메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 216-227

Disturbance legacies and climate jointly drive tree growth and mortality in an intensively studied boreal forest

Author keywords

Boreal forest; Carbon cycling; Climate change; Dendrology; Disturbance; Forest mortality; Machine learning

Indexed keywords

AIR TEMPERATURE; BOREAL FOREST; CARBON CYCLE; CARBON SEQUESTRATION; CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATE EFFECT; ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCE; MORTALITY; POPULATION DYNAMICS; POPULATION GROWTH;

EID: 84889671051     PISSN: 13541013     EISSN: 13652486     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12404     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (74)

References (98)
  • 1
    • 34250345753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trees dying standing in the northeastern boreal old-growth forests of Quebec: spatial patterns, rates, and temporal variation
    • Aakala T, Kuuluvainen T, De Grandpré L, Gauthier S (2007) Trees dying standing in the northeastern boreal old-growth forests of Quebec: spatial patterns, rates, and temporal variation. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 37, 50-61.
    • (2007) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.37 , pp. 50-61
    • Aakala, T.1    Kuuluvainen, T.2    De Grandpré, L.3    Gauthier, S.4
  • 2
    • 79952190874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree mortality episodes in the intact Picea abies-dominated taiga in the Arkhangelsk region of northern European Russia
    • Aakala T, Kuuluvainen T, Wallenius TH, Kauhanen H (2011) Tree mortality episodes in the intact Picea abies-dominated taiga in the Arkhangelsk region of northern European Russia. Journal of Vegetation Science, 22, 322-333.
    • (2011) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.22 , pp. 322-333
    • Aakala, T.1    Kuuluvainen, T.2    Wallenius, T.H.3    Kauhanen, H.4
  • 3
    • 3042767920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An analysis of some diverse approaches to modelling terrestrial net primary productivity
    • Adams B, White A, Lenton TM (2004) An analysis of some diverse approaches to modelling terrestrial net primary productivity. Ecological Modelling, 177, 353-391.
    • (2004) Ecological Modelling , vol.177 , pp. 353-391
    • Adams, B.1    White, A.2    Lenton, T.M.3
  • 4
    • 73649140927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests
    • Allen CD, Macalady AK, Chenchouni H et al. (2010) A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 259, 660-684.
    • (2010) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.259 , pp. 660-684
    • Allen, C.D.1    Macalady, A.K.2    Chenchouni, H.3
  • 5
    • 78049504152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecosystem carbon dioxide fluxes after disturbance in forests of North America
    • Amiro BD, Barr AG, Barr JG et al. (2010) Ecosystem carbon dioxide fluxes after disturbance in forests of North America. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, G00K02.
    • (2010) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.115
    • Amiro, B.D.1    Barr, A.G.2    Barr, J.G.3
  • 6
    • 0035727699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 exchange and evapotranspiration predicted by nine ecosystem process models: intermodal comparisons and relationships to field measurements
    • 2 exchange and evapotranspiration predicted by nine ecosystem process models: intermodal comparisons and relationships to field measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 33623-33648.
    • (2001) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.106 , pp. 33623-33648
    • Amthor, J.S.1    Chen, J.M.2    Clein, J.S.3
  • 9
    • 0001633245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FLUXNET: a new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities
    • Baldocchi DD, Falge E, Gu L et al. (2001) FLUXNET: a new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 82, 2415-2434.
    • (2001) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , vol.82 , pp. 2415-2434
    • Baldocchi, D.D.1    Falge, E.2    Gu, L.3
  • 11
    • 81355163866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Satellite observations of high northern latitude vegetation productivity changes between 1982 and 2008: ecological variability and regional differences
    • Beck PSA, Goetz SJ (2011) Satellite observations of high northern latitude vegetation productivity changes between 1982 and 2008: ecological variability and regional differences. Environmental Research Letters, 6, 045501.
    • (2011) Environmental Research Letters , vol.6 , pp. 045501
    • Beck, P.S.A.1    Goetz, S.J.2
  • 12
    • 4344578263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Past, current and future fire frequency in the Canadian boreal forest: implications for sustainable forest management
    • Bergeron Y, Flannigan MD, Gauthier S, Leduc A, Lefort P (2004) Past, current and future fire frequency in the Canadian boreal forest: implications for sustainable forest management. Ambio, 33, 356-365.
    • (2004) Ambio , vol.33 , pp. 356-365
    • Bergeron, Y.1    Flannigan, M.D.2    Gauthier, S.3    Leduc, A.4    Lefort, P.5
  • 13
    • 42949111223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inequality in paleorecords
    • Biondi F, Qeadan F (2008) Inequality in paleorecords. Ecology, 89, 1056-1067.
    • (2008) Ecology , vol.89 , pp. 1056-1067
    • Biondi, F.1    Qeadan, F.2
  • 14
    • 52949154635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decay and fragmentation of coarse woody debris: revisiting a boreal black spruce chronosequence
    • Bond-Lamberty B, Gower ST (2008) Decay and fragmentation of coarse woody debris: revisiting a boreal black spruce chronosequence. Ecosystems, 11, 831-840.
    • (2008) Ecosystems , vol.11 , pp. 831-840
    • Bond-Lamberty, B.1    Gower, S.T.2
  • 15
    • 0036445017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Above- and belowground biomass and sapwood area allometric equations for six boreal tree species of northern Manitoba
    • Bond-Lamberty B, Wang C, Gower ST (2002a) Above- and belowground biomass and sapwood area allometric equations for six boreal tree species of northern Manitoba. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 32, 1441-1450.
    • (2002) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.32 , pp. 1441-1450
    • Bond-Lamberty, B.1    Wang, C.2    Gower, S.T.3
  • 16
    • 0036772693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leaf area dynamics of a boreal black spruce fire chronosequence
    • Bond-Lamberty B, Wang C, Gower ST (2002b) Leaf area dynamics of a boreal black spruce fire chronosequence. Tree Physiology, 22, 993-1001.
    • (2002) Tree Physiology , vol.22 , pp. 993-1001
    • Bond-Lamberty, B.1    Wang, C.2    Gower, S.T.3
  • 17
    • 7244234593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Net primary production and net ecosystem production of a boreal black spruce fire chronosequence
    • Bond-Lamberty B, Wang C, Gower ST (2004) Net primary production and net ecosystem production of a boreal black spruce fire chronosequence. Global Change Biology, 10, 473-487.
    • (2004) Global Change Biology , vol.10 , pp. 473-487
    • Bond-Lamberty, B.1    Wang, C.2    Gower, S.T.3
  • 18
    • 34250817256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation of boreal black spruce chronosequences: comparison to field measurements and model evaluation
    • Bond-Lamberty B, Gower ST, Goulden ML, McMillan A (2006) Simulation of boreal black spruce chronosequences: comparison to field measurements and model evaluation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, G02014.
    • (2006) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.111
    • Bond-Lamberty, B.1    Gower, S.T.2    Goulden, M.L.3    McMillan, A.4
  • 19
    • 35948981586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dominance of fire in determining carbon balance of the central Canadian boreal forest
    • Bond-Lamberty B, Peckham SD, Ahl DE, Gower ST (2007) The dominance of fire in determining carbon balance of the central Canadian boreal forest. Nature, 450, 89-92.
    • (2007) Nature , vol.450 , pp. 89-92
    • Bond-Lamberty, B.1    Peckham, S.D.2    Ahl, D.E.3    Gower, S.T.4
  • 20
    • 68749121523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The extent of the North American boreal zone
    • Brandt JP (2009) The extent of the North American boreal zone. Environmental Reviews, 17, 101-161.
    • (2009) Environmental Reviews , vol.17 , pp. 101-161
    • Brandt, J.P.1
  • 21
    • 0035478854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Random forests
    • Breiman L (2001) Random forests. Machine Learning, 45, 5-32.
    • (2001) Machine Learning , vol.45 , pp. 5-32
    • Breiman, L.1
  • 22
    • 84858767166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detecting evidence for CO2 fertilization from tree ring studies: the potential role of sampling biases
    • Brienen RJW, Gloor E, Zuidema PA (2012) Detecting evidence for CO2 fertilization from tree ring studies: the potential role of sampling biases. Global Biochemical Cycles, 26, GB1025.
    • (2012) Global Biochemical Cycles , vol.26
    • Brienen, R.J.W.1    Gloor, E.2    Zuidema, P.A.3
  • 23
    • 77956877506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical and visual crossdating in R using the dplR library
    • Bunn AG (2010) Statistical and visual crossdating in R using the dplR library. Dendrochronologia, 28, 251-258.
    • (2010) Dendrochronologia , vol.28 , pp. 251-258
    • Bunn, A.G.1
  • 24
    • 26844508331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observed and predicted responses of plant growth to climate across Canada
    • Bunn AG, Goetz SJ, Fiske GJ (2005) Observed and predicted responses of plant growth to climate across Canada. Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L16710.
    • (2005) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.32
    • Bunn, A.G.1    Goetz, S.J.2    Fiske, G.J.3
  • 26
    • 84870302459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global convergence in the vulnerability of forests to drought
    • Choat B, Jansen S, Brodribb TJ et al. (2012) Global convergence in the vulnerability of forests to drought. Nature, 491, 752-756.
    • (2012) Nature , vol.491 , pp. 752-756
    • Choat, B.1    Jansen, S.2    Brodribb, T.J.3
  • 28
    • 0022187031 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of the boreal forests of the Laurentian Highlands, Canada
    • Cogbill CV (1985) Dynamics of the boreal forests of the Laurentian Highlands, Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 15, 252-261.
    • (1985) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.15 , pp. 252-261
    • Cogbill, C.V.1
  • 29
    • 84864762352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of stand age on the magnitude and seasonality of carbon fluxes in Canadian forests
    • Coursolle C, Margolis HA, Giasson M-A et al. (2012) Influence of stand age on the magnitude and seasonality of carbon fluxes in Canadian forests. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 165, 136-148.
    • (2012) Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , vol.165 , pp. 136-148
    • Coursolle, C.1    Margolis, H.A.2    Giasson, M.-A.3
  • 30
    • 64849106186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest management is driving the eastern North American boreal forest outside its natural range of variability
    • Cyr D, Gauthier S, Bergeron Y, Carcaillet C (2009) Forest management is driving the eastern North American boreal forest outside its natural range of variability. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 7, 519-524.
    • (2009) Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment , vol.7 , pp. 519-524
    • Cyr, D.1    Gauthier, S.2    Bergeron, Y.3    Carcaillet, C.4
  • 31
    • 33947408822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A long-term record of carbon exchange in a boreal black spruce forest: means: responses to interannual variability, and decadal trends
    • Dunn AL, Barford CC, Wofsy SC, Goulden ML, Daube BC (2006) A long-term record of carbon exchange in a boreal black spruce forest: means: responses to interannual variability, and decadal trends. Global Change Biology, 13, 577-590.
    • (2006) Global Change Biology , vol.13 , pp. 577-590
    • Dunn, A.L.1    Barford, C.C.2    Wofsy, S.C.3    Goulden, M.L.4    Daube, B.C.5
  • 32
    • 67349136470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gradient modeling of conifer species using random forests
    • Evans JS, Cushman SA (2009) Gradient modeling of conifer species using random forests. Landscape Ecology, 24, 673-683.
    • (2009) Landscape Ecology , vol.24 , pp. 673-683
    • Evans, J.S.1    Cushman, S.A.2
  • 33
    • 84865958211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid vegetation redistribution in Southern California during the early 2000s drought
    • Fellows AW, Goulden ML (2012) Rapid vegetation redistribution in Southern California during the early 2000s drought. Journal of Geophysical Research, 117, G03025.
    • (2012) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.117
    • Fellows, A.W.1    Goulden, M.L.2
  • 34
    • 0001511750 scopus 로고
    • Tree death as an ecological process: the causes, consequences and variability of tree mortality
    • Franklin JF, Shugart HH, Harmon ME (1987) Tree death as an ecological process: the causes, consequences and variability of tree mortality. BioScience, 37, 550-556.
    • (1987) BioScience , vol.37 , pp. 550-556
    • Franklin, J.F.1    Shugart, H.H.2    Harmon, M.E.3
  • 37
    • 33745270579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synoptic-scale atmospheric circulation and boreal Canada summer drought variability of the past three centuries
    • Girardin MP, Tardif JC, Flannigan MD, Bergeron Y (2006) Synoptic-scale atmospheric circulation and boreal Canada summer drought variability of the past three centuries. Journal of Climate, 19, 1922-1947.
    • (2006) Journal of Climate , vol.19 , pp. 1922-1947
    • Girardin, M.P.1    Tardif, J.C.2    Flannigan, M.D.3    Bergeron, Y.4
  • 38
    • 40849142029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of tree growth to a changing climate in boreal central Canada: a comparison of empirical, process-based, and hybrid modelling approaches
    • Girardin MP, Raulier F, Bernier PY, Tardif JC (2008) Response of tree growth to a changing climate in boreal central Canada: a comparison of empirical, process-based, and hybrid modelling approaches. Ecological Modelling, 213, 209-228.
    • (2008) Ecological Modelling , vol.213 , pp. 209-228
    • Girardin, M.P.1    Raulier, F.2    Bernier, P.Y.3    Tardif, J.C.4
  • 39
    • 84864060857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in growth of pristine boreal North American forests from 1950 to 2005 driven by landscape demographics and species traits
    • Girardin MP, Guo X-J, Bernier PY, Raulier F, Gauthier S (2012) Changes in growth of pristine boreal North American forests from 1950 to 2005 driven by landscape demographics and species traits. Biogeosciences Discussion, 9, 1021-1053.
    • (2012) Biogeosciences Discussion , vol.9 , pp. 1021-1053
    • Girardin, M.P.1    Guo, X.-J.2    Bernier, P.Y.3    Raulier, F.4    Gauthier, S.5
  • 40
    • 37649002464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecosystem responses to recent climate change and fire disturbance at northern high latitudes: observations and model results contrasting northern Eurasia and North America
    • Goetz SJ, Mack MC, Gurney KR, Randerson JT, Houghton RA (2007) Ecosystem responses to recent climate change and fire disturbance at northern high latitudes: observations and model results contrasting northern Eurasia and North America. Environmental Research Letters, 2, 045031.
    • (2007) Environmental Research Letters , vol.2 , pp. 045031
    • Goetz, S.J.1    Mack, M.C.2    Gurney, K.R.3    Randerson, J.T.4    Houghton, R.A.5
  • 42
    • 34548477184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The legacy of harvest and fire on ecosystem carbon storage in a north temperate forest
    • Gough CM, Vogel CS, Harrold KH, George K, Curtis PS (2007) The legacy of harvest and fire on ecosystem carbon storage in a north temperate forest. Global Change Biology, 13, 1935-1949.
    • (2007) Global Change Biology , vol.13 , pp. 1935-1949
    • Gough, C.M.1    Vogel, C.S.2    Harrold, K.H.3    George, K.4    Curtis, P.S.5
  • 45
    • 0031462767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon distribution and aboveground net primary production in aspen, jack pine, and black spruce stands in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada
    • Gower ST, Vogel JG, Norman JM, Kucharik CJ, Steele S, Stow TK (1997) Carbon distribution and aboveground net primary production in aspen, jack pine, and black spruce stands in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 29029-29041.
    • (1997) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.102 , pp. 29029-29041
    • Gower, S.T.1    Vogel, J.G.2    Norman, J.M.3    Kucharik, C.J.4    Steele, S.5    Stow, T.K.6
  • 48
    • 38349147310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terrestrial ecosystem carbon dynamics and climate feedbacks
    • Heimann M, Reichstein M (2008) Terrestrial ecosystem carbon dynamics and climate feedbacks. Nature, 451, 289-292.
    • (2008) Nature , vol.451 , pp. 289-292
    • Heimann, M.1    Reichstein, M.2
  • 49
    • 0028165711 scopus 로고
    • Climate and the southern limit of the western Canadian boreal forest
    • Hogg EH (1994) Climate and the southern limit of the western Canadian boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 24, 1835-1845.
    • (1994) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.24 , pp. 1835-1845
    • Hogg, E.H.1
  • 50
    • 0030942285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal scaling of moisture and the forest-grassland boundary in western Canada
    • Hogg EH (1997) Temporal scaling of moisture and the forest-grassland boundary in western Canada. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 84, 115-122.
    • (1997) Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , vol.84 , pp. 115-122
    • Hogg, E.H.1
  • 51
    • 0001844129 scopus 로고
    • Natural disturbance and gap dynamics in a Swedish boreal spruce forest
    • (eds Nakagoshi N, Golley F) - SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, NL.
    • Hytteborn H, Lui Q-H, Verwijst T (1991) Natural disturbance and gap dynamics in a Swedish boreal spruce forest. In: Coniferous Forest Ecology from an International Perspective (eds Nakagoshi N, Golley F), pp. 93-108. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, NL.
    • (1991) Coniferous Forest Ecology from an International Perspective , pp. 93-108
    • Hytteborn, H.1    Lui, Q.-H.2    Verwijst, T.3
  • 52
    • 33746787030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 13CO2 pulse-labelling of photoassimilates reveals carbon allocation within and between tree rings
    • 13CO2 pulse-labelling of photoassimilates reveals carbon allocation within and between tree rings. Plant, Cell and Environment, 29, 1571-1584.
    • (2006) Plant, Cell and Environment , vol.29 , pp. 1571-1584
    • Kagawa, A.1    Sugimoto, A.2    Maximov, T.C.3
  • 55
    • 84860682871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terrestrial biosphere model performance for inter-annual variability of land-atmosphere CO2 exchange
    • Keenan TF, Baker IT, Barr A et al. (2012) Terrestrial biosphere model performance for inter-annual variability of land-atmosphere CO2 exchange. Global Change Biology, 18, 1971-1987.
    • (2012) Global Change Biology , vol.18 , pp. 1971-1987
    • Keenan, T.F.1    Baker, I.T.2    Barr, A.3
  • 56
    • 84875802804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rate my data: quantifying the value of ecological data for the development of models of the terrestrial carbon cycle
    • Keenan TF, Davidson EA, Munger JW, Richardson AD (2013) Rate my data: quantifying the value of ecological data for the development of models of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Ecological Applications, 23, 273-286.
    • (2013) Ecological Applications , vol.23 , pp. 273-286
    • Keenan, T.F.1    Davidson, E.A.2    Munger, J.W.3    Richardson, A.D.4
  • 59
    • 0032447712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural changes in two virgin boreal forest stands in central Sweden over 72 years
    • Linder P (1998) Structural changes in two virgin boreal forest stands in central Sweden over 72 years. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 13, 451-461.
    • (1998) Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research , vol.13 , pp. 451-461
    • Linder, P.1
  • 60
    • 51649124893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks
    • Luyssaert S, Schulze E-D, Börner A et al. (2008) Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks. Nature, 455, 213-215.
    • (2008) Nature , vol.455 , pp. 213-215
    • Luyssaert, S.1    Schulze, E.-D.2    Börner, A.3
  • 61
    • 77955605650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global convergence in the temperature sensitivity of respiration at ecosystem level
    • Mahecha MD, Reichstein M, Carvalhais N et al. (2010) Global convergence in the temperature sensitivity of respiration at ecosystem level. Science, 329, 838-840.
    • (2010) Science , vol.329 , pp. 838-840
    • Mahecha, M.D.1    Reichstein, M.2    Carvalhais, N.3
  • 62
    • 58849122697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Widespread increase of tree mortality rates in the western United States
    • van Mantgem PJ, Stephenson NL, Byrne JC et al. (2009) Widespread increase of tree mortality rates in the western United States. Science, 323, 521-524.
    • (2009) Science , vol.323 , pp. 521-524
    • van Mantgem, P.J.1    Stephenson, N.L.2    Byrne, J.C.3
  • 63
    • 80052692081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interdependence of mechanisms climate-driven vegetation mortality
    • McDowell NG (2011) The interdependence of mechanisms climate-driven vegetation mortality. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 26, 523-532.
    • (2011) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.26 , pp. 523-532
    • McDowell, N.G.1
  • 65
    • 0026564063 scopus 로고
    • Comparative growth and yield of layer-and seed-origin black spruce (Picea mariana) stands in Quebec
    • Morin H, Gagnon R (1992) Comparative growth and yield of layer-and seed-origin black spruce (Picea mariana) stands in Quebec. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 22, 465-473.
    • (1992) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.22 , pp. 465-473
    • Morin, H.1    Gagnon, R.2
  • 66
    • 84889635935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural Resources Canada National Forest Inventory. Available at: (accessed 28 April 2013).
    • Natural Resources Canada (2009) National Forest Inventory. Available at: https://nfi.nfis.org/home.php (accessed 28 April 2013).
    • (2009)
  • 67
    • 77957291416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Responses of forest trees to single and multiple environmental stresses from seedlings to mature plants: past stress history, stress interactions, tolerance and acclimation
    • Niinemets Ü (2010) Responses of forest trees to single and multiple environmental stresses from seedlings to mature plants: past stress history, stress interactions, tolerance and acclimation. Forest Ecology and Management, 260, 1623-1639.
    • (2010) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.260 , pp. 1623-1639
    • Niinemets, U.1
  • 68
    • 0014683041 scopus 로고
    • The strategy of ecosystem development
    • Odum EP (1969) The strategy of ecosystem development. Science, 164, 262-270.
    • (1969) Science , vol.164 , pp. 262-270
    • Odum, E.P.1
  • 69
    • 80051879083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A large and persistent carbon sink in the world's forests
    • Pan Y, Birdsey RA, Fang J et al. (2011a) A large and persistent carbon sink in the world's forests. Science, 333, 988-993.
    • (2011) Science , vol.333 , pp. 988-993
    • Pan, Y.1    Birdsey, R.A.2    Fang, J.3
  • 71
    • 0023738040 scopus 로고
    • 2-induced climate change
    • 2-induced climate change. Nature, 334, 55-58.
    • (1988) Nature , vol.334 , pp. 55-58
    • Pastor, J.1    Post, W.M.2
  • 73
    • 0001329793 scopus 로고
    • Competition and tree death
    • Peet RK, Christensen NL (1987) Competition and tree death. BioScience, 37, 586-595.
    • (1987) BioScience , vol.37 , pp. 586-595
    • Peet, R.K.1    Christensen, N.L.2
  • 74
    • 84857127373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A drought-induced pervasive increase in tree mortality across Canada's boreal forests
    • Peng C, Ma Z, Lei X et al. (2011) A drought-induced pervasive increase in tree mortality across Canada's boreal forests. Nature Climate Change, 1, 467-471.
    • (2011) Nature Climate Change , vol.1 , pp. 467-471
    • Peng, C.1    Ma, Z.2    Lei, X.3
  • 75
    • 33747755432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating the self-initialization procedure for large-scale ecosystem models
    • Pietsch SA, Hasenauer H (2006) Evaluating the self-initialization procedure for large-scale ecosystem models. Global Change Biology, 12, 1-12.
    • (2006) Global Change Biology , vol.12 , pp. 1-12
    • Pietsch, S.A.1    Hasenauer, H.2
  • 76
    • 84863304598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R Development Core Team. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
    • R Development Core Team (2013) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
    • (2013) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
  • 78
    • 34249906881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determinants of terrestrial ecosystem carbon balance inferred from European eddy covariance flux sites
    • Reichstein M, Papale D, Valentini R et al. (2007) Determinants of terrestrial ecosystem carbon balance inferred from European eddy covariance flux sites. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L01402.
    • (2007) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.34
    • Reichstein, M.1    Papale, D.2    Valentini, R.3
  • 80
    • 0036096952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree mortality in a Pinus sylvestris dominated boreal forest landscape in Vienansalo Wilderness, eastern Fennoscandia
    • Rouvinen S, Kuuluvainen T, Siitonen J (2002) Tree mortality in a Pinus sylvestris dominated boreal forest landscape in Vienansalo Wilderness, eastern Fennoscandia. Silva Fennica, 36, 127-145.
    • (2002) Silva Fennica , vol.36 , pp. 127-145
    • Rouvinen, S.1    Kuuluvainen, T.2    Siitonen, J.3
  • 81
    • 78650291361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A model-data intercomparison of CO2 exchange across North America: results from the North American Carbon Program site synthesis
    • Schwalm CR, Williams CA, Schaefer K et al. (2010) A model-data intercomparison of CO2 exchange across North America: results from the North American Carbon Program site synthesis. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, G00H05.
    • (2010) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.115
    • Schwalm, C.R.1    Williams, C.A.2    Schaefer, K.3
  • 82
    • 0029480776 scopus 로고
    • The boreal ecosystem-atmosphere study (BOREAS): an overview and early results from the 1994 field year
    • Sellers PJ, Hall FG, Margolis HA et al. (1995) The boreal ecosystem-atmosphere study (BOREAS): an overview and early results from the 1994 field year. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 76, 1549-1577.
    • (1995) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , vol.76 , pp. 1549-1577
    • Sellers, P.J.1    Hall, F.G.2    Margolis, H.A.3
  • 83
    • 2342503867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal, spatial, and structural patterns of adult trembling aspen and white spruce mortality in Quebec's boreal forest
    • Senecal D, Kneeshaw DD, Messier C (2004) Temporal, spatial, and structural patterns of adult trembling aspen and white spruce mortality in Quebec's boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 34, 396-404.
    • (2004) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.34 , pp. 396-404
    • Senecal, D.1    Kneeshaw, D.D.2    Messier, C.3
  • 84
    • 65649132983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ontario's forest growth and yield modelling program: advances resulting from the Forestry Research Partnership
    • Sharma M, Parton J, Woods M et al. (2008) Ontario's forest growth and yield modelling program: advances resulting from the Forestry Research Partnership. The Forestry Chronicle, 84, 694-703.
    • (2008) The Forestry Chronicle , vol.84 , pp. 694-703
    • Sharma, M.1    Parton, J.2    Woods, M.3
  • 85
    • 0034175532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coarse woody debris and stand characteristics in mature managed and old-growth boreal mesic forests in southern Finland
    • Siitonen J, Martikainen PJ, Punttila P, Rauh J (2000) Coarse woody debris and stand characteristics in mature managed and old-growth boreal mesic forests in southern Finland. Forest Ecology and Management, 128, 211-225.
    • (2000) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.128 , pp. 211-225
    • Siitonen, J.1    Martikainen, P.J.2    Punttila, P.3    Rauh, J.4
  • 86
    • 84870868565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probing for the influence of atmospheric CO2 and climate change on forest ecosystems across biomes
    • Silva LCR, Anand M (2012) Probing for the influence of atmospheric CO2 and climate change on forest ecosystems across biomes. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 22, 83-92.
    • (2012) Global Ecology and Biogeography , vol.22 , pp. 83-92
    • Silva, L.C.R.1    Anand, M.2
  • 88
    • 0026295556 scopus 로고
    • Boreal forest sensitivity to global warming: implications for forest management in western interior Canada
    • Singh T, Wheaton EE (1991) Boreal forest sensitivity to global warming: implications for forest management in western interior Canada. The Forestry Chronicle, 67, 342-348.
    • (1991) The Forestry Chronicle , vol.67 , pp. 342-348
    • Singh, T.1    Wheaton, E.E.2
  • 91
    • 40149094300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of carbon-nitrogen cycle coupling on land model response to CO2 fertilization and climate variability
    • Thornton PE, Lamarque J-F, Rosenbloom NA, Mahowald NM (2007) Influence of carbon-nitrogen cycle coupling on land model response to CO2 fertilization and climate variability. Global Biochemical Cycles, 21, GB4018.
    • (2007) Global Biochemical Cycles , vol.21
    • Thornton, P.E.1    Lamarque, J.-F.2    Rosenbloom, N.A.3    Mahowald, N.M.4
  • 92
    • 84865306820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term trends in tree mortality rates in the Alberta foothills are driven by stand development
    • Thorpe HC, Daniels LD (2012) Long-term trends in tree mortality rates in the Alberta foothills are driven by stand development. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1687-1696.
    • (2012) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.42 , pp. 1687-1696
    • Thorpe, H.C.1    Daniels, L.D.2
  • 93
    • 0036435060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How long to trees take to reach breast height after fire in northeastern Ontario?
    • Vasiliauskas S, Chen HYH (2002) How long to trees take to reach breast height after fire in northeastern Ontario? Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 32, 1889-1892.
    • (2002) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.32 , pp. 1889-1892
    • Vasiliauskas, S.1    Chen, H.Y.H.2
  • 94
    • 38949123047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevated growth temperatures reduce the carbon gain of black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.]
    • Way DA, Sage RF (2008) Elevated growth temperatures reduce the carbon gain of black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.]. Global Change Biology, 14, 624-636.
    • (2008) Global Change Biology , vol.14 , pp. 624-636
    • Way, D.A.1    Sage, R.F.2
  • 95
    • 84855906493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon consequences of forest disturbance and recovery across the conterminous United States
    • Williams CA, Collatz GJ, Masek JG, Goward SN (2012) Carbon consequences of forest disturbance and recovery across the conterminous United States. Global Biochemical Cycles, 26, GB1005.
    • (2012) Global Biochemical Cycles , vol.26
    • Williams, C.A.1    Collatz, G.J.2    Masek, J.G.3    Goward, S.N.4
  • 96
    • 84871936729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temperature as a potent driver of regional forest drought stress and tree mortality
    • Williams AP, Allen CD, Macalady AK et al. (2013) Temperature as a potent driver of regional forest drought stress and tree mortality. Nature Climate Change, 3, 292-297.
    • (2013) Nature Climate Change , vol.3 , pp. 292-297
    • Williams, A.P.1    Allen, C.D.2    Macalady, A.K.3
  • 97
    • 0002749441 scopus 로고
    • A simple method for cross-dating increment cores from living trees
    • Yamaguchi DK (1991) A simple method for cross-dating increment cores from living trees. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 21, 414-416.
    • (1991) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.21 , pp. 414-416
    • Yamaguchi, D.K.1
  • 98
    • 33845287623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Old-growth forests can accumulate carbon in soils
    • Zhou G, Liu S, Li Z et al. (2006) Old-growth forests can accumulate carbon in soils. Science, 314, 1417.
    • (2006) Science , vol.314 , pp. 1417
    • Zhou, G.1    Liu, S.2    Li, Z.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.