Liberalism and Prostitution

Liberalism and Prostitution

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-224

  de Marneffe, Peter ^a  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Government neutrality; Individual rights; Liberalism; Liberty; Moralism; Paternalism; Prostitution

Indexed keywords

EID: 84922577823     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195383249.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (330)

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2. John F. Decker, Prostitution: Regulation and Control (Littleton, Colo.: Rothman, 1979), pp. 203-210;
3. Melissa Farley, "'Bad for the Body, Bad for the Heart': Prostitution Harms Women Even if Legalized or Decriminalized," Violence Against Women 10 (October 2004): 1087-1125, at pp. 1104-1109;
4. Judith Lewis Herman, "Hidden in Plain Sight: Clinical Observations on Prostitution," in Melissa Farley, ed., Prostitution, Trafficking, and Traumatic Stress (Binghamton, N.Y.: Haworth Maltreatment and Trauma Press, 2004), pp. 1-13, at pp. 6-7;
5. Cecilie Hoigard and Liv Finstad, Backstreets: Prostitution, Money and Love, trans. Katherine Hanson, Nancy Sipe, and Barbara Wilson (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992), pp. 50-84, 106-123;
6. Joan J. Johnson, Teen Prostitution (Danbury, Conn.: Franklin Watts, 1992), pp. 18-19;
7. Lisa A. Kramer, "Emotional Experiences of Performing Prostitutes," in Farley, Prostitution, Trafficking, and Traumatic Stress, pp. 187-197;
8. Sven-Axel Mansson and U-C. Hedin, "Breaking the Matthew Effect-On Women Leaving Prostitution," International Journal of Social Welfare 8, no. 1 (1999): 67-77, at p. 72;
9. Roger Matthews, Prostitution, Politics and Policy (New York: Routledge-Cavendish, 2008), pp. 37, 81;
10. Neil McKeganey and Marina Barnard, Sex Work on the Streets (Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1996), pp. 82-98;
11. Kate Millett, "Prostitution: A Quartet for Female Voices," in Vivian Gornick and Barbara K. Moran, eds., Woman in Sexist Society: Studies in Power and Powerlessness (New York: Basic Books, 1971), pp. 21-69
12. Julia O'Connell Davidson, Prostitution, Power and Freedom (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 1998), pp. 102-103, 206-210;
13. Roberta Perkins and Garry Bennett, Being a Prostitute (Winchester, Mass.: Allen & Unwin, Inc., 1985), pp. 109, 112, 113, 123-124, 131;
14. Joanna Phoenix, Making Sense of Prostitution (London: Macmillan Press, 1999), pp. 131-136;
15. Janice G. Raymond, "Ten Reasons for Not Legalizing Prostitution and a Legal Response to the Demand for Prostitution," in Farley, Prostitution, Trafficking, and Traumatic Stress, pp. 315-332, at pp. 324-326;
16. Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), pp. 97-100;
17. Jess Stern, Sisters of the Night (New York: Julian Messner, 1956), pp. 151-163;
18. Ine Vanwesenbeeck, Prostitutes' Well-Being and Risk (Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1994), pp. 106-110, 147-152;
19. D. Kelly Weisberg, Children of the Night: A Study of Adolescent Prostitution (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1985), pp. 111-113, 116-117.
20. Pat Barker, Blow Your House Down (London: Virago Press, 1984), p. 82;
21. Nanette J. Davis, "From Victims to Survivors: Working with Recovering Street Prostitutes," in Ronald Weitzer, ed., Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography and the Sex Industry (New York: Routledge, 2000), pp. 139-155, at p. 151;
22. Hoigard and Finstad, Backstreets, pp. 51, 79;
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24. Alexandra K. Murphy and Sudhir A. Venkatesh, "Vice Careers: The Changing Contours of Sex Work in New York City," Qualitative Sociology 29 (2006): 129-154, at p. 148;
25. Adele Weiner, "Understanding the Social Needs of Streetwalking Prostitutes," Social Work 41 (1996): 97-105, at p. 98.
26. Eileen McLeod, Women Working: Prostitution Now (London: Croom Helm, 1982), p. 26;
27. Phoenix, Making Sense of Prostitution, pp. 107-109;
28. Stern, Sisters of the Night, p. 147.
29. Deborah R. Brock, Making Work, Making Trouble: Prostitution as a Social Problem (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1998), p. 109;
30. Ronald B. Flowers, The Prostitution of Women and Girls (London: McFarland, 1998), p. 28;
31. Claude Jaget, ed., Prostitutes-Our Life (Bristol, U.K.: Falling Wall Press, 1980), p. 159;
32. Johnson, Teen Prostitution, pp. 106-107;
33. Millet, "Prostitution: A Quartet for Female Voices," p. 52;
34. Murphy and Venkatesh, "Vice Careers," p. 142;
35. O'Connell Davidson, Prostitution, Power and Freedom, p. 69;
36. Karen Sharpe, Red Light, Blue Light: Prostitutes, Punters, and the Police (Brookfield, Vt.: Ashgate, 1998), p. 168;
37. Stern, Sisters of the Night, p. 156;
38. Weisberg, Children of the Night, p. 111.
39. Teela Sanders, Sex Work: A Risky Business (Cullompton, U.K.: Willan, 2005), p. 48;
40. Sharpe, Red Light, Blue Light, p. 34.
41. Arlene Carmen and Howard Moody, Working Women: The Subterranean World of Street Prostitution (New York: Harper and Row, 1985), pp. 84-85;
42. Melissa Farley, Prostitution and Trafficking in Nevada: Making the Connections (San Francisco: Prostitution Research and Education, 2007), p. 57;
43. Flowers, Prostitution of Women and Girls, p. 51;
44. Hoigard and Finstad, Backstreets, pp. 77-81.
45. Patricia Whelehan, An Anthropological Perspective on Prostitution: The World's Oldest Profession (Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press, 2001), p. 49.
46. Phoenix, Making Sense of Prostitution, pp. 75-100.
47. Murphy and Venkatesh, "Vice Careers," pp. 141-142;
48. O'Connell Davidson, Prostitution, Power and Freedom, pp. 88-106.
49. Jennifer James, "The Prostitute as Victim," in Jane Roberts Chapman and Margaret Gates, eds., The Victimization of Women (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1978), pp. 175-201, at p. 177;
50. Silbert, "Prostitution and Sexual Assault," p. 70;
51. Nobuho Tomita, "Japan," in Davis, ed., Prostitution, pp. 176-190, at p. 182;
52. Weisberg, Children of the Night, p. 153.
53. Flowers, Prostitution of Women and Girls, p. 47;
54. Matthews, Prostitution, Politics and Policy, p. 36;
55. Murphy and Venkatesh, "Vice Careers," p. 135;
56. Silbert, "Prostitution and Sexual Assault," p. 70;
57. Stern, Sisters of the Night, p. 147;
58. Weisberg, Children of the Night, pp. 112-113.
59. Gail Sheehy, Hustling: Prostitution in Our Wide Open Society (New York: Delacorte Press, 1973), p. 6;
60. Hoigard and Finstad, Backstreets, pp. 47-50;
61. Jaget, Prostitutes, pp. 159-160;
62. Sharpe, Red Light, Blue Light, pp. 71-73, 168;
63. Stern, Sisters of the Night, p. 147.
64. Barker, Blow Your House Down, p. 48;
65. Matthews, Prostitution, Politics and Policy, pp. 11, 74-75;
66. Sanders, Sex Work, p. 156.
67. Phoenix, Making Sense of Prostitution, pp. 108-109.
68. Barker, Blow Your House Down, p. 48;
69. Hoigard and Finstad, Backstreets, p. 49.
70. Albert, Brothel, p. 157;
71. Farley, Prostitution and Trafficking in Nevada, p. 149;
72. Sheehy, Hustling, p. 5;
73. Charles Winick and Paul M. Kinsie, The Lively Commerce (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1971), p. 287.
74. Dorchen A. Leidholdt, "Prostitution and Trafficking in Women: An Intimate Relationship," in Farley, Prostitution, Trafficking, and Traumatic Stress, pp. 167-183, at p. 171;
75. Phoenix, Making Sense of Prostitution, p. 109.
76. Roger Matthews, "Beyond Wolfenden? Prostitution, Politics and the Law," in Roger Matthews and Jock Young, eds., Confronting Crime (London: Sage, 1986), pp. 188-210, at p. 199;
77. Maude Miner, Slavery of Prostitution: A Plea for Emancipation (New York: Garland, 1987;
78. Linda-Mary Banach and Sue Metzenrath, Principles for Model Sex Industry Legislation (Sydney: Scarlet Alliance, 2000), p. 1;
79. Kate DeCou, "U.S. Policy on Prostitution: Whose Welfare Is Served?" Civil and Criminal Confinement 24 (1998): 427-53, at p. 451.
80. Katherine Gregory, The Everyday Lives of Sex Workers in the Netherlands (New York: Routledge, 2005), p. 163.
81. Joyce Outshoorn, ed., The Politics of Prostitution: Women's Movements, Democratic States, and the Globalization of Sex Commerce (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 165-184, at p. 167.
82. Joyce Outshoorn, "Voluntary and Forced Prostitution: The 'Realistic Approach' of the Netherlands," in Outshoorn, ed., The Politics of Prostitution, pp. 185-204, at pp. 198-199.
83. Annie Sprinkle, "We've Come a Long Way-And We're Exhausted!" in Nagle, Whores and Other Feminists, pp. 66-69, at p. 67.
84. Allie C. Kilpatrick, Long-Range Effects of Child and Adolescent Sexual Experience: Myths, Mores, Menaces (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1992), pp. xvii, 37-41, 45, 115-116.
85. Harry Benjamin and R. E. L. Masters, Prostitution and Immorality (New York: Julian Press, 1964), pp. 372-376.
86. Laurie Shrage, Moral Dilemmas of Feminism: Prostitution, Adultery and Abortion (London: Routledge, 1994), pp. 82-87, 158-161.
87. Richard A. Posner and Katharine B. Silbaugh, A Guide to American Sex Laws (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), pp. 155-187.
88. Alan Hunt, Governing Morals: A Social History of Moral Regulation (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 102.
89. Elizabeth Vorenberg and James Vorenberg, "The Biggest Pimp of All," Atlantic (January 1977): 27-38.
90. Mary Sullivan and Sheila Jeffreys, "Legalization: The Australian Experience," Violence against Women 8, no. 9 (2002): 1140-1148, at p. 1142.
91. Dorchen A. Leidholdt, "Prostitution and Trafficking in Women: An Intimate Relationship," in Farley, Prostitution, Trafficking, and Traumatic Stress, pp. 167-183, at pp. 179-180;
92. Raymond, "Ten Reasons for Not Legalizing Prostitution," pp. 317-318.
93. Julie Bindel and Liz Kelly, A Critical Examination of Responses to Prostitution in Four Countries: Victoria, Australia; Ireland; the Netherlands, and Sweden (London: London Metropolitan University, 2003) p. 25;
94. Gunilla Ekberg, "The Swedish Law that Prohibits the Purchase of Sexual Services," Violence Against Women 10, no. 10 (2004): 1187-1218, at pp. 1193-1194, 1199-1200.
95. Ronald Weitzer, "Prostitution Control in America: Rethinking Public Policy," Crime, Law and Social Change 32 (1999): 83-102, at pp. 95-97.
96. Hoigard and Finstad, Backstreets, pp. 170-171;
97. Millett, "Prostitution: A Quartet for Female Voices," pp. 65-67;
98. Phoenix, Making Sense of Prostitution, pp. 147-149, 156-159.
99. Jane Addams, A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil, introduction by Katherine Joslin (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, [1912] 2002), p. 109.
100. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, ed. Elizabeth Rapaport (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1978), pp. 9-10.
101. John J. Rumberger, Profits, Power, and Prohibition: Alcohol Reform and the Industrializing of America, 1800-1930 (Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1989), p. 39.
102. Ronald Dworkin, "Liberalism," A Matter of Principle (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985), pp. 181-204.
103. Ronald Dworkin, Sovereign Virtue (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000), pp. 1-3;
104. John Rawls, Justice as Fairness: A Restatement (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001), pp. 7, 13, 39, 46, 132, 133.
105. Stephen Breyer, Active Liberty (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005);
106. Antonin Scalia, A Matter of Interpretation (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997).
107. Benjamin Constant, "The Liberty of the Ancients Compared with That of the Moderns," Benjamin Constant: Political Writings, trans. and ed. Biancamaria Fontana (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 309-328.
108. Isaiah Berlin, "Two Concepts of Liberty," Four Essays on Liberty (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969), pp. 118-172, at pp. 122, 131.
109. T. M. Scanlon, What We Owe to Each Other (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998), p. 4.
110. Thomas Nagel, "Progressive but Not Liberal," New York Review of Books 53 (May 25, 2006): 45-48.
111. Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1988), pp. 189-218, esp. pp. 206-208.
112. Sibyl Schwarzenbach, "Contractarians and Feminists Debate Prostitution," NYU Review of Law and Social Change 28 (1991): 103-130, at pp. 112-117.
113. Ronald Dworkin, Sovereign Virtue (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000), p. 282.
114. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), p. 331.
115. Catharine A. MacKinnon, Sex Equality (New York: Foundation Press, 2001), p. 1395.
116. Claude Jaget, ed., Prostitutes-Our Life (Bristol, U.K.: Falling Wall Press, 1980), p. 113.
117. Bob Herbert, "City as Predator," New York Times, September 4, 2007.
118. Cecilie Hoigard and Liv Finstad, Backstreets: Prostitution, Money, and Love, trans. Katherine Hanson, Nancy Sipe, and Barbara Wilson (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992), p. 63.
119. Evelina Giobbe, "Prostitution: Buying the Right to Rape," in Ann W. Burgess, ed., Rape and Sexual Assault III: A Research Handbook (New York: Garland Press, 1991), pp. 143-160, at p. 151.
120. D. Kelly Weisberg, Children of the Night: A Study of Adolescent Prostitution (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1985), p. 99.
121. Ronald Dworkin, Life's Dominion (New York: Vintage Books, 1994), p. 96.
122. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, ed. Elizabeth Rapaport (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1978), p. 9;
123. H. L. A Hart, Law, Liberty, and Morality (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1963), pp. 4-6, 30-34.
124. Joel Feinberg, The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law, Vol. I: Harm to Others (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 12.
125. Lars Ericsson, "Charges against Prostitution: An Attempt at a Philosophical Assessment," Ethics 90 (April 1980): 335-366, at pp. 337-339, 342-344;
126. David A. J. Richards, "Commercial Sex and the Rights of the Person," Sex, Drugs, Death and the Law (Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1982), pp. 84-153, at pp. 94-95.
127. Kate Millet, "Prostitution: A Quartet for Female Voices," in Vivian Gornick and Barbara K. Moran, eds., Woman in Sexist Society: Studies in Power and Powerlessness (New York: Basic Books, 1971), pp. 21-69, at p. 68.
128. Richards, "Commercial Sex and the Rights of the Person," and "Drug Use and the Rights of the Person," in Sex, Drugs, Death and Law, pp. 157-212.
129. Douglas Husak and Peter de Marneffe, The Legalization of Drugs (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
130. Jane Addams, A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil, introduction by Katherine Joslin (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, [1912] 2002), p. 99.
131. Maude Miner, Slavery of Prostitution: A Plea for Emancipation (New York: Garland, 1987;
132. John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism, ed. George Sher (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1979), pp. 8-11.
133. Walter Lippmann, A Preface to Politics (New York: Mitchell Kennerley, 1914), p. 124.
134. Mark Thomas Connelly, The Response to Prostitution in the Progressive Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980), p. 88.
135. Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America. 1900-1918 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), pp. xii, 13, 16, 19, 36, and 37.
136. John Decker, Prostitution: Regulation and Control (Littleton, Colo.: Rothman, 1979), p. 20.
137. Deborah R. Brock, Making Work, Making Trouble: Prostitution as a Social Problem (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1998), p. 106.
138. Ronald Weitzer, "The Politics of Prostitution in America," in Ronald Weitzer, ed., Sex for Sale (New York: Routledge, 2000), pp. 159-180, at p. 163.
139. Yvonne Svanstrom, "Criminalizing the John-A Swedish Gender Model?" in Joyce Outshoorn, ed., The Politics of Prostitution: Women's Movements, Democratic States, and the Globalization of Sex Commerce (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 225-244, at pp. 239-243.
140. Dworkin, "Foundations of Liberal Equality," in Stephen Darwall, ed., Equal Freedom (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1995), pp. 190-306, at p. 209.
141. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), p. 249.
142. H. L. A. Hart, Law, Liberty, and Morality (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1963), pp. 5, 32-34.
143. Ronald Dworkin, Life's Dominion (New York: Vintage Books, 1994), pp. 192-193.
144. Thomas Nagel, "Moral Conflict and Political Legitimacy," Philosophy & Public Affairs 16 (Summer 1987): 215-240, at p. 224.
145. Joseph Raz, The Morality of Freedom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 425-426.
146. Joel Feinberg, "Legal Paternalism," Rights, Justice, and the Bounds of Liberty (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1980), pp. 110-129, at pp. 115-117.
147. T. M. Scanlon, What We Owe to Each Other (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998), pp. 219-220.
148. Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978), pp. 234, 275.
149. Richard J. Arneson, "Equality and Equal Opportunity for Welfare," Philosophical Studies 56 (1989): 77-93, at p. 92;
150. Arneson, "Liberalism, Distributive Subjectivism, and Equal Opportunity for Welfare," Philosophy & Public Affairs 19 (Spring 1990): 158-194, at p. 192;
151. George Sher, Beyond Neutrality: Perfectionism and Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 8-9.
152. Richard J. Arneson, "Opportunity for Welfare, Priority and Public Policy," in Steven Cullenberg and Prasanta K. Pattanaik, eds., Globalization, Culture, and the Limits of the Market: Essays in Economics and Philosophy (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 177-214, at p. 180.
153. Maude Miner, Slavery of Prostitution: A Plea for Emancipation (New York: Garland, 1987) (Macmillan Co., 1916), p. 308, citation to Garland edition.
154. Shelly Kagan, Normative Ethics (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1997), p. 40.
155. Arneson, "Opportunity for Welfare, Priority and Public Policy," p. 180.
156. John Rawls, Political Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), pp. 74, 307-308.
157. Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1988), pp. 189-218, esp. pp. 206-208
158. Sibyl Schwarzenbach, "Contractarians and Feminists Debate Prostitution," NYU Review of Law and Social Change 28 (1991): 103-130, at pp. 112-117.
159. Alexa Albert, Brothel: Mustang Ranch and Its Women (New York: Random House, 2001), pp. 68-167;
160. Arlene Carmen and Howard Moody, Working Women: The Subterranean World of Street Prostitution (New York: Harper and Row, 1985), pp. 101-104;
161. Frederique Delacoste and Priscilla Alexander, eds., Sex Work: Writings by Women in the Sex Industry (Pittsburgh, Pa.: Cleis Press, 1987);
162. Claude Jaget, ed., Prostitutes-Our Life (Bristol, U.K.: Falling Wall Press, 1980), pp. 57-174, especially 157-158;
163. Kate Millet, "Prostitution: A Quartet for Female Voices," in Vivian Gornick and Barbara K. Moran, Woman in Sexist Society: Studies in Power and Powerlessness (New York: Basic Books, 1971), pp. 21-69
164. Eleanor Miller, Street Women (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986), pp. 35-117;
165. Julia O'Connell Davidson, Prostitution, Power and Freedom (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 1998), pp. 105-106;
166. Roberta Perkins and Garry Bennett, Being a Prostitute (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1985), pp. 57-147;
167. Joanna Phoenix, Making Sense of Prostitution (London: Macmillan Press, 1999), pp. 73-124;
168. C. H. Rolph, ed., Women of the Streets (London: Secker and Warburg, 1955), pp. 137-180;
169. Teela Sanders, Sex Work: A Risky Business (Cullompton, U.K.: Willan, 2005), p. 46;
170. Karen Sharpe, Red Light, Blue Light: Prostitutes, Punters, and the Police (Brookfield, Vt.: Ashgate, 1998), pp. 168-169;
171. Jess Stern, Sisters of the Night (New York: Julian Messner, 1956);
172. Patricia Whelehan, An Anthropological Perspective on Prostitution: The World's Oldest Profession (Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press, 2001), p. 166.
173. Nanette J. Davis, "Prostitution: Identity, Career, and Legal-Economic Enterprise," in James M. Henslin and Edward Sagarin, eds., The Sociology of Sex: An Introductory Reader (New York: Schocken Books, 1978), pp. 195-222, at p. 196;
174. Erich Goode, Deviant Behavior (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1994), p. 205;
175. George Kneeland, Commercialized Prostitution in New York (Montclair, N.J.: Patterson Smith, [1913] 1969), p. 104;
176. Charles H. McCaghy and Charles Hou, "Taiwan" in Nanette J. Davis, ed., Prostitution: An International Handbook on Trends, Problems and Policies (London: Greenwood Press, 1993), pp. 273-299, at pp. 287, 294;
177. Maude Miner, Slavery of Prostitution: A Plea for Emancipation (New York: Garland, 1987; Macmillan Co., 1916), pp. ix, 103-104.
178. Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America. 1900-1918 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), p. xiv;
179. Ine Vanwesenbeeck, Prostitutes' Well-Being and Risk (Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1994), pp. 19-31.
180. Wendy Chapkis, Live Sex Acts: Women Performing Erotic Labor (New York: Routledge, 1997), pp. 92-96;
181. John F. Decker, Prostitution: Regulation and Control (Littleton, Colo.: Rothman, 1979), pp. 203-210;
182. Melissa Farley, "'Bad for the Body, Bad for the Heart': Prostitution Harms Women Even if Legalized or Decriminalized," Violence Against Women 10 (October 2004): 1087-1125, at pp. 1104-1109;
183. Cecilie Hoigard and Liv Finstad, Backstreets: Prostitution, Money and Love, trans. Katherine Hanson, Nancy Sipe, and Barbara Wilson (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992), pp. 50-84, 106-123;
184. Joan J. Johnson, Teen Prostitution (Danbury, Conn.: Franklin Watts, 1992), pp. 18-19;
185. Lisa A. Kramer, "Emotional Experiences of Performing Prostitutes," in Farley, Prostitution, Trafficking, and Traumatic Stress, pp. 187-197;
186. Sven-Axel Mansson and U-C. Hedin, "Breaking the Matthew Effect-On Women Leaving Prostitution," International Journal of Social Welfare 8, no. 1 (1999): 67-77, at p. 72;
187. Roger Matthews, Prostitution, Politics and Policy (New York: Routledge-Cavendish, 2008), pp. 37, 81;
188. Neil McKeganey and Marina Barnard, Sex Work on the Streets (Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1996), pp. 82-98;
189. Kate Millett, "Prostitution: A Quartet for Female Voices," in Vivian Gornick and Barbara K. Moran, eds., Woman in Sexist Society: Studies in Power and Powerlessness (New York: Basic Books, 1971), pp. 21-69
190. Julia O'Connell Davidson, Prostitution, Power and Freedom (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 1998), pp. 102-103, 206-210;
191. Roberta Perkins and Garry Bennett, Being a Prostitute (Winchester, Mass.: Allen & Unwin, Inc., 1985), pp. 109, 112, 113, 123-124, 131;
192. Joanna Phoenix, Making Sense of Prostitution (London: Macmillan Press, 1999), pp. 131-136;
193. Janice G. Raymond, "Ten Reasons for Not Legalizing Prostitution and a Legal Response to the Demand for Prostitution," in Farley, Prostitution, Trafficking, and Traumatic Stress, pp. 315-332, at pp. 324-326;
194. Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), pp. 97-100;
195. Jess Stern, Sisters of the Night (New York: Julian Messner, 1956), pp. 151-163;
196. Ine Vanwesenbeeck, Prostitutes' Well-Being and Risk (Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1994), pp. 106-110, 147-152;
197. D. Kelly Weisberg, Children of the Night: A Study of Adolescent Prostitution (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1985), pp. 111-113, 116-117.
198. Douglas N. Husak, "Legal Paternalism," in Hugh LaFollette, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Practical Ethics (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 387-412;
199. Seana Valentine Shiffrin, "Paternalism, Unconscionability Doctrine, and Accommodation," Philosophy and Public Affairs 29 (Summer 2000): 205-250.
200. Mimi H. Silbert, Sexual Assault of Prostitutes: Phase One (Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Mental Health, National Center for the Prevention and Control of Rape, 1980), p. 39.
201. Dorchen Leidholdt, "Prostitution: A Modern Form of Slavery," in Donna M. Hughes and Claire Roche, eds., Making the Harm Visible: Global Sexual Exploitation of Women and Girls (Kingston, R.I.: Coalition Against Trafficking in Women, 1999), pp. 49-55.
202. Debra Satz, "Markets in Women's Sexual Labor," Ethics 106 (October 1995): 63-85, at pp. 78-81;
203. Christina Stark, "Stripping as a System of Prostitution," in Jessica Spector, ed., Prostitution and Pornography: Philosophical Debate about the Sex Industry (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2006), pp. 40-49, at p. 47.
204. Sophie Day, "Prostitute Women and AIDS: Anthropology," AIDS 2 (1988): 421-428;
205. Judith Porter and Louis Bonilla, "Drug Use, HIV, and the Ecology of Street Prostitution," in Ronald Weitzer, ed., Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography and the Sex Industry (New York: Routledge, 2000), pp. 103-121, at p. 104.
206. Jacquie Astemborski et al., "The Trading of Sex for Drugs or Money and HIV Seropositivity among Female Intravenous Drug Users," American Journal of Public Health 84 (March 1994): 382-387.
207. Abraham Flexner, Prostitution in Europe (Montclair, N.J.: Patterson Smith, [1914] 1969), pp. 395-400;
208. Hoigard and Finstad, Backstreets, pp. 182, 200-201;
209. Roger Matthews, "Beyond Wolfenden? Prostitution, Politics and the Law," in Roger Matthews and Jock Young, eds., Confronting Crime (London: Sage, 1986), pp. 188-210, at p. 199;
210. Maude Miner, Slavery of Prostitution: A Plea for Emancipation (New York: Garland, 1987;
211. Edwin R. A. Seligman, The Social Evil (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, [1900] 1912), p. 21.
212. Katherine Gregory, The Everyday Lives of Sex Workers in the Netherlands (New York: Routledge, 2005), p. 163.
213. Annette Jolin, "Germany," in Davis, ed., Prostitution, pp. 129-156, at pp. 129, 150.
214. Richard J. Arneson, "Opportunity for Welfare, Priority and Public Policy," in Steven Cullenberg and Prasanta K. Pattanaik, eds., Globalization, Culture, and the Limits of the Market: Essays in Economics and Philosophy (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 177-214, at p. 180.
215. Catherine Benson and Roger Matthews, "Street Prostitution: Ten Facts in Search of a Social Policy," International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 1995 23 (1995): 395-415.
216. Harry Benjamin and R. E. L. Masters, Prostitution and Immorality (New York: Julian Press, 1964), pp. 372-376.
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