Values as the Essence of Culture: Foundation or Fallacy?

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology

Volumn 45, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 14-24

  Morris, Michael W ^a  

^a Columbia University ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

cultural change; essentialism; individual level of analysis; norms; values

Indexed keywords

EID: 84890079553     PISSN: 00220221     EISSN: 15525422     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022022113513400     Document Type: Note

References (53)

1. Anderson B.Imagined communities. London, England: Verso; 1983:.
2. Atran S.Talking to the enemy: Violent extremism, sacred values, and what it means to be human. London, England: Penguin Books; 2010:.
3. Atran S.,Axelrod R.,Davis R.Sacred barriers to conflict resolution.Science. 2007;317:1039-1040.
4. Atran S.,Ginges J.Religious and sacred imperatives in human conflict.Science. 2012;336:855-857.
5. Atran S.,Medin D. L.,Ross N. O.The cultural mind: Environmental decision making and cultural modeling within and across populations.Psychological Review. 2005;112:744-776.
6. Baumeister R. F.The cultural animal: Human nature, meaning, and social life. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2005:.
7. Benedict R.The chrysanthemum and the sword: Patterns of Japanese culture. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin; 1946:.
8. Bond M. H.Handbook of Chinese psychology. Bond M. H., ed. Hong Kong, China: Oxford University Press; 1996:208-226.
9. Bond M. H.,Leung K.,Au A.,Tong K. K.,Chemonges-Nielson Z.Combining social axioms with values in predicting social behaviors.European Journal of Personality. 2004;18:177-191.
10. Bond M. H.,Muethel M.Doing better research on organizational behavior in Chinese cultural settings: Suggestions from the notebooks of two fellow-travelers.Management and Organizational Review. 2012;8:455-475.
11. Boyd R.,Richerson P.Culture and evolutionary process. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1985:.
12. Cavalli-Sforza L. L.,Feldman M. W.Cultural transmission and evolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1981:.
13. Dahrendorf R.Class and class conflict in industrial society. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press; 1959:.
14. D'Andrade R.A cognitivist's view of the units debate in cultural anthropology.Cross-Cultural Research. 2001;35:242-257.
15. Fischer R.,Ferreira M. C.,Assmar E.,Redford P.,Harb C.,Glazer S.,Achoui M.Individualism-collectivism as descriptive norms: Development of a subjective norm approach to culture measurement.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2009;40:187-213.
16. Fischer R.,Schwartz S. H.Whence differences in value priorities? Individual, cultural, or artifactual sources.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2011;42:1127-1144.
17. Fischer R.Intersubjective culture: Indeed intersubjective or yet another form of subjective assessment?.Swiss Journal of Psychology. 2012;71 (1): 13.
18. Gelfand M. J.,Raver J. L.,Nishii L.,Leslie L. M.,Lun J.,Lim B. C.,Yamaguchi S.Differences between tight and loose cultures: A 33-nation study.Science. 2011;332:1100-1104.
19. Gelman S. A.The essential child: Origins of essentialism in everyday thought. London, England: Oxford University Press; 2003:.
20. Herder J. G.Outlines of a philosophy of the history of man. New York, NY: Bergman; 1966:.
21. Hirai M.Stereotypes about the Japanese: Differences in evaluations between "the Japanese" and "myself.".Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2000;39:103-113.
22. Hirschfeld L.Race in the making: Cognition, culture, and the child's construction of human kinds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1996:.
23. Kitayama S.,Park H.,Sevincer T.,Karasawa M.,Uskul A. K.A cultural task analysis of implicit independence: Comparing North America, Western Europe, and East Asia.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2009;97:236-255.
24. Kroeber A.Anthropology. New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace; 1923:.
25. Kuran T.Private truths, public lies: The social consequences of preference falsification. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1995:.
26. Leung K.,Bond M. H.,de Carrasquel S. R.,Muñoz C.,Hernández M.,Murakami F., Singelis T. M.Social axioms: The search for universal dimensions of general beliefs about how the world functions.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2002;33:286-302.
27. Mackie G.Ending footbinding and infibulations: A convention account.American Sociological Review. 1996;61:999-1017.
28. Martorana P. V.,Galinsky A. D.,Rao H.From system justification to system condemnation: Antecedents of attempts to change power hierarchies.Research on Managing Groups and Teams. 2005;7:283-313.
29. Merino S. M.Contact with gays and lesbians and same-sex marriage support: The moderating role of social context.Social Science Research. 2013;42:1156-1166.
30. Minami H.Shakaishinrigaku no tachiba kara [From social psychology's point of view].Minzokugaku kenkyu. 1950;14:4 9-12.
31. Morling B.,Lamoreaux M.Measuring culture outside the head: A meta-analysis of individualism-collectivism in cultural products.Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2008;12:199-221.
32. Morris M. W.,Hong Y. Y.,Chiu C. Y.Special issue on social norms and cultural dynamics.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 2012;118:1-3.
33. Morris M. W.,Leung K.Justice for all? Progress in research on cultural variation in the psychology of distributive and procedural justice.Applied Psychology: An International Review. 2000;49:100-132.
34. O'Gorman H. J.White and Black perceptions of racial values.Public Opinion Quarterly. 1979;43:48-59.
35. Oyserman D.,Coon H.,Kemmelmeier M.Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses.Psychological Bulletin. 2002;128:3-72.
36. Parsons T.,Shils E.Toward a general theory of social action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1951:.
37. Romney A. K.,Boyd J. P.,Moore C. C.,Batchelder W. H.,Brazill T. J.Culture as shared cognitive representations.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1996;93:4699-4705.
38. Savani K.,Morris M. W.,Naidu N. V. R.Deference in Indians' decision making: Introjected goals or injunctive norms?.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2012;102 (4): 685.
39. Schwartz S. H.Comparing cultures: Dimensions of culture in a comparative perspective. Vinken H.Soeters J.Ester P., ed. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill; 2004:43-73.
40. Schwartz S. H.A theory of cultural value orientations: Explication and applications.Comparative Sociology. 2006;5:136-182.
41. Schwartz S. H.Rethinking the concept and measurement of societal culture in light of empirical findings.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2013;:.
42. Schwartz S. H.,Bilsky W.Toward a universal psychological structure of human values.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1987;53:550-562.
43. Shore B.Culture in mind: Cognition, culture, and the problem of meaning. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1996:.
44. Shteynberg G.,Gelfand M. J.,Kim K.Peering into the "magnum mysterium" of culture: The explanatory power of descriptive norms.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2009;40:46-69.
45. Sperber D.Anthropology and psychology: Towards an epidemiology of representations.Man. 1985;20:73-89.
46. Triandis H.Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press; 1995:.
47. Trompenaars F.Riding the waves of culture. London, England: Brealy; 1993:.
48. Turner J. C.Advances in group processes. Lawler E. J., ed. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press; 1985:77-122.
49. Wan C.,Chiu C.-Y.,Tam K.-P.,Lee S.-L.,Lau I. Y.-M.,Peng S.Perceived cultural importance and actual self-importance of values in cultural identification.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2007;92:337-354.
50. Weber E. U.,Morris M. W.Culture and judgment and decision making: The constructivist turn.Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2010;5:410-419.
51. Wrong D. H.The oversocialized conception of man in modern sociology.American Sociological Review. 1961;26:183-193.
52. Yamagishi T.,Hashimoto H.,Schug J.Preferences versus strategies as explanations for culture-specific behavior.Psychological Science. 2008;19:579-584.
53. Zou X.,Tam K. P.,Morris M. W.,Lee S.-L.,Lau I. Y.-M.,Chiu C.-Y.Culture as common sense: Perceived consensus versus personal beliefs as mechanisms of cultural influence.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2009;97:579-597.