Deep brain stimulation in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder

World Neurosurgery

Volumn 80, Issue 6, 2013, Pages

  Blomstedt, Patric ^a   Sjöberg, Rickard L ^a,b   Hansson, Maja ^c   Bodlund, Owe ^c   Hariz, Marwan I ^a,d  

^a UMEÅ UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^c UMEÅ UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^d UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

DBS; OCD; Stereotaxy

Indexed keywords

BENZODIAZEPINE; CLOMIPRAMINE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT;

AGITATION; AMNESIA; ANXIETY; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; CAPSULA INTERNA; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; COGNITIVE THERAPY; CORPUS STRIATUM; DEPRESSION; DIPLOPIA; ELECTRIC POTENTIAL; ELECTRODE IMPLANT; FINGER; FINGER PALSY; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; HYPOMANIA; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PARALYSIS; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SHAM PROCEDURE; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; WOUND INFECTION; YALE BROWN OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE SCALE; ZONA INCERTA;

CBT; COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL PSYCHOTHERAPY; DBS; DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION; IC; INFERIOR THALAMIC PEDUNCLE; INTERNAL CAPSULE; ITP; NA; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; OCD; PARKINSON DISEASE; PD; STEREOTAXY; STN; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; VC/VS; VENTRAL INTERNAL CAPSULE/VENTRAL STRIATUM; YALE-BROWN OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE SCALE; YBOCS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE OF ONSET; CROSS-OVER STUDIES; DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION; DRUG RESISTANCE; ELECTRODES, IMPLANTED; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERNAL CAPSULE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES; OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; STEREOTAXIC TECHNIQUES; TREATMENT OUTCOME; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84889641126     PISSN: 18788750     EISSN: 18788769     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2012.10.006     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. J.L. Abelson, G.C. Curtis, O. Sagher, R.C. Albucher, M. Harrigan, S.F. Taylor, B. Martis, and B. Giordani Deep brain stimulation for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder Biol Psychiatry 57 2005 510 516
2. L. Ackermans, Y. Temel, D. Cath, C. van der Linden, R. Bruggeman, M. Kleijer, P. Nederveen, K. Schruers, H. Colle, M.A. Tijssen, and V. Visser-Vandewalle Deep brain stimulation in Tourette's syndrome: two targets? Mov Disord 21 2006 709 713
3. P. Alonso, C. Segalas, E. Real, A. Pertusa, J. Labad, S. Jimenez-Murcia, N. Jaurrieta, B. Bueno, J. Vallejo, and J.M. Menchon Suicide in patients treated for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a prospective follow-up study J Affect Disord 124 2010 300 308
4. D. Anderson, and A. Ahmed Treatment of patients with intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder with anterior capsular stimulation. Case report J Neurosurg 98 2003 1104 1108
5. B. Aouizerate, E. Cuny, E. Bardinet, J. Yelnik, C. Martin-Guehl, J.Y. Rotge, A. Rougier, B. Bioulac, J. Tignol, L. Mallet, P. Burbaud, and D. Guehl Distinct striatal targets in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depression J Neurosurg 111 2009 775 779
6. B. Aouizerate, E. Cuny, C. Martin-Guehl, D. Guehl, H. Amieva, A. Benazzouz, C. Fabrigoule, M. Allard, A. Rougier, B. Bioulac, J. Tignol, and P. Burbaud Deep brain stimulation of the ventral caudate nucleus in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depression. Case report J Neurosurg 101 2004 682 686
7. B. Aouizerate, C. Martin-Guehl, E. Cuny, D. Guehl, H. Amieva, A. Benazzouz, C. Fabrigoule, B. Bioulac, J. Tignol, and P. Burbaud Deep brain stimulation for OCD and major depression Am J Psychiatry 162 2005 2192
8. R.J. Bajwa, A.J. de Lotbiniere, R.A. King, B. Jabbari, S. Quatrano, K. Kunze, L. Scahill, and J.F. Leckman Deep brain stimulation in Tourette's syndrome Mov Disord 22 2007 1346 1350
9. A.L. Benabid, P. Pollak, A. Louveau, S. Henry, and J. de Rougemont Combined (thalamotomy and stimulation) stereotactic surgery of the VIM thalamic nucleus for bilateral Parkinson disease Appl Neurophysiol 50 1987 344 346
10. B.H. Bewernick, R. Hurlemann, A. Matusch, S. Kayser, C. Grubert, B. Hadrysiewicz, N. Axmacher, M. Lemke, D. Cooper-Mahkorn, M.X. Cohen, H. Brockmann, D. Lenartz, V. Sturm, and T.E. Schlaepfer Nucleus accumbens deep brain stimulation decreases ratings of depression and anxiety in treatment-resistant depression Biol Psychiatry 67 2010 110 116
11. T. Bjorgvinsson, J. Hart, and S. Heffelfinger Obsessive-compulsive disorder: update on assessment and treatment J Psychiatr Pract 13 2007 362 372
12. Blomstedt P: Analysis of deep brain stimulation and ablative lesions in surgical treatment of movement disorders-with emphasis on safety aspects. Thesis. Umeå, Sweden: University of Umeå, April 2007.
13. P. Blomstedt, and M.I. Hariz Are complications less common in deep brain stimulation than in ablative procedures for movement disorders? Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 84 2006 72 81
14. P. Blomstedt, R.L. Sjoberg, M. Hansson, O. Bodlund, and M.I. Hariz Deep brain stimulation in the treatment of depression Acta Psychiatr Scand 123 2011 4 11
15. A. Burdick, K.D. Foote, W. Goodman, H.E. Ward, N. Ricciuti, T. Murphy, I. Haq, and M.S. Okun Lack of benefit of accumbens/capsular deep brain stimulation in a patient with both tics and obsessive-compulsive disorder Neurocase 16 2010 321 330
16. D. Denys Pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders Psychiatr Clin North Am 29 2006 553 584
17. D. Denys, M. Mantione, M. Figee, P. van den Munckhof, F. Koerselman, H. Westenberg, A. Bosch, and R. Schuurman Deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens for treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder Arch Gen Psychiatry 67 2010 1061 1068
18. N.J. Diederich, K. Kalteis, M. Stamenkovic, V. Pieri, and F. Alesch Efficient internal pallidal stimulation in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a case report Mov Disord 20 2005 1496 1499
19. A.W. Flaherty, Z.M. Williams, R. Amirnovin, E. Kasper, S.L. Rauch, G.R. Cosgrove, and E.N. Eskandar Deep brain stimulation of the anterior internal capsule for the treatment of Tourette syndrome: technical case report Neurosurgery 57 2005 E403
20. D. Fontaine, V. Mattei, M. Borg, D. von Langsdorff, M.N. Magnie, S. Chanalet, P. Robert, and P. Paquis Effect of subthalamic nucleus stimulation on obsessive-compulsive disorder in a patient with Parkinson disease. Case report J Neurosurg 100 2004 1084 1086
21. M.J. Frank, J. Samanta, A.A. Moustafa, and S.J. Sherman Hold your horses: impulsivity, deep brain stimulation, and medication in parkinsonism Science 318 2007 1309 1312
22. A. Franzini, G. Messina, O. Gambini, R. Muffatti, S. Scarone, R. Cordella, and G. Broggi Deep-brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens in obsessive-compulsive disorder: clinical, surgical and electrophysiological considerations in two consecutive patients Neurol Sci 31 2010 353 359
23. L. Gabriels, P. Cosyns, B. Nuttin, H. Demeulemeester, and J. Gybels Deep brain stimulation for treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: psychopathological and neuropsychological outcome in three cases Acta Psychiatr Scand 107 2003 275 282
24. W.K. Goodman, K.D. Foote, B.D. Greenberg, N. Ricciuti, R. Bauer, H. Ward, N.A. Shapira, S.S. Wu, C.L. Hill, S.A. Rasmussen, and M.S. Okun Deep brain stimulation for intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder: pilot study using a blinded, staggered-onset design Biol Psychiatry 15 2010 535 542
25. B.D. Greenberg, L.A. Gabriels, D.A. Malone Jr., A.R. Rezai, G.M. Friehs, M.S. Okun, N.A. Shapira, K.D. Foote, P.R. Cosyns, C.S. Kubu, P.F. Malloy, S.P. Salloway, J.E. Giftakis, M.T. Rise, A.G. Machado, K.B. Baker, P.H. Stypulkowski, W.K. Goodman, S.A. Rasmussen, and B.J. Nuttin Deep brain stimulation of the ventral internal capsule/ventral striatum for obsessive-compulsive disorder: worldwide experience Mol Psychiatry 15 2008 64 79
26. B.D. Greenberg, D.A. Malone, G.M. Friehs, A.R. Rezai, C.S. Kubu, P.F. Malloy, S.P. Salloway, M.S. Okun, W.K. Goodman, and S.A. Rasmussen Three-year outcomes in deep brain stimulation for highly resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder Neuropsychopharmacology 31 2006 2384 2393
27. D. Guehl, A. Benazzouz, B. Aouizerate, E. Cuny, J.Y. Rotge, A. Rougier, J. Tignol, B. Bioulac, and P. Burbaud Neuronal correlates of obsessions in the caudate nucleus Biological psychiatry 63 2008 557 562
28. M.I. Hariz, P. Blomstedt, and L. Zrinzo Deep brain stimulation between 1947 and 1987: the untold story Neurosurg Focus 29 2010 E1
29. M.I. Hariz, and M.M. Robertson Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and deep brain stimulation Eur J Neurosci 32 2010 1128 1134
30. W.I. Haynes, and L. Mallet High-frequency stimulation of deep brain structures in obsessive-compulsive disorder: the search for a valid circuit Eur J Neurosci 32 2010 1118 1127
31. J.L. Houeto, C. Karachi, L. Mallet, B. Pillon, J. Yelnik, V. Mesnage, M.L. Welter, S. Navarro, A. Pelissolo, P. Damier, B. Pidoux, D. Dormont, P. Cornu, and Y. Agid Tourette's syndrome and deep brain stimulation J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76 2005 992 995
32. W. Huff, D. Lenartz, M. Schormann, S.H. Lee, J. Kuhn, A. Koulousakis, J. Mai, J. Daumann, M. Maarouf, J. Klosterkotter, and V. Sturm Unilateral deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens in patients with treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: outcomes after one year Clin Neurol Neurosurg 112 2010 137 143
33. F. Jimenez-Ponce, F. Velasco-Campos, G. Castro-Farfan, H. Nicolini, A.L. Velasco, R. Salin-Pascual, D. Trejo, and J.L. Criales Preliminary study in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder treated with electrical stimulation in the inferior thalamic peduncle Neurosurgery 65 2009 203 209
34. F. Jimenez, F. Velasco, R. Salin-Pascual, J.A. Hernandez, M. Velasco, J.L. Criales, and H. Nicolini A patient with a resistant major depression disorder treated with deep brain stimulation in the inferior thalamic peduncle Neurosurgery 57 2005 585 593
35. F. Jimenez, F. Velasco, R. Salin-Pascual, M. Velasco, H. Nicolini, A.L. Velasco, and G. Castro Neuromodulation of the inferior thalamic peduncle for major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder Acta Neurochir Suppl 97 2007 393 398
36. Koran LM, Hanna GL, Hollander E, Nestadt G, Simpson HB: American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Available at: http://www.psychiatryonline.com/ pracGuide/PracticePDFs/OCDPracticeGuidelineFinal05-04-07.pdf 2007. Accessed January 20, 2012.
37. J. Kuhn, D. Lenartz, J.K. Mai, W. Huff, S.H. Lee, A. Koulousakis, J. Klosterkoetter, and V. Sturm Deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens and the internal capsule in therapeutically refractory Tourette-syndrome J Neurol 254 2007 963 965
38. N. Lipsman, J.S. Neimat, and A.M. Lozano Deep brain stimulation for treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: the search for a valid target Neurosurgery 61 2007 1 11
39. A.M. Lozano, H.S. Mayberg, P. Giacobbe, C. Hamani, R.C. Craddock, and S.H. Kennedy Subcallosal cingulate gyrus deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression Biol Psychiatry 64 2008 461 467
40. A. Machado, S. Haber, N. Sears, B. Greenberg, D. Malone, and A. Rezai Functional topography of the ventral striatum and anterior limb of the internal capsule determined by electrical stimulation of awake patients Clin Neurophysiol 120 2009 1941 1948
41. L. Mallet, V. Mesnage, J.L. Houeto, A. Pelissolo, J. Yelnik, C. Behar, M. Gargiulo, M.L. Welter, A.M. Bonnet, B. Pillon, P. Cornu, D. Dormont, B. Pidoux, J.F. Allilaire, and Y. Agid Compulsions, Parkinson's disease, and stimulation Lancet 360 2002 1302 1304
42. L. Mallet, M. Polosan, N. Jaafari, N. Baup, M.L. Welter, D. Fontaine, S.T. du Montcel, J. Yelnik, I. Chereau, C. Arbus, S. Raoul, B. Aouizerate, P. Damier, S. Chabardes, V. Czernecki, C. Ardouin, M.O. Krebs, E. Bardinet, P. Chaynes, P. Burbaud, P. Cornu, P. Derost, T. Bougerol, B. Bataille, V. Mattei, D. Dormont, B. Devaux, M. Verin, J.L. Houeto, P. Pollak, A.L. Benabid, Y. Agid, P. Krack, B. Millet, and A. Pelissolo Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in severe obsessive-compulsive disorder N Engl J Med 359 2008 2121 2134
43. L. Mallet, M. Schupbach, K. N'Diaye, P. Remy, E. Bardinet, V. Czernecki, M.L. Welter, A. Pelissolo, M. Ruberg, Y. Agid, and J. Yelnik Stimulation of subterritories of the subthalamic nucleus reveals its role in the integration of the emotional and motor aspects of behavior Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104 2007 10661 10666
44. D.A. Malone Jr., D.D. Dougherty, A.R. Rezai, L.L. Carpenter, G.M. Friehs, E.N. Eskandar, S.L. Rauch, S.A. Rasmussen, A.G. Machado, C.S. Kubu, A.R. Tyrka, L.H. Price, P.H. Stypulkowski, J.E. Giftakis, M.T. Rise, P.F. Malloy, S.P. Salloway, and B.D. Greenberg Deep brain stimulation of the ventral capsule/ventral striatum for treatment-resistant depression Biol Psychiatry 65 2009 267 275
45. M. Mantione, W. van de Brink, P.R. Schuurman, and D. Denys Smoking cessation and weight loss after chronic deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens: therapeutic and research implications: case report Neurosurgery 66 2010 E218
46. Medtronic: Available at: http://professional.medtronic.com/interventions/ deep-brain-stimulation/overview/index.htm 2010. Accessed February 15, 2012.
47. B.A. Meyerson Comments Neurosurgery 65 2009 209
48. M.K. Mian, M. Campos, S.A. Sheth, and E.N. Eskandar Deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: past, present, and future Neurosurg Focus 29 2010 E10
49. I. Neuner, K. Podoll, D. Lenartz, V. Sturm, and F. Schneider Deep brain stimulation in the nucleus accumbens for intractable Tourette's syndrome: follow-up report of 36 months Biol Psychiatry 65 2009 e5 e6
50. B. Nuttin, P. Cosyns, H. Demeulemeester, J. Gybels, and B. Meyerson Electrical stimulation in anterior limbs of internal capsules in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder Lancet 354 1999 1526
51. B.J. Nuttin, L.A. Gabriels, P.R. Cosyns, B.A. Meyerson, S. Andreewitch, S.G. Sunaert, A.F. Maes, P.J. Dupont, J.M. Gybels, F. Gielen, and H.G. Demeulemeester Long-term electrical capsular stimulation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder Neurosurgery 52 2003 1263 1272
52. M.S. Okun, D. Bowers, U. Springer, N.A. Shapira, D. Malone, A.R. Rezai, B. Nuttin, K.M. Heilman, R.J. Morecraft, S.A. Rasmussen, B.D. Greenberg, K.D. Foote, and W.K. Goodman What's in a "smile?" Intra-operative observations of contralateral smiles induced by deep brain stimulation Neurocase 10 2004 271 279
53. M.S. Okun, G. Mann, K.D. Foote, N.A. Shapira, D. Bowers, U. Springer, W. Knight, P. Martin, and W. Goodman Internal capsule and nucleus accumbens region DBS: responses observed during active and sham programming J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78 2007 310 314
54. B. Piallat, M. Polosan, V. Fraix, L. Goetz, O. David, A. Fenoy, N. Torres, J.L. Quesada, E. Seigneuret, P. Pollak, P. Krack, T. Bougerol, A.L. Benabid, and S. Chabardes Subthalamic neuronal firing in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Parkinson disease Ann Neurol 69 2011 793 802
55. C. Plewnia, F. Schober, A. Rilk, G. Buchkremer, M. Reimold, T. Wachter, S. Breit, D. Weiss, R. Kruger, and D. Freudenstein Sustained improvement of obsessive-compulsive disorder by deep brain stimulation in a woman with residual schizophrenia Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 11 2008 1181 1183
56. J.Y. Rotge, D. Guehl, B. Dilharreguy, E. Cuny, J. Tignol, B. Bioulac, M. Allard, P. Burbaud, and B. Aouizerate Provocation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms: a quantitative voxel-based meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies J Psychiatry Neurosci 33 2008 405 412
57. J.Y. Rotge, D. Guehl, B. Dilharreguy, J. Tignol, B. Bioulac, M. Allard, P. Burbaud, and B. Aouizerate Meta-analysis of brain volume changes in obsessive-compulsive disorder Biol Psychiatry 65 2009 75 83
58. J.Y. Rotge, N. Langbour, D. Guehl, B. Bioulac, N. Jaafari, M. Allard, B. Aouizerate, and P. Burbaud Gray matter alterations in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an anatomic likelihood estimation meta-analysis Neuropsychopharmacology 35 2010 686 691
59. C. Ruck, S. Andreewitch, K. Flyckt, G. Edman, H. Nyman, B.A. Meyerson, B.E. Lippitz, T. Hindmarsh, P. Svanborg, P. Mindus, and M. Asberg Capsulotomy for refractory anxiety disorders: long-term follow-up of 26 patients Am J Psychiatry 160 2003 513 521
60. A. Sartorius, K.L. Kiening, P. Kirsch, C.C. von Gall, U. Haberkorn, A.W. Unterberg, F.A. Henn, and A. Meyer-Lindenberg Remission of major depression under deep brain stimulation of the lateral habenula in a therapy-refractory patient Biol Psychiatry 67 2010 e9 e11
61. S. Saxena, and S.L. Rauch Functional neuroimaging and the neuroanatomy of obsessive-compulsive disorder Psychiatr Clin North Am 23 2000 563 586
62. T.E. Schlaepfer, M.X. Cohen, C. Frick, M. Kosel, D. Brodesser, N. Axmacher, A.Y. Joe, M. Kreft, D. Lenartz, and V. Sturm Deep brain stimulation to reward circuitry alleviates anhedonia in refractory major depression Neuropsychopharmacology 33 2008 368 377
63. D. Servello, M. Porta, M. Sassi, A. Brambilla, and M.M. Robertson Deep brain stimulation in 18 patients with severe Gilles de la Tourette syndrome refractory to treatment: the surgery and stimulation J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79 2008 136 142
64. J. Shahed, J. Poysky, C. Kenney, R. Simpson, and J. Jankovic GPi deep brain stimulation for Tourette syndrome improves tics and psychiatric comorbidities Neurology 68 2007 159 160
65. N.A. Shapira, M.S. Okun, D. Wint, K.D. Foote, J.A. Byars, D. Bowers, U.S. Springer, P.J. Lang, B.D. Greenberg, S.N. Haber, and W.K. Goodman Panic and fear induced by deep brain stimulation J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 77 2006 410 412
66. R.L. Sjoberg, and P. Blomstedt The psychological neuroscience of depression: implications for understanding effects of deep brain stimulation Scand J Psychol 52 2011 411 419
67. U.S. Springer, D. Bowers, W.K. Goodman, N.A. Shapira, K.D. Foote, and M.S. Okun Long-term habituation of the smile response with deep brain stimulation Neurocase 12 2006 191 196
68. V. Sturm, D. Lenartz, A. Koulousakis, H. Treuer, K. Herholz, J.C. Klein, and J. Klosterkotter The nucleus accumbens: a target for deep brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive- and anxiety-disorders J Chem Neuroanat 26 2003 293 299
69. E.S. Valenstein Brain control 1973 Wiley-Interscience New York
70. K. van Kuyck, K. Brak, J. Das, D. Rizopoulos, and B. Nuttin Comparative study of the effects of electrical stimulation in the nucleus accumbens, the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in rats with schedule-induced polydipsia Brain Res 1201 2008 93 99
71. F. Velasco, M. Velasco, F. Jimenez, A.L. Velasco, and R. Salin-Pascual Neurobiological background for performing surgical intervention in the inferior thalamic peduncle for treatment of major depression disorders Neurosurgery 57 2005 439 448
72. M. Velasco, F. Velasco, F. Jimenez, J.D. Carrillo-Ruiz, A.L. Velasco, and R. Salin-Pascual Electrocortical and behavioral responses elicited by acute electrical stimulation of inferior thalamic peduncle and nucleus reticularis thalami in a patient with major depression disorder Clin Neurophysiol 117 2006 320 327
73. S.P. Whiteside, J.D. Port, and J.S. Abramowitz A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging in obsessive-compulsive disorder Psychiatry Res 132 2004 69 79
74. A. Videnovic, and L.V. Metman Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: prevalence of adverse events and need for standardized reporting Mov Disord 23 2008 343 349
75. V. Visser-Vandewalle, Y. Temel, P. Boon, F. Vreeling, H. Colle, G. Hoogland, H.J. Groenewegen, and C. van der Linden Chronic bilateral thalamic stimulation: a new therapeutic approach in intractable Tourette syndrome. Report of three cases J Neurosurg 99 2003 1094 1100
76. M. Zabek, M. Sobstyl, H. Koziara, and S. Dzierzecki Deep brain stimulation of the right nucleus accumbens in a patient with Tourette syndrome. Case report Neurol Neurochir Pol 42 2008 554 559