-Directed Polytetrafluoroethylene Crystal Growth via Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2013, 34, 251-256.
15. Ahn, C.C.; Krivanek, O.L. EELS Atlas: A Reference Collection of Electron Energy Loss Spectra Covering All Stable Elements; Gatan: Warrendale, PA, USA, 1983.
16. Yakovlev, S.; Libera, M. Cryo-STEM EELS of Nafion Saturated with an Organic Solvent. Microsc. Microanal. 2006, 12, 996-997.
17. Hinatsu, J.T.; Mizuhata, M.; Takenaka, H. Water-Uptake of Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes from Liquid Water and Water-Vapor. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1994, 141, 1493-1498.
18. Chan, C.D.; Seitz, M.E.; Winey, K.I. Disordered Spheres with Extensive Overlap in Projection: Image Simulation and Analysis. Microsc. Microanal. 2011, 17, 872-878.
19. Sperati, C.A.; Starkweather, H.W., Jr. Fluorine-containing polymers. II. Polytetrafluoroethylene. Adv. Polym. Sci. 1961, 2, 465-495.
20. Chanzy, H.; Folda, T.; Smith, P.; Gardner, K.; Revol, J.F. Lattice imaging in polytetrafluoroethylene single crystals. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 1986, 5, 1045-1047.