When the border is "everywhere": State-level variation in migration control and changing settlement patterns of the unauthorized immigrant population in the United States

International Migration Review

Volumn 47, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 910-943

  Leerkes, Arjen ^a   Bachmeier, James D ^b   Leach, Mark A ^c  

^a ERASMUS UNIVERSITY ROTTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^b TEMPLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ILLEGAL IMMIGRANT; IMMIGRANT POPULATION; IMMIGRATION POLICY; INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION; LABOR MARKET; SETTLEMENT PATTERN;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 84890076105     PISSN: 01979183     EISSN: 17477379     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/imre.12047     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Akers, R., 1990 " Rational Choice, Deterrence, and Social Learning Theory in Criminology: The Path not Taken." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 81: 653-676.
2. Amuedo-Dorantes, C., T. Puttitanun, and, A. Martinez-Donate, 2013 " How Do Tougher Immigration Measures Affect Unauthorized Immigrants? " Demography 50 (3): 1067-1091.
3. Asteriou, D., and, S.G. Hall, 2007 Applied Econometrics: A Modern Approach. New York: Palgrave.
4. Bachmeier, J.D., 2013 " Cumulative Causation, Coethnic Settlement Maturity, and Mexican Immigration to U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 1995-2000." Social Forces 92 (1): 1293-1317.
5. Bowers, K., and, S. Johnson, 2003 " Measuring the Geographical Displacement and Diffusion of Benefit Effects of Crime Prevention Activity." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 19: 275-301.
6. Calavita, K., 1996 " The new Politics of Immigration: "Balanced-Budget Conservatism" and the Symbolism of Proposition 187." Social Problems 43: 284-305.
7. Carling, J., and, M. Hernández-Carretero, 2011 " Protecting Europe and Protecting Migrants? Strategies for Managing Unauthorised Migration From Africa." The British Journal of Politics & International Relations 13: 42-58.
8. Castañeda, H., 2009 " Illegality as Risk Factor: A Survey of Unauthorized Migrant Patients in a Berlin Clinic." Social Science & Medicine 68: 1552-1560.
9. Castles, S., and, M. J. Miller, 2003 The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, 3rd ed. London: The Guilford Press.
10. Chaudry, A., et al,. 2010 Facing Our Future: Children in the Aftermath of Immigration Enforcement. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.
11. Cornelius, W., and, I. Salehyan, 2007 " Does Border Enforcement Deter Unauthorized Immigration? The Case of Mexican Migration to the United States of America." Regulation & Governance 1: 139-153.
12. Cornelius, W., D. Fitzgerald, P. Fischer, and, L. Muse-Orlinoff, (ed.) 2009 Mexican Migration and the US Economic Crisis: A Transnational Perspective. La Jolla, CA: Center for Comparative Immigration Studies.
13. Crozet, M., 2004 " Do Migrants Follow Market Potentials? An Estimation of a new Economic Geography Model." Journal of Economic Geography 4: 439-458.
14. Dahrendorf, R., 1979 Life Chances: Approaches to Social and Political Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
15. Dávila, A., J. A. Pagan, and, G. Soydemir, 2002 " The Short-Term and Long-Term Deterrence Effects of INS Border and Interior Enforcement on Undocumented Immigration." Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 49: 459-472.
16. De Haas, H., 2010 " The Internal Dynamics of Migration Processes: A Theoretical Inquiry." Journal of ethnic and migration studies 36: 1587-1617.
17. Decker, S., P. Lewis, D. Provine, and, M. Varsanyi, 2009 " On the Frontier of Local law Enforcement: Local Police and Federal Immigration law." In Immigration, Crime, and Justice. Sociology of Crime, Law, and Deviance, Vol. 13. Ed., W. McDonald,. Bingley, UK: Emerald/JAI Press. Pp. 261-276.
18. Department of Homeland Security 2006 2005 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics. Washington, DC: DHS.
19. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) 2010 2009 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics. Washington, DC: DHS.
20. Durand, J., D. S. Massey, and, C. Capoferro, 2005 " The New Geography of Mexican Migration." In New Destinations: Mexican Immigration in the United States. Ed., V. Zuniga, and, R. Hernández-Leõn,. New York, NY: Russell Sage. Pp. 1-22.
21. Engbersen, G., and, D. Broeders, 2009 " The State Versus the Alien: Immigration Control and Strategies of Irregular Immigrants." West European Politics 32: 867-885.
22. Engbersen, G., M. Van San, and, A. Leerkes, 2006 " A Room With a View. Illegal Immigrants in the Legal Capital of the World." Ethnography 7: 209-242.
23. Epstein, G., 2008 " Herd and Network Effects in Migration Decision-Making." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 34: 567-583.
24. Espenshade, T., 1994 " Does the Threat of Border Apprehension Deter Undocumented US Immigration? " Population and Development Review 20: 871-892.
25. Espenshade, T., 1995 " Unauthorized Immigration to the United States." Annual Review of Sociology 21: 195-216.
26. Fortuny, K., R. Capps, and, J. Passel, 2007 The Characteristics of Unauthorized Immigrants in California, Los Angeles County, and the United States. Washington, DC: The Pew Hispanic Center.
27. Fussell, E., 2009 " Hurricane Chasers in New Orleans: Latino Immigrants as a Source of a Rapid Response Labor Force." Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 31 (3): 375-394.
28. Garland, D., 2001 The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
29. Gathmann, C., 2008 " Effects of Enforcement on Illegal Markets: Evidence From Migrant Smuggling Along the Southwestern Border." Journal of Public Economics 92: 1926-1941.
30. Granger, C. W. J., 1969 " Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-Spectral Methods." Econometrica 37 (3): 424-438.
31. Greene, WH., 2003 Econometric Analysis. 5th edn, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
32. Guiraudon, V., and, G. Lahav, 2007 Immigration Policy in Europe. The Politics of Control. London: Routledge.
33. Gurak, D., and, M. Kritz, 2000 " The Interstate Migration of US Immigrants: Individual and Contextual Determinants." Social Forces 78: 1017-1039.
34. Hatton, T., and, J. Williamson, 2005 Global Migration and the World Economy: Two Centuries of Policy and Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
35. Heer, D. M., 2002 " When Cumulative Causation Conflicts With Relative Economic Opportunity: Recent Change in the Hispanic Population of the United States." Migraciones Internacionales 1 (3): 32-53.
36. Hernandez-Leon, R., and, V. Zuniga, 2005 " Appalachia Meets Aztlan: Mexican Immigration and Intergroup Relations in Dalton, Georgia." In New Destinations: Mexican Immigration in the United States. Ed., V. Zuniga, and, R. Hernandez-Leon,. New York, NY: Russell Sage. Pp. 244-274.
37. Jones, R. C., 1982 " Channelization of Undocumented Mexican Migrants to the U.S." Economic Geography 58 (2): 156-176.
38. Kobach, K., 2007 " Attrition Through Enforcement: A Rational Approach to Illegal Immigration." Tulsa Journal of Comparative & International Law 15: 155-164.
39. Kochhar, R., 2008 Latino Labor Report, 2008: Construction Reverses Job Growth for Latinos. Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center.
40. Lahav, G., and, V. Guiraudon, 2000 " Comparative Perspectives on Border Control: Away From the Border and Outside the State." In The Wall Around the West. State Borders and Immigration Controls in North America and Europe. Ed., P. Andreas, and, T. Snyder,. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield publishers. Pp. 55-77.
41. Leach, M., and, F. Bean, 2008 " The Structure and Dynamics of Mexican Migration to New Destinations in the United States." In New Faces in New Places: The Changing Geography of American Immigration. Ed., D. Massey,. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. Pp. 99-123.
42. Leerkes, A., 2009 Illegal Residence and Public Safety in the Netherlands. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
43. Leerkes, A., G. Engbersen, and, J. Van der Leun, 2012 " Crime Among Irregular Immigrants and the Influence of Internal Border Control." Crime, Law and Social Change 12 (1): 15-38.
44. Leerkes, A., G. Engbersen, and, M. Van San, 2007 " Shadow Places. Patterns of Spatial Concentration and Incorporation of Irregular Immigrants in the Netherlands." Urban Studies 44 (8): 1491-1516.
45. Leerkes, A., and, I. Kulu-Glasgow, 2011 " Playing Hard(er) to get: The State, International Couples, and the Income Requirement." European Journal of Migration and Law 13 (1): 95-121.
46. Leerkes, A., M. Leach, and, J. Bachmeier, 2012 " Borders Behind the Border. An Exploration of State-Level Differences in Migration Control and Their Effects on U.S. Migration Patterns." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 38 (1): 111-129.
47. Leerkes, A., M. Varsanyi, and, G. Engbersen, 2012 " Local Limits to Migration Control: Practices of Selective Migration Policing in a Restrictive National Policy Context." Police Quarterly 15 (4): 446-475.
48. Lichter, D., and, K. Johnson, 2009 " Immigrant Gateways and Hispanic Migration to New Destinations." International Migration Review 43: 496-518.
49. Light, I., 2006 Deflecting Immigration: Networks, Markets, and Regulation in Los Angeles. New York, NY: Russell Sage.
50. Lloyd, S., 1982 " Least Squares Quantization in PCM." IEEE Trans. Information Theory 28: 129-137.
51. Lofstrom, M., S. Bohn, and, S. Raphael, 2011 Lessons From the 2007 Legal Arizona Workers Act. San Francisco, CA: Public Policy Institute of California.
52. Lyon, D., 2006 " The Border is Everywhere: ID Cards, Surveillance and the Other." In Global Surveillance and Policing: Borders, Security, Identity. Ed., E. Zuriek, and, M. Salter,. Cullompton: Willan Publishing. Pp. 66-82.
53. Martin, P., and, J. Taylor, 1996 " The Anatomy of a Migration Hump." In Development Strategy, Employment, and Migration: Insights From Models. Ed., J. Taylor,. Paris: OECD. Pp. 43-62.
54. Massey, D., 1986 " The Settlement Process Among Mexican Migrants to the United States." American Sociological Review 51 (5): 670-684.
55. Massey, D., 1990 " Social Structure, Household Strategies, and the Cumulative Causation of Migration." Population Index 56: 3-26.
56. Massey, D., 1999 " Why Does Immigration Occur? A Theoretical Synthesis." In The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience. Ed., C. Hirschman, P. Kasinitz, and, J. DeWind,. New York, NY: Russell Sage. Pp. 34-52.
57. Massey, D. S., 2013 " America's Immigration Policy Fiasco: Learning from Past Mistakes." Daedalus 142 (3): 5-15.
58. Massey, D. S., and, A. E. Brown, 2011 " New Migration Stream Between Mexico and Canada." Migraciones Internationales 6 (1): 119-144.
59. Massey, D., J. Durand, and, N. Malone, 2002 Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: Mexican Immigration in an Era of Economic Integration. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
60. Massey, D. S., and, F. Riosmena, 2010 " Undocumented Migration From Latin America in an era of Rising U.S. Enforcement." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 630: 137-161.
61. Massey, D., R. Alarcon, J. Durand, and, H. Gonzalez, 1987 Return to Aztlan: The Social Process of International Migration From Western Mexico. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
62. Massey, D., et al,. 1993 " Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal." Population and Development Review 19 (3): 431-466.
63. Massey, D., et al,. 2005 Worlds in Motion: Understanding International Migration at the End of the Millennium. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
64. Neumayer, E., 2004 " Asylum Destination Choice." European Union Politics 5: 155-180.
65. NCSL (National Conference of State Legislatures) 2006 A Review of State Immigration Legislation in 2005. Washington, DC: NCSL.
66. NCSL 2007 2006 State Legislation Related to Immigration: Enacted and Vetoed. Washington, DC: NCSL.
67. NCSL 2008 2007 Enacted State Legislation Related to Immigrants and Immigration. Revised January 31, 2008. Washington, DC: NCSL.
68. NCSL 2009 State Laws Related to Immigrants and Immigration in 2008. Revised January 27, 2009. Washington, DC: NCSL.
69. NCSL 2010 2009 State Laws Related to Immigrants and Immigration. January 1-December 31. Washington, DC: NCSL.
70. NCSL 2011 Immigration-Related Laws and Resolutions in the States. January 1-December 31 2010. Washington, DC: NCSL.
71. Parrado, E. A., 2012 " Immigration Enforcement Policies, the Economic Recession, and the Size of Local Mexican Immigrant Populations." The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 641 (1): 16-37.
72. Parrado, E. A., and, W. Kandel, 2008 " New Hispanic Migrant Destinations: A Tale of Two Industries." In New Faces in New Places: The Changing Geography of American Immigration. Ed., D. S. Massey,. New York, NY: Russell Sage. Pp. 99-123.
73. Passel, J., and, D. Cohn, 2009 A Portrait of Unauthorized Immigrants in the United States. Washington, DC: The Pew Hispanic Center.
74. Passel, J., and, D. Cohn, 2010 U.S. Unauthorized Immigration Flows Are Down Sharply Since Mid-Decade. Washington, DC: The Pew Hispanic Center.
75. Passel, J., and, D. Cohn, 2011 Unauthorized Immigrant Population: National and State Trends, 2010. Washington, DC: The Pew Hispanic Center.
76. Piore, M., 1979 Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
77. Portes, A., and, R. Bach, 1985 Latin Journey: Cuban and Mexican Immigrant in the United States. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
78. Ramakrishnan, S., and, T. Wong, 2010 " Partisanship, not Spanish: Explaining Municipal Ordinances Affecting Undocumented Immigrants." In Taking Local Control. Immigration Policy Activism in U.S. Cities and States. Ed., M. Varsanyi,. Stanfort: Stanfort University Press. Pp. 73-96.
79. Rodriguez, C., 2008 " The Significance of the Local in Immigration Regulation." Michigan Law Review 106: 567-642.
80. Sassen, S., 1990 The Mobility of Labor and Capital: A Study in International Investment and Labor Flow. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
81. Thielemann, E., 2006 " The Effectiveness of Governments' Attempts to Control Unwanted Migration." In Immigration and the Transformation of Europe. Ed., C. A. Parsons, and, T. M. Smeeding,. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 442-472.
82. Todaro, M., and, L. Maruszko, 1987 " Illegal Migration and US Immigration Reform: A Conceptual Framework." Population and Development Review 13: 101-114.
83. Torpey, J., 1998 " Coming and Going: On the State Monopolization of the 'Legitimate Means of Movement.'" Sociological Theory 16 (3): 239-259.
84. Triandafyllidou, A., (Ed.) 2010 Irregular Migration in Europe. Myths and Realities. Abingdon: Ashgate.
85. Van der Leun, J., 2003 Looking for Loopholes: Processes of Incorporation of Illegal Immigrants in the Netherlands. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
86. Varsanyi, M., (Ed.) 2010 Taking Local Control. Immigration Policy Activism in U.S. Cities and States. Stanfort: Stanfort University Press.
87. Walters, W., 2006 " Border/Control." European Journal of Social Theory 9 (2): 187-203.
88. Warren, R., and, J. R. Warren, 2013 " Unauthorized Immigration to the United States: Annual Estimates and Components of Change by State, 1990-2010." International Migration Review 47 (2): 296-329.
89. Weber, M., 1947 The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, translated from German by A. Henderson and T. Parsons. London: W. Hodge.
90. Wishnie, M., 2004 " State and Local Police Enforcement of Immigration Laws." University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law 6: 1084-1115.
91. Yoshikawa, H., 2011 Immigrants Raising Citizens: Undocumented Parents and Their Young Children. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation Publications.
92. Zuniga, V., and, R. Hernandez-Leon, 2005 " Introduction." In New Destinations: Mexican Immigration in the United States. Ed., V. Zuniga, and, R. Hernandez-Leon,. New York, NY: Russell Sage. Pp. xi-xxix.