Using phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to characterize organic phosphorus in environmental samples

Organic Phosphorus in the Environment

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 21-44

  Cade Menun, Barbara J ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84890178847     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (131)

1. Adams, M.A. (1990) Phosphatase activity and phosphorus fractions in Karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell.) forest soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils 14, 200-204.
2. Adams, M.A. and Byrne, L.T. (1989) 31P NMR analysis of phosphorus compounds in extracts of surface soils from selected Karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell.) forests. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 21, 523-528.
3. Amelung, W., Rodionov, A., Urusevskaja, I.S., Haumaier, L. and Zech, W. (2001) Forms of organic phosphorus in zonal steppe soils of Russia assessed by 31P NMR. Geoderma 103, 335-350.
4. Baldwin, D.S. (1996) The phosphorus composition of a diverse series of Australian sediments. Hydrobiologia 335, 63-73.
5. Barton, D.H.R. and Schnitzer, M. (1963) A new experimental approach to the humic acid problem. Nature 198, 217-218.
6. Bedrock, C.N., Cheshire, M.V., Chudek, J.A., Goodman, B.A. and Shand, C.A. (1994) Use of 31P NMR to study the forms of phosphorus in peat soils. Science of the Total Environment 152, 1-8.
7. Bedrock, C.N., Cheshire, M.V., Chudek, J.A., Fraser, A.R., Goodman, B.A. and Shand, C.A. (1995) Effect of pH on precipitation of humic acid from peat and mineral soils on the distribution of phosphorus forms in humic and fulvic acid fractions. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 26, 1411-1425.
8. Bishop, M.L., Chang, A.C. and Lee, R.W.K. (1994) Enzymatic mineralization of organic phosphorus in a volcanic soil in Chile. Soil Science 157, 238-243.
9. Bleam, W.F., Pfeffer, P.E. and Frye, J.S. (1989) 31P solidstate nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of aluminum phosphate minerals. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 16, 455-464.
10. Cade-Menun, B.J. and Preston, C.M. (1996) A comparison of soil extraction procedures for 31P NMR spectroscopy. Soil Science 161, 770-785.
11. Cade-Menun, B.J., Berch, S.M., Preston, C.M. and Lavkulich, L.M. (2000a) Phosphorus forms and related soil chemistry of Podzolic soils on northern Vancouver Island. I. A comparison of two forest types. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, 1714-1725.
12. Cade-Menun, B.J., Berch, S.M., Preston, C.M. and Lavkulich, L.M. (2000b) Phosphorus forms and related soil chemistry of Podzolic soils on northern Vancouver Island. II. The effects of clearcutting and burning. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, 1726-1741.
13. Cade-Menun, B.J., Liu, C.W., Nunlist, R. and McColl, J.G. (2002) Soil and litter phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: extractants, metals and phosphorus relaxation times. Journal of Environmental Quality 31, 457-465.
14. Canet, D. (1996) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: Concepts and Methods. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 270 pp.
15. Carman, R., Edlund, G. and Damberg, C. (2000) Distribution of organic and inorganic phosphorus compounds in marine and lacustrine sediments: a 31P NMR study. Chemical Geology 163, 101-114.
16. Chapuis-Lardy, L., Brossard, M. and Quiquampoix, H. (2001) Assessing organic phosphorus status of Cerrado oxisols (Brazil) using 31P NMR spectroscopy and phosphomonoesterase activity measurement. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 81, 591-601.
17. Clark, L.L., Ingall, E.D. and Benner, R. (1998) Marine phosphorus is selectively remineralized. Nature 393, 426.
18. Clark, L.L., Ingall, E.D. and Benner, R. (1999) Marine organic phosphorus cycling: novel insights from nuclear magnetic resonance. American Journal of Science 299, 724-737.
19. Condron, L.M., Goh, K.M. and Newman, R.H. (1985) Nature and distribution of soil phosphorus as revealed by a sequential extraction method followed by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Journal of Soil Science 36, 199-207.
20. Condron, L.M., Frossard, E., Tiessen, H., Newman, R.H. and Stewart, J.W.B. (1990) Chemical nature of organic phosphorus in cultivated and uncultivated soils under different environmental conditions. Journal of Soil Science 41, 41-50.
21. Condron, L.M., Davis, M.R., Newman, R.H. and Cornforth, I.S. (1996) Influence of conifers on the forms of phosphorus in selected New Zealand grassland soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils 21, 37-42.
22. Condron, L.M., Frossard, E., Newman, R.H., Tekely, P. and Morel, J.-L. (1997) Use of 31P NMR in the study of soils and the environment. In: Nanny, M.A., Minear, R.A. and Leenheer, J.A. (eds) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Environmental Chemistry. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 247-271.
23. Crouse, D.A., Sierzputowska-Gracz, H. and Mikkelson, R.L. (2000) Optimization of sample pH and temperature for phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of poultry manure extracts. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 31, 229-240.
24. Crouse, D.A., Sierzputowska-Gracz, H., Mikkelson, R.L. and Wollum, A.G. (2002) Monitoring phosphorus mineralization from poultry manure using phosphatase assays and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 33, 1205-1217.
25. Dai, K.H., David, M.B., Vance, G.F. and Krzyszowska, A.J. (1996) Characterization of phosphorus in a spruce-fir Spodosol by phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Soil Science Society of America Journal 60, 1943-1950.
26. Delgado, A., Ruíz, J.R., del Campillo, M.D., Kassem, S. and Andreu, L. (2000) Calcium- and ironrelated phosphorus in calcareous and calcareous marsh soils: sequential chemical fractionation and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance study. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 31, 2483-2499.
27. Duffy, S.J. and van Loon, G.W. (1995) Investigations of aluminium hydroxyphosphates and activated sludge by 27Al and 31P MAS NMR. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 73, 1645-1659.
28. Emsley, J. and Niazi, S. (1983) The analysis of soil phosphorus by ICP and 31P NMR spectroscopy. Phosphorus and Sulfur 16, 303-312.
29. Escudey, M., Galindo, G., Förster, J.E., Salazar, I., Page, A.L. and Chang, A. (1997) 31Phosphorusnuclear magnetic resonance analysis in extracts of a phosphorus-enriched volcanic soil of Chile. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 28, 727-737.
30. Fan, T.W.-M., Higashi, R.M. and Lane, A.N. (2000) Chemical characterization of a chelator-treated soil humate by solution-state multinuclear twodimensional NMR with FTIR and pyrolysis- GCMS. Environmental Science and Technology 34, 1636-1646.
31. Florentz, M. and Granger, P. (1983) Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance of activated sludge: use for the study of the biological removal of phosphates from wastewater. Environmental Technology Letters 4, 9-14.
32. Forster, J.C. and Zech, W. (1993) Phosphorus status of a soil catena under Liberian evergreen rain forest: results of 31P NMR spectroscopy and phosphorus adsorption experiments. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde 156, 61-66.
33. Francioso, O., Sanchez-Cortes, S., Tugnoli, V., Ciavatta, C., Sitti, L. and Gessa, C. (1996) Infrared, Ramen and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H, 13C, and 31P) spectroscopy in the study of fractions of peat humic acids. Applied Spectroscopy 50, 1165-1174.
34. Francioso, O., Ciavatta, C., Tugnoli, V., Sanchez-Cortes, S. and Gessa, C. (1998) Spectroscopic characterization of pyrophosphate incorporation during extraction of peat humic acids. Soil Science Society of America Journal 62, 181-187.
35. Frossard, E., Tekely, P. and Grimal, J.Y. (1994a) Characterization of phosphate species in urban sewage sludges by high resolution solid-state 31P NMR. European Journal of Soil Science 45, 403-408.
36. Frossard, E., Tekely, P. and Morel, J.L. (1994b) Chemical characterization and agronomic effectiveness of phosphorus applied as a polyphosphate-chitosan complex. Fertilizer Research 37, 151-158.
37. Frossard, E., Skrabal, P., Sinaj, S., Bangerter, F. and Traore, O. (2002) Forms and exchangeability of inorganic phosphate in composted solid organic wastes. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 62, 103-113.
38. Gigliotti, G., Kaiser, K., Guggenberger, G. and Haumaier, L. (2002) Differences in the chemical composition of dissolved organic matter from waste material of different sources. Biology and Fertility of Soils 36, 321-329.
39. Gil-Sotres, F., Zech, W. and Alt, H.G. (1990) Characterization of phosphorus fractions in surface horizons of soils from Galicia (NW Spain) by 31P NMR spectroscopy. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 22, 75-79.
40. Gressel, N., McColl, J.G., Preston, C.M., Newman, R.H. and Powers, R.F. (1996) Linkages between phosphorus transformations and carbon decomposition in a forest soil. Biogeochemistry 33, 97-123.
41. Guggenberger, G., Christensen, B.T., Rubaek, G. and Zech, W. (1996a) Land-use and fertilization effects on P forms in two European soils: resin extraction and 31P NMR analysis. European Journal of Soil Science 47, 605-614.
42. Guggenberger, G., Haumaier, L., Thomas, R.J. and Zech, W. (1996b) Assessing the organic phosphorus status of an Oxisol under tropical pastures following native savanna using 31P NMR spectroscopy. Biology and Fertility of Soils 23, 332-339.
43. Guggenberger, G., Christensen, B.T. and Rubæk, G.H. (2000). Isolation and characterization of labile organic phosphorus pools in soils from the Askov long-term field experiments. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde 163, 151-155.
44. Halls, J.N. (2002) A spatial sensitivity analysis of land use characteristics and phosphorus levels in small tidal creek estuaries of North Carolina, USA. Journal of Coastal Research Special Issue 36, 340-351.
45. Hawkes, G.E., Powlson, D.S., Randall, E.W. and Tate, K.R. (1984) A 31P nuclear magnetic resonance study of the phosphorus species in alkali extracts of soils from long-term field experiments. Journal of Soil Science 35, 35-45.
46. Hinedi, Z.R. and Chang, A.C. (1989) Solubility and phosphorus-31 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance of phosphorus in sludgeamended soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 53, 1057-1061.
47. Hinedi, Z.R., Chang, A.C. and Lee, R.W.K. (1988) Mineralization of phosphorus in sludge-amended soils monitored by phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance. Soil Science Society of America Journal 52, 1593-1596.
48. Hinedi, Z.R., Chang, A.C. and Lee, R.W.K. (1989a) Characterization of phosphorus in sludge extracts using phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Journal of Environmental Quality 18, 323-329.
49. Hinedi, Z.R., Chang, A.C. and Yesinowski, J.P. (1989b) Phosphorus-31 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance of wastewater sludges and sludge-amended soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal 53, 1053-1056.
50. Hupfer, M., Gächter, R. and Rüegger, H. (1995) Polyphosphate in lake sediments: 31P NMR spectroscopy as a tool for its identification. Limnology and Oceanography 40, 610-617.
51. Hupfer, M., Rübe, B. and Schmieder, P. (2004) Origin and diagenesis of polyphosphate in lake sediments: a 31P-NMR study. Limnology and Oceanography 49, 1-10.
52. Ingall, E.D., Schroeder, P.A. and Berner, R.A. (1990) The nature of organic phosphorus in marine sediments: new insights from 31P NMR. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54, 2617-2620.
53. Jing, S.R., Benefield, L.D. and Hill, W.E. (1992) Observations relating to enhanced phosphorus removal in biological systems. Water Research 26, 213-223.
54. Kemme, P.A., Lommen, A., De Jonge, L.H., Van der Klis, J.D., Jongbloed, A.W., Mroz, Z. and Beynen, A.C. (1999) Quantification of inositol phosphates using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in animal nutrition. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47, 5116-5121.
55. Khoshmanesh, A., Hart, B.T., Duncan, A. and Beckett, R. (2002) Luxury uptake of phosphorus by sediment bacteria. Water Research 36, 774-778.
56. Knicker, H. and Nanny, M.A. (1997) Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: basic theory and background. In: Nanny, M.A., Minear, R.A. and Leenheer, J.A. (eds) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Environmental Chemistry. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 3-15.
57. Kolowith, L.C. and Berner, R.A. (2002) Weathering of phosphorus in black shales. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 16, 1140.
58. Kolowith, L.C., Ingall, E.D. and Benner, R. (2001) Composition and cycling of marine organic phosphorus. Limnology and Oceanography 46, 309-320.
59. Koopmans, G.F., Chardon, W.F., Dolfing, J., Oenema, O., van der Meer, P. and van Riemsdijk, W.H. (2003) Wet chemical and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of phosphorus speciation in a sandy soil receiving longterm fertilizer or animal manure applications. Journal of Environmental Quality 32, 287-295.
60. Kristiansen, S.M., Amelung, W. and Zech, W. (2001) Phosphorus forms as affected by abandoned anthills (Formica polyctena Förster) in forest soils: sequential extraction and liquid-state 31P NMR spectroscopy. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde 164, 49-55.
61. Lee, R.B. and Ratcliffe, R.G. (1993) Nuclear magnetic studies of the location and function of plant nutrients in vivo. Plant and Soil 155/156, 45-55.
62. Leinweber, P., Haumaier, L. and Zech, W. (1997) Sequential extractions and 31P NMR spectroscopy of phosphorus forms in animal manures, whole soils and particle-size separates from a densely populated livestock area in northwest Germany. Biology and Fertility of Soils 25, 89-94.
63. Lens, P.N.L. and Hemminga, M.A. (1998) Nuclear magnetic resonance in environmental engineering: principles and applications. Biodegradation 9, 393-409.
64. Lookman, R., Grobet, P., Merckx, R. and van Riemsdijk, W.H. (1997) Application of 31P and 27Al MAS NMR for phosphate speciation studies in soil and aluminium hydroxides: promises and constraints. Geoderma 80, 369-388.
65. Lookman, R., Geerts, H., Grobet, P., Merckx, R. and Vlassak, K. (1996) Phosphate speciation in excessively fertilized soil: a 31P and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy study. European Journal of Soil Science 47, 125-130.
66. Magid, J., Tiessen, H. and Condron, L.M. (1996) Dynamics of organic phosphorus in soils under natural and agricultural ecosystems. In: Piccolo, A. (ed.) Humic Substances in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 429-466.
67. Mahieu, N., Olk, D.C. and Randall, E.W. (2000) Analysis of phosphorus in two humic acid fractions of intensively cropped lowland rice soils by 31P NMR. European Journal of Soil Science 51, 391-402.
68. Makarov, M.I. (1996) Forms of P compounds in humic and fulvic acids in some types of soils. Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin 51, 15-22.
69. Makarov, M.I. (1998) Organic phosphorus compounds in alpine soils of the northwestern Caucasus. Eurasian Soil Science 31, 778-786.
70. Makarov, M.I., Guggenberger, G., Alt, H.G. and Zech, W. (1995) Phosphorus status of Eutric Cambisols polluted by P-containing immisions: results of 31P NMR spectroscopy and chemical analysis. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde 158, 293-298.
71. Makarov, M.I., Guggenberger, G., Zech, W. and Alt, H.G. (1996) Organic phosphorus species in humic acids of mountain soils along a toposequence in the Northern Caucasus. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde 159, 467-470.
72. Makarov, M.I., Malysheva, T.I., Haumaier, L., Alt, H.G. and Zech, W. (1997) The forms of phosphorus in humic and fulvic acids of a toposequence of alpine soils in the northern Caucasus. Geoderma 80, 61-73.
73. Makarov, M.I., Haumaier, L. and Zech, W. (2002a) The nature and origins of diester phosphates in soils: a 31P NMR study. Biology and Fertility of Soils 35, 136-146.
74. Makarov, M.I., Haumaier, L. and Zech, W. (2002b) Nature of soil organic phosphorus: an assessment of peak assignments in the diester region of 31P NMR spectra. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 34, 1467-1477.
75. Makarov, M.I., Haumaier, L., Zech, W. and Malysheva, T.I. (2004) Organic phosphorus compounds in particle-size fractions of mountain soils in the northwest Caucasus. Geoderma 118, 101-114.
76. Martin, F., Canet, D., Rolin, D., Marchal, J.P. and Larher, F. (1983) Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance study of polyphosphate metabolism in intact ectomycorrhizal fungi. Plant and Soil 71, 469-476.
77. McDowell, R.W., Brookes, P.C., Mahieu, N., Poulton, P.R., Johnston, A.E. and Sharpley, A.N. (2002a) The effect of soil acidity on potentially mobile phosphorus in a grassland soil. Journal of Agricultural Science 139, 27-36.
78. McDowell, R.W., Condron, L.M., Mahieu, N., Brookes, P.C., Poulton, P.R. and Sharpley, A.N. (2002b) Analysis of potentially mobile phosphorus in arable soils using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. Journal of Environmental Quality 31, 450-456.
79. Miltner, A., Haumaier, L. and Zech, W. (1998) Transformations of phosphorus during incubation of beech leaf litter in the presence of oxides. European Journal of Soil Science 49, 471-475.
80. Möller, A., Kaiser, K., Amelung, W., Niamskul, C., Udomsri, S., Puthawong, M., Haumaier, L. and Zech, W. (2000) Forms of organic C and P extracted from tropical soils as assessed by liquid-state 13C- and 31P NMR spectroscopy. Australian Journal of Soil Research 38, 1017-1035.
81. Nanny, M.A. and Minear, R.A. (1994a) Use of lanthanide shift reagents with 31P FT NMR spectroscopy to analyze concentrated lake samples. Environmental Science and Technology 28, 1521-1527.
82. Nanny, M.A. and Minear, R.A. (1994b) Organic phosphorus in the hydrosphere: characterization via 31P Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In: Baker, L.A. (ed.) Environmental Chemistry of Lakes and Reservoirs. Advances in Chemistry Series 237. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 161-191.
83. Nanny, M.A. and Minear, R.A. (1997a) Characterization of soluble unreactive phosphorus using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Marine Geology 139, 77-94.
84. Nanny, M.A. and Minear, R.A. (1997b) 31P FT NMR of concentrated lake water samples. In: Nanny, M.A., Minear, R.A. and Leenheer, J.A. (eds) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Environmental Chemistry. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 221-246.
85. Newman, R.H. and Tate, K.R. (1980) Soil phosphorus characterisation by 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 11, 835-842.
86. Ogner, G. (1983) 31P NMR spectra of humic acids: a comparison of four different raw humus types in Norway. Geoderma 29, 215-219.
87. Pant, H.K. and Reddy, K.R. (2001) Hydrologic influence on stability of organic phosphorus in wetland detritus. Journal of Environmental Quality 30, 668-674.
88. Pant, H.K., Warman, P.R. and Nowak, J. (1999) Identification of soil organic phosphorus by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 30, 757-772.
89. Pant, H.K., Reddy, K.R. and Dierberg, F.E. (2002) Bioavailability of organic phosphorus in a submerged aquatic vegetation-dominated treatment wetland. Journal of Environmental Quality 31, 1748-1756.
90. Parfitt, R.L., Tate, K.R., Yeates, G.W. and Beets, P.N. (1994) Phosphorus cycling in a sandy Podsol under Pinus radiata. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 24, 253-267.
91. Paytan, A., Cade-Menun, B.J., McLaughlin, K. and Faul, K.L. (2003) Selective phosphorus regeneration of sinking marine particles: evidence from 31P NMR. Marine Chemistry 82, 55-70.
92. Preston, C.M. (1993) The NMR user's guide to the forest. Canadian Journal of Applied Spectroscopy 38, 61-69.
93. Preston, C.M. (1996) Application of NMR to soil organic matter analysis: history and prospects. Soil Science 161, 144-166.
94. Preston, C.M. (2001) Carbon-13 solid-state NMR of soil organic matter: using the technique effectively. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 81, 255-270.
95. Preston, C.M. and Trofymow, J.A. (2000) Characterization of soil P in coastal forest chronosequences of southern Vancouver Island: effects of climate and harvesting disturbance. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 80, 633-647.
96. Preston, C.M., Ripmeester, J.A., Mathur, S.P. and Lévesque, M. (1986) Application of solution and solid-state multinuclear NMR to a peat-based composting system for fish and crab scrap. Canadian Journal of Spectroscopy 31, 63-69.
97. Preston, C.M., Cade-Menun, B.J. and Sayer, B.G. (1998) Characterization of Canadian backyard composts: chemical analysis and 13C CPMAS and 31P NMR spectroscopy. Compost Science and Utilization 6, 53-66.
98. 2+: modification of conformation with pH. Journal of Colloid Interface Science 148, 343-352.
99. Randall, E.W., Mahieu, N. and Ivanova, G.I. (1997) NMR studies of soil, organic matter and nutrients: spectroscopy and imaging. Geoderma 80, 307-325.
100. Rheinheimer, D.S., Anghinoni, I. and Flores, A.F. (2002) Organic and inorganic phosphorus as characterized by phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance in subtropical soils under management systems. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 33, 1853-1871.
101. Robinson, J.S., Johnston, C.T. and Reddy, K.R. (1998) Combined chemical and 31P NMR spectroscopic analysis of phosphorus in wetland organic soils. Soil Science 163, 705-713.
102. Röske, I. and Schönborn, C. (1994) Influence of the addition of precipitants on the biological phosphorus elimination in a pilot plant. Water Science and Technology 30, 323-332.
103. Rubæk, G.H., Guggenberger, G., Zech, W. and Christensen, B.T. (1999) Organic phosphorus in soil size separates characterized by phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance and resin extraction. Soil Science Society of America Journal 63, 1123-1132.
104. Selig, U., Hübener, T. and Michalik, M. (2002) Dis- solved and particulate phosphorus forms in a eutrophic shallow lake. Aquatic Sciences 64, 97-105.
105. Shand, C.A., Cheshire, M.V., Bedrock, C.N., Chapman, P.J., Fraser, D.A. and Chudek, J.A. (1999) Solid-phase 31P NMR spectra of peat and mineral soils, humic acids and soil solution components: influence of iron and manganese. Plant and Soil 214, 153-163.
106. Solomon, D. and Lehmann, J. (2000) Loss of phosphorus from soil in semi-arid northern Tanzania as a result of cropping: evidence from sequential extraction and 31P NMR spectroscopy. European Journal of Soil Science 51, 699-708.
107. Solomon, D., Lehmann, J., Mamo, T., Fritzsche, F. and Zech, W. (2002) Phosphorus forms and dynamics as influenced by land use changes in the subhumid Ethiopian highlands. Geoderma 105, 21-48.
108. Sumann, M., Amelung, W., Haumaier, L. and Zech, W. (1998) Climatic effects on soil organic phosphorus in the North American Great Plains identified by phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance. Soil Science Society of America Journal 62, 1580-1586.
109. Sundareshwar, P.V., Morris, J.T., Pellechia, P.J., Cohen, H.J., Porter, D.E. and Jones, B.C. (2001) Occurrence and implications of pyrophosphate in estuaries. Limnology and Oceanography 46, 1570-1577.
110. Sutter, B., Taylor, R.E., Hossner, L.R. and Ming, D.W. (2002) Solid state phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance of iron-, manganese-, and coppercontaining synthetic hydroxyapatites. Soil Science Society of America Journal 66, 455-463.
111. Taranto, M.T., Adams, M.A. and Polglase, P.J. (2000) Sequential fractionation and characterisation (31P NMR) of phosphorus-amended soils in Banksia integrifolia (L.f.) woodland and adjacent pasture. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 32, 169-177.
112. Tate, K.R. and Newman, R.H. (1982) Phosphorus fractions of a climosequence of soils in New Zealand tussock grassland. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 14, 191-196.
113. Tchienkoua, M. and Zech, W. (2003) Chemical and spectral characterization of soil phosphorus under three land uses from an Andic Palehumult in West Cameroon. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 100, 193-200.
114. Tikhova, V.D., Shakirov, M.M., Fadeeva, V.P. and Dergacheva, M.I. (2000) 31P NMR study of soil humic acids. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 73, 1278-1281.
115. Toor, G.S., Condron, L.M., Di, H.J., Cameron, K.C. and Cade-Menun, B.J. (2003) Characterization of organic phosphorus in leachate from a grassland soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 35, 1319-1325.
116. Trasar-Cepeda, M.C., Gil-Sotres, F., Zech, W. and Alt, H.G. (1989) Chemical and spectral analysis of organic P forms in acid high organic matter soils in Galicia (NW Spain). Science of the Total Environment 81/82, 429-436.
117. Turner, B.L. and McKelvie, I.D. (2002) A novel technique for the pre-concentration and extraction of inositol hexakisphosphate from soil extracts with determination by phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance. Journal of Environmental Quality 31, 466-470.
118. Turner, B.L., Cade-Menun, B.J. and Westermann, D.T. (2003a) Organic phosphorus composition and potential bioavailability in calcareous soils of the western United States. Soil Science Society of America Journal 67, 1168-1179.
119. Turner, B.L., Mahieu, N. and Condron, L.M. (2003b) Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectral assignments of phosphorus compounds in NaOH-EDTA extracts. Soil Science Society of America Journal 67, 497-510.
120. Turner, B.L., Mahieu, N. and Condron, L.M. (2003c) Quantification of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in alkaline soil extracts by solution 31P NMR spectroscopy and spectral deconvolution. Soil Science 168, 469-478.
121. Turner, B.L., Mahieu, N. and Condron, L.M. (2003d) The phosphorus composition of temperate pasture soils determined by NaOH-EDTA extraction and solution 31P NMR spectroscopy. Organic Geochemistry 34, 1199-1210.
122. Turrión, M.-B., Glaser, B., Solomon, D., Ni, A. and Zech, W. (2000) Effects of deforestation on phosphorus pools in mountain soils of the Alay Range, Khyrgyzia. Biology and Fertility of Soils 31, 134-142.
123. Turrión, M.-B., Gallardo, J.F., Haumaier, L., González, M.-I. and Zech, W. (2001) 31P NMR characterization of phosphorus fractions in natural and fertilized forest soils. Annals of Forest Science 58, 89-98.
124. Uhlmann, D., Röske, I., Hupfer, M. and Ohms, G. (1990) A simple method to distinguish between polyphosphate and other phosphate fractions of activated sludge. Water Research 24, 1355-1360.
125. Veeman, W.S. (1997) Nuclear magnetic resonance: a simple introduction to the principles and applications. Geoderma 80, 225-242.
126. Watts, E.E., Dean, P.A.W. and Martin, R.R. (2002) 31P nuclear magnetic resonance study of sediment microbial phospholipids. Canadian Journal of Analytical Sciences and Spectroscopy 47, 127-133.
127. Wilson, M.A. (1987) NMR Techniques and Applications in Geochemistry and Soil Chemistry. Pergamon, New York, 353 pp.
128. Wilson, M.A. (1991) Analysis of functional groups in soil by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In: Smith, K.A. (ed.) Soil Analysis: Modern Instrumental Techniques (2nd edn). Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 601-645.
129. Zech, W., Alt, H.G., Zucker, A. and Kögel, I. (1985) 31P NMR spectroscopic investigations of NaOH-extracts from soils with different land use in Yucatan (Mexico). Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde 148, 626-632.
130. Zech, W., Alt, H.G., Haumaier, L. and Blasek, R. (1987) Characterization of phosphorus fractions in mountain soils of the Bavarian Alps by 31P NMR spectroscopy. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde 150, 119-123.
131. 31P NMR study. Soil Science 164, 662-670.