Children, adults, best interests and rights

Medical Law International

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 55-74

  Archard, David ^a  

^a QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

'Voice'; Best interests; Dynamic self determination; Indeterminacy; Paternalism; Rights; Threshold; Weighting

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHILD WELFARE; COMPREHENSION; DECISION MAKING; FREEDOM; HUMAN; HUMAN RIGHTS; INTELLIGENCE; LEGAL COMPETENCE; MATURITY; MEDICAL PRACTICE; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL EVOLUTION; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SOCIAL WORKER;

EID: 84890461668     PISSN: 09685332     EISSN: 20479441     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0968533213486543     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. J. Elster, 'Solomonic Judgements: Against the Best Interests of the Child', University of Chicago Law Review 54 (1987), pp. 1-46.
2. R. Mnookin, 'Child-Custody Adjudication: Judicial Functions in the Face of Indeterminacy', Law and Contemporary Problems 39 (1975), pp. 259-364.
3. R. Mnookin and E. Szwed, 'The "Best Interests" Syndrome and the Allocation of Power in Child Care', in H. Geach and E. Szwed, eds. Providing Civil Justice for Children (London, UK: Edwin Arnold, 1983), pp. 7-20, at p. 7.
4. H.L.A. Hart 'The Concept of Law', P. Bulloch and J. Raz, eds. 2nd ed. (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1994).
5. P. Stephen, 'The Best Interests of the Child: Principles and Problems', International Journal of Law and the Family 8 (1994), pp. 26-41.
6. M. Cherry, 'Parental Authority and Pediatric Bioethical Decision Making', Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 35 (2010), pp. 553-572, at p. 560.
7. An exception is J. Herring, 'Farewell Welfare?' Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law 27(2) (2005), pp. 159-171.
8. Mnookin and Szwed, Herring, 'Farewell Welfare', p. 8.
9. C. Piper, 'Assumptions About Children's Best Interests', Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law 22(3) (2000), pp. 261-276.
10. H. Reece, 'The Paramountcy Principle, Consensus or Construct?' Current Legal Problems 49 (1996), pp. 267-289.
11. Herring, Reece, 'Paramountcy Principle', p. 162
12. Human Fertilization and Embryology Act 1990, section 13(5). Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/37/introduction (accessed 19 April 2013).
13. E. Jackson, 'Rethinking the Preconception Welfare Principle', in K. Horsey and H. Biggs, eds. Human Fertilisation and Embryology: Reproducing Regulation (London, UK: Routledge-Cavendish, 2006), pp. 47-67.
14. Human Fertilization and Embryology Act 2008, section 14(20(b). Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/22/contents (accessed 19 April 2013).
15. For a useful summary of how the law viewed children and the powers of parents before the modern era, see A. Bainham, 'Children, The Modern Law', in A. Bainham, ed. Chapter 1, Children and the Law: A Demographic and Historical Sketch. 3rd ed. (Bristol, UK: Jordan Publishing Ltd, 2005).
16. Children Act 1989, section 1(1) Available at: http://www.legislation.gov. uk/ukpga/1989/41/introduction (accessed 19 April 2013).
17. United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, Article 3, Available at: www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CRC.aspx (accessed 19 April 2013).
18. see J. Eekelaar, 'Beyond the Welfare Principle', Child and Family Law Quarterly 14(3) (2002), pp. 237-250.
19. F. Schoeman, 'Parental Discretion and Children's Rights: Background and Implications for Medical Decision-Making', Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 10 (1985), pp. 45-61;
20. see also M.J. Cherry, 'Parental Authority and Pediatric Bioethical Decision Making', Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 35 (2010), pp. 553-572.
21. United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, Article 12 (1). Available at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm (accessed 19 April 2013).
22. J. Eekelaar, 'The Interests of the Child and the Child's Wishes: The Role of Dynamic Self-Determinism', International Journal of Law and the Family 8 (1994), pp. 42-61.
23. J. Fortin, 'Children's Rights: Are the Courts Now Taking Them More Seriously?' The King's College Law Journal 15(2) (2004), p. 259;
24. see also her Children's Rights and the Developing Law (London, UK: Lexis-Nexis Butterworth, 2003), p. 592.
25. H.L.A. Hart, 'Bentham on Legal Rights', in A.W. Simpson, ed. Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence, 2nd series (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1973), pp. 171-201;
26. L.W. Sumner, The Moral Foundation of Rights (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1987);
27. H. Steiner, An Essay on Rights (Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1994).
28. M.H. Kramer, 'Rights Without Trimmings', in M.H. Kramer, N. Simmonds and H. Steiner, eds. A Debate Over Rights, Philosophical Enquiries (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1998), pp. 7-111;
29. N. MacCormick, 'Children's Rights: A Test-Case', in N. MacCormick, ed. Legal Right and Social Democracy (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press: 1982), pp. 154-166;
30. J. Raz, 'Legal Rights', Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 4(1) (1984), pp. 1-21.
31. Mental Capacity Act 2005, section 2 (1). Available at: www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/9/contents (accessed 19 April 2013).
32. H.L.A. Hart, 'Bentham on Legal Rights', in A. W. Simpson ed. Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence (2nd series, Oxford: Clarendon Press: 1973), p. 184, n. 86.
33. H. Brighouse, 'How Should Children Be Heard?' Arizona Law Review 45 (2003), pp. 691-711.
34. Eekelaar, 'The Interests of the Child and the Child's Wishes', p. 42.
35. Eekelaar, 'The Interests of the Child and the Child's Wishes'.
36. T.L. Kuther, 'Medical Decision-Making and Minors: Issues of Consent and Assent', Adolescence 38(150) (2003), pp. 343-358.
37. D. Archard and M. Skivenes, 'Balancing a Child's Best Interests and a Child's Views', International Journal of Children's Rights 17(1) (2009), pp. 1-21;
38. 'Hearing the Child', Child and Family Social Work 14(4) (2009), pp. 391-399.
39. Children Act 1989, 'Balancing', section 1(3)(a).
40. see, for instance, P. Reder and G. Fitzpatrick, 'What is Sufficient Understanding?' Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 3(1) (1998), pp. 1359-1045.
41. Gillick, 189.
42. Re R (A Minor) (Wardship: Medical Treatment) [1992] 1 FLR 190;
43. Re W(A Minor) (Consent to Medical Treatment) [1993] 1 FLR 1.
44. see, S. Gilmore and J. Herring, '"No" is the Hardest Word: Consent and Children's Autonomy', Child and Family Law Quarterly 23(1) (2011), pp. 3-23;
45. see E. Cave and J. Wallbank, 'Minors' Capacity to Refuse Treatment: A Reply to Gilmore and Herring', Medical Law Review 20(3) (2012), pp. 423-449.
46. Re M (Medical Treatment : Consent) [1999] 2 FLR 1097.
47. J. Feinberg, 'The Child's Right to an Open Future', in W. Aiken and H. LaFollette, eds. Whose Child? Children's Rights, Parental Authority, and State Power (Lanham, MD: Littlefield Adams, 1980), pp. 124-153.
48. Eekelaar, 'Child's Right', p. 54.
49. Eekelaar, 'Child's Right', p. 48.
50. N. Thomas, and C. O'Kane, 'When Children's Wishes and Feelings Clash with Their Best Interests', International Journal of Children's Rights 6 (1998), pp. 137-154.
51. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty [1859] Chapter 1.
52. See, amongst others, R. Arnseon, 'Joel Feinberg and the Justification of Hard Paternalism', Legal Theory 11(3) (2005), pp. 259-284;
53. P. de Marneffe, 'Avoiding Paternalism', Philosophy and Public Affairs 34:1 (2006), pp. 68-94
54. P. de Marneffe, Liberalism and Prostitution (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2010), Chapter 3 'The Permissibility of Paternalism';
55. Kalle Grille, Anti-paternalism and Public Health Policy, Doctoral thesis in Philosophy, Stockholm, Sweden, 2009.