Are narcissists hardy or vulnerable? The role of narcissism in the production of stress-related biomarkers in response to emotional distress

Emotion

Volumn 13, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 1004-1011

  Cheng, Joey T ^a   Tracy, Jessica L ^a   Miller, Gregory E ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Alpha amylase; Cortisol; Health; Narcissism; Negative emotions

Indexed keywords

AMYLASE; HYDROCORTISONE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; EMOTION; EMOTIONAL STRESS; FEMALE; FRUSTRATION; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; NARCISSISM; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS;

ALPHA-AMYLASES; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; EGO; EMOTIONS; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYDROCORTISONE; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; NARCISSISM; PERSONALITY INVENTORY; SALIVA; STRESS, PHYSIOLOGICAL; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84890115795     PISSN: 15283542     EISSN: 19311516     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0034410     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Al'Absi, M., Bongard, S., Buchanan, T., Pincomb, G. A., Licinio, J., & Lovallo, W. R. (1997). Cardiovascular and neuroendocrine adjustment to public speaking and mental arithmetic stressors. Psychophysiology, 34, 266-275. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02397.x
2. Back, M. D., Schmukle, S. C., & Egloff, B. (2010). Why are narcissists so charming at first sight? Decoding the narcissism-popularity link at zero acquaintance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 132-145. doi:10.1037/a0016338
3. Björntorp, P., & Rosmond, R. (2006). Hypothalamic origin of the metabolic syndrome X. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 892, 297-307. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07803.x
4. Bogart, L. M., Benotsch, E. G., & Pavlovic, J. D. (2004). Feeling superior but threatened: The relation of narcissism to social comparison. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 26, 35-44. doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2601_4
5. Bosson, J. K., Brown, R. P., Zeigler-Hill, V., & Swann, W. B. (2003). Self-enhancement tendencies among people with high explicit selfesteem: The moderating role of implicit self-esteem. Self and Identity, 2, 169-187. doi:10.1080/15298860309029
6. Brunell, A. B., Gentry, W. A., Campbell, W. K., Hoffman, B. J., Kuhnert, K. W., & DeMarree, K. G. (2008). Leader emergence: The case of the narcissistic leader. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1663-1676. doi:10.1177/0146167208324101
7. Buchanan, T. W., Al'Absi, M., & Lovallo, W. R. (1999). Cortisol fluctuates with increases and decreases in negative affect. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 24, 227-241. doi:10.1016/S0306-4530(98)00078-X
8. Bushman, B. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 219-229. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.219
9. Cacioppo, J. T., Uchino, B. N., Crites, S. L., Snydersmith, M. A., Smith, G., Berntson, G. G., & Lang, P. J. (1992). Relationship between facial expressiveness and sympathetic activation in emotion: A critical review, with emphasis on modeling underlying mechanisms and individual differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 110-128. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.62.1.110
10. Cain, N. M., Pincus, A. L., & Ansell, E. B. (2008). Narcissism at the crossroads: Phenotypic description of pathological narcissism across clinical theory, social/personality psychology, and psychiatric diagnosis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 638-656. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.09.006
11. Campbell, W. K. (2001). Is narcissism really so bad? Psychological Inquiry, 12, 214-216.
12. Campbell, W. K., Bosson, J. K., Goheen, T. W., Lakey, C. E., & Kernis, M. H. (2007). Do narcissists dislike themselves "deep down inside"? Psychological Science, 18, 227-229. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01880.x
13. Campbell, W. K., Rudich, E. A., & Sedikides, C. (2002). Narcissism, self-esteem, and the positivity of self-views: Two portraits of self-love. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 358-368. doi:10.1177/0146167202286007
14. Cohen, S., Hamrick, N. M., Rodriguez, M. S., Feldman, P. J., Rabin, B. S., & Manuck, S. B. (2000). The stability of and intercorrelations among cardiovascular, immune, endocrine, and psychological reactivity. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 22, 171-179. doi:10.1007/BF02895111
15. Edelstein, R. S., Yim, I. S., & Quas, J. A. (2010). Narcissism predicts heightened cortisol reactivity to a psychosocial stressor in men. Journal of Research in Personality, 44, 565-572. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.06.008
16. Emmons, R. A. (1984). Factor analysis and construct validity of the narcissistic personality inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48, 291-300. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4803_11
17. Epel, E. S., McEwen, B., Seeman, T., Matthews, K., Castellazzo, G., Brownell, K. D.,. Ickovics, J. R. (2000). Stress and body shape: Stress-induced cortisol secretion is consistently greater among women with central fat. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62, 623-632.
18. Gramzow, R., & Tangney, J. P. (1992). Proneness to shame and the narcissistic personality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 369-376. doi:10.1177/0146167292183014
19. Gregg, A. P., & Sedikides, C. (2010). Narcissistic fragility: Rethinking its links to explicit and implicit self-esteem. Self and Identity, 9, 142-161. doi:10.1080/15298860902815451
20. Gunnar, M. R. (2001). The role of glucocorticoids in anxiety disorders: A critical analysis. In M. W. Vasey & M. R. Dadds (Eds.), The developmental psychopathology of anxiety (pp. 143-159). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
21. Hellhammer, D. H., Wüst, S., & Kudielka, B. M. (2009). Salivary cortisol as a biomarker in stress research. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 163-171. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.026
22. Hellhammer, J., Fries, E., Schweisthal, O. W., Schlotz, W., Stone, A. A., & Hagemann, D. (2007). Several daily measurements are necessary to reliably assess the cortisol rise after awakening: State-and trait components. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32, 80-86. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.10.005
23. Holtzman, N. S., & Strube, M. J. (2010). Narcissism and attractiveness. Journal of Research in Personality, 44, 133-136. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.10.004
24. Jordan, C. H., Spencer, S. J., Zanna, M. P., Hoshino-Browne, E., & Correll, J. (2003). Secure and defensive high self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 969-978. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.969
25. Kelsey, R. M., Ornduff, S. R., McCann, C. M., & Reiff, S. (2001). Psychophysiological characteristics of narcissism during active and passive coping. Psychophysiology, 38, 292-303. doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3820292
26. Kernberg, O. (1976). Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism. New York, NY: Jason Aronson.
27. Kohut, H. (1976). The restoration of the self. New York, NY: International Universities Press.
28. Konrath, S., Bushman, B. J., & Campbell, W. K. (2006). Attenuating the link between threatened egotism and aggression. Psychological Science, 17, 995-1001. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01818.x
29. Kudielka, B. M., & Kirschbaum, C. (2005). Sex differences in HPA axis responses to stress: A review. Biological Psychology, 69, 113-132. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.11.009
30. Kuh, D., & Ben-Shlomo, Y. (2004). A life-course approach to chronic disease epidemiology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198578154.001.0001
31. Kurina, L. M., Schneider, B., & Waite, L. J. (2004). Stress, symptoms of depression and anxiety, and cortisol patterns in working parents. Stress and Health, 20, 53-63. doi:10.1002/smi.998
32. McEwen, B. S. (2007). Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: Central role of the brain. Physiological Reviews, 87, 873-904. doi:10.1152/physrev.00041.2006
33. McGregor, I., & Marigold, D. C. (2003). Defensive zeal and the uncertain self: What makes you so sure? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 838-852. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.838
34. McGregor, I., Nail, P. R., Marigold, D. C., & Kang, S. J. (2005). Defensive pride and consensus: Strength in imaginary numbers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 978-996. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.978
35. Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Zhou, E. (2007). If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in humans. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 25-45. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.25
36. Nater, U. M., & Rohleder, N. (2009). Salivary alpha-amylase as a noninvasive biomarker for the sympathetic nervous system: Current state of research. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 486-496. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.01.014
37. Oswald, L. M., Mathena, J. R., & Wand, G. S. (2004). Comparison of HPA axis hormonal responses to naloxone vs. psychologically-induced stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 371-388. doi:10.1016/S0306-4530(03)00048-9
38. Parker, K. J., Schatzberg, A. F., & Lyons, D. M. (2003). Neuroendocrine aspects of hypercortisolism in major depression. Hormones and Behavior, 43, 60-66. doi:10.1016/S0018-506X(02)00016-8
39. Paulhus, D. L. (1998). Interpersonal and intrapsychic adaptiveness of trait self-enhancement: A mixed blessing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1197-1208. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1197
40. Paulhus, D. L., Robins, R. W., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Tracy, J. L. (2004). Two replicable suppressor situations in personality research. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39, 303-328. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3902_7
41. Polk, D. E., Cohen, S., Doyle, W. J., Skoner, D. P., & Kirschbaum, C. (2005). State and trait affect as predictors of salivary cortisol in healthy adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 261-272. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.08.004
42. Pruessner, J. C., Gaab, J., Hellhammer, D. H., Lintz, D., Schommer, N., & Kirschbaum, C. (1997). Increasing correlations between personality traits and cortisol stress responses obtained by data aggregation. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 22, 615-625. doi:10.1016/S0306-4530(97)00072-3
43. Raskin, R., & Terry, H. (1988). A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 890-902. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.890
44. Reinhard, D. A., Konrath, S. H., Lopez, W. D., & Cameron, H. G. (2012). Expensive egos: Narcissistic males have higher cortisol. PloS ONE, 7, e30858. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030858
45. Rhodewalt, E., Madrian, J. C., & Cheney, S. (1998). Narcissism, selfknowledge, organization, and emotional reactivity: The effect of daily experiences on self-esteem and affect. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 75-81. doi:10.1177/0146167298241006
46. Rhodewalt, F., & Morf, C. C. (1998). On self-aggrandizement and anger: A temporal analysis of narcissism and affective reactions to success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 672-685. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.672
47. Robins, R. W., & Beer, J. S. (2001). Positive illusions about the self: Short-term benefits and long-term costs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 340-352. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.2.340
48. Rohleder, N., Nater, U. M., Wolf, J. M., Ehlert, U., & Kirschbaum, C. (2004). Psychosocial stress-induced activation of salivary alphaamylase: An indicator of sympathetic activity? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1032, 258-263. doi:10.1196/annals.1314.033
49. Sedikides, C., Rudich, E. A., Gregg, A. P., Kumashiro, M., & Rusbult, C. (2004). Are normal narcissists psychologically healthy?: Self-esteem matters. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 400-416. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.3.400
50. Sherman, G. D., Lee, J. J., Cuddy, A. J., Renshon, J., Oveis, C., Gross, J. J., & Lerner, J. S. (2012). Leadership is associated with lower levels of stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, 17903-17907. doi:10.1073/pnas.1207042109
51. Smith, T. W. (2006). Personality as risk and resilience in physical health. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 227-231. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00441.x
52. Smyth, J., Ockenfels, M. C., Porter, L., Kirschbaum, C., Hellhammer, D. H., & Stone, A. A. (1998). Stressors and mood measured on a momentary basis are associated with salivary cortisol secretion. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23, 353-370. doi:10.1016/S0306-4530(98)00008-0
53. Sommer, K. L., Kirkland, K. L., Newman, S. R., Estrella, P., & Andreassi, J. L. (2009). Narcissism and cardiovascular reactivity to rejection imagery. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, 1083-1115. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00473.x
54. Strahler, J., Mueller, A., Rosenloecher, F., Kirschbaum, C., & Rohleder, N. (2010). Salivary alpha-amylase stress reactivity across different age groups. Psychophysiology, 47, 587-595. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00957.x
55. Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2003). "Isn't it fun to get the respect that we're going to deserve?" Narcissism, social rejection, and aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 261-272. doi: 10.1177/0146167202239051
56. van Stegeren, A., Rohleder, N., Everaerd, W., & Wolf, O. T. (2006). Salivary alpha amylase as marker for adrenergic activity during stress: Effect of betablockade. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31, 137-141.
57. van Stegeren, A. H., Wolf, O. T., & Kindt, M. (2008). Salivary alpha amylase and cortisol responses to different stress tasks: Impact of sex. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 69, 33-40.
58. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
59. Yehuda, R. (2002). Post-traumatic stress disorder. The New England Journal of Medicine, 346, 108-114. doi:10.1056/NEJMra012941
60. Zeigler-Hill, V. (2006). Discrepancies between implicit and explicit selfesteem: Implications for narcissism and self-esteem instability. Journal of Personality, 74, 119-144. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00371.x