Perspectives on internet use: Access, involvement and interaction

Handbook of New Media: Social Shaping and Social Consequences of ICTs

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 92-113

  Rice, Ronald E ^a,b   Haythornthwaite, Caroline ^c  

^a Department of Communication ^*  (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84889610103     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4135/9781446211304.n4     Document Type: Chapter

References (153)

1. AOL (2000) American Online/Roper Starch Cyberstudy 2000. Roper CNT375.
2. AOL (2002) America Online Announces Top Teen Wired Cities in America. Available online: http://media.aoltimewarner.com/media/press_view.cfm?release_num=55252413
3. Aspden, P. and Katz, J. (2001) ‘Assessments of quality of health care information and referrals to physicians: a nationwide survey’, in R.E. Rice and J. Katz (eds), The Internet and Health Communication. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. pp. 107-19. doi:10.4135/9781452233277 http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452233277
4. Baym, N.K. (1995) ‘The emergence of community in computer-mediated communication’, in S.G. Jones (ed.), Cybersociety: Computer-mediated Communication and Community. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. pp. 138-63.
5. Beniger, J. (1988) ‘The personalization of mass media and the growth of pseudo-community’, Communication Research, 14 (3): 352-71. doi:10.1177/009365087014003005 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009365087014003005
6. Bikson, T. and Panis, C. (1999) Citizens, Computers, and Connectivity. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
7. Bollier, D. (ed.) (1995) The Future of Community and Personal Identity in the Coming Electronic Culture. Washington, DC: Aspen Institute.
8. Borchert, M. (1998) ‘The challenge of cyberspace: Internet access and persons with disabilities’, in B. Ebo (ed.), Cyberghetto or Cybertopia: Race, Class, and Gender on the Internet. New York: Praeger. pp. 45-64.
9. Bourque, S.C. and Warren, K.B. (1987) ‘Technology, gender, and development’, Daedalus, 116 (4): 173-98.
10. Browning, G. and Weitzner, D. (1996) Electronic Democracy: Using the Internet to Influence American Politics. White Plains, NY: Information Today, Inc.
11. Calhoun, C. (1986) ‘Computer technology, large-scale societal integration and the local community’, Urban Affairs Quarterly, 22: 329-49. doi:10.1177/004208168602200208 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004208168602200208
12. Carpini, M.X.D. (1996) ‘Voters, candidates, and campaigns in the new information age: an overview and assessment’, Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 1: 36-56. doi:10.1177/1081180X96001004005 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1081180X96001004005
13. Carrier, R. (1998) ‘Training the information-poor in an age of unequal access’, in B. Ebo (ed.), Cyberghetto or Cybertopia: Race, Class, and Gender on the Internet. New York: Praeger. pp. 153-68.
14. Cerulo, K. (1997) ‘Reframing sociological concepts for a brave new (virtual?) world’, Sociological Inquiry, 67(1): 48-58. doi:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1997.tb00428.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1997.tb00428.x
15. Chen, W., Boase, J. and Wellman, B. (2002) ‘The global villagers: comparing Internet users and uses around the world’, in B. Wellman and C. Haythornthwaite (eds), The Internet in Everyday Life. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 74-113. doi:10.1002/9780470774298.ch2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470774298.ch2
16. Cherny, L. (1999) Conversation and Community: Discourse in a Social MUD. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
17. Civin, M. (1999) Male, Female, Email: The Struggle for Relatedness in a Paranoid Society. New York: Other Press.
18. ClickZ Stats (2005) Population Explosion! Available online: http://www.clickz.com/stats/sectors/geographics/print.php/5911_151151
19. Cobb, J. (1998) Cybergrace: The Search for God in Cyberspace. New York: Crown.
20. Coffey, S. and Stipp, H. (1997) ‘The interactions between computer and television usage’, Journal of Advertising Research, 37 (2): 61-7.
21. Cooper, M. (2000) Disconnected, Disadvantaged, and Disenfranchised: Explorations in the Digital Divide. New York: Consumer Federation of America.
22. Cooper, M. and Kimmelman, G. (1999) The Digital Divide Confronts the Telecommunications Act of 1996: Economic Reality versus Public Policy. Washington, DC: Consumer Union. Available online: http://www.consunion.org/other/telecom2-0299.htm
23. Corrado, A. (2000) Campaigns in Cyberspace: Toward a New Regulatory Approach. Queenstown, MD: Aspen Institute.
24. Crispell, D. (1997) ‘The Internet on TV’, American Demographics, 19 (5): 32-3.
25. Cultural Access Group (2001) Ethnicity in the Electronic Age: Looking at the Internet through Multicultural Lens. Los Angeles: Access Worldwide Communications, Inc.
26. Davis, R. (1999) The Web of Politics: The Internet's Impact on the American Political System. New York: Oxford University Press.
27. Dear, M.J., Schockman, H. and Hise, G. (eds) (1996) Rethinking Los Angeles. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
28. Deetz, S. (1989) ‘Communication technology policy and interest representation: Habermas’ theory of communicative action’. Paper presented to the International Communication Association Meeting, San Francisco, 30 May.
29. Deetz, S. (1989) ‘Representation of interests and communication technologies: issues in democracy and policy’, in S. Deetz (ed.), Introduction to Communication, 2nd edn. Needham Heights, MA: Ginn. pp. 128-45. Reprinted from S. Deetz, Communication and the Culture of Technology. Washington State University Press, 1980.
30. Deetz, S. (1990) ‘Suppressed conflict, consent, and inequitable interest representation’. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Dublin, Ireland, June.
31. Dervin, B. (1980) ‘Communication gaps and inequities: moving toward a reconceptualization’, in B. Dervin and M.J. Voigt (eds), Progress in Communication Sciences, vol. 2. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. pp. 73-112.
32. Doheny-Farina, S. (1998) The Wired Neighbourhood. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
33. Downing, J.D.H. (1989) ‘Computers for political change: PeaceNet and public data access’, Journal of Communication, 39 (3): 154-62. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1989.tb01049.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1989.tb01049.x
34. ECRL (1999) ‘The evolution of the digital divide: examining the relationship of race to Internet access and usage over time’, Electronic Commerce Research Laboratory. Tennessee: Vanderbilt University, Owen Graduate School of Management. Available online: http://www.ecommerce.vanderbilt.edu
35. Fallows, J. (2000) ‘Internet illusions’, New York Times Book Review, 16 November: 28-31.
36. Ferguson, D. and Perse, E. (2000) ‘The World Wide Web as a functional alternative to television’, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44 (2): 155-74. doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4402_1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4402_1
37. Franzen, A. (2000) ‘Does the Internet make us lonely?', European Sociological Review, 16 (4): 427-38. doi:10.1093/esr/16.4.427 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/16.4.427
38. Garson, B. (1988) The Electronic Sweatshop: How Computers are Transforming the Office of the Future into the Factory of the Past. New York: Simon & Schuster.
39. Gergen, K. (1991) The Saturated Self: Dilemmas of Identity in Contemporary Life. New York: HarperCollins.
40. Gillespie, A. and Robins, K. (1989) ‘Geographical inequalities: the spatial bias of the new communications technologies’, Journal of Communication, 39 (3): 7-19. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1989.tb01037.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1989.tb01037.x
41. Gurstein, M. (ed.) (2000) Community Informatics: Enabling Communities with Information and Communications Technologies. Hershey, PA: Idea Group.
42. GVU (1997) GVU's 7th WWW User Survey. Graphics, Visualization and Usabilities Center. Available online: http://www.guv.gatech.edu/user_surveys/survey-1997-04
43. Haddon, L. (2001) ‘Social exclusion and information and communication technologies’, New Media & Society, 2 (4): 387-406.
44. Hagar, C. (2003) ‘Community in Crisis: The UK 2001 foot-and-mouth outbreak’. Presented at the ‘Information & Communication Technology in Rural Communities - Is the Net Working?’ International Conference on Communities and Technologies, Amsterdam, 19-21 September 2003.
45. Hamman, R. (1999) ‘Computer networks linking communities: a study of the effects of computer network use upon pre-existing communities’, in U. Thiedke (ed.), Virtual Groups: Characteristics and Problematic Dimensions (in German). Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher. Available online: http://www.socio.demon.co.uk/mphil/short.html
46. Hampton, K. and Wellman, B. (2000) ‘Examining community in the digital neighbourhood: early results from Canada's wired suburb’, in T. Ishida and K. Isbister (eds), Digital Cities. Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 475-92.
47. Harcourt, W. (1999) Women@Internet: Creating New Cultures in Cyberspace. New York: Zed.
48. Haythornthwaite, C. and Hagar, C. (2004) ‘The social world(s) of the Web’, Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 39: 311-46. doi:10.1002/aris.1440390115 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aris.1440390115
49. Hill, K.A. and Hughes, J. (1998) Cyperpolitics: Citizen Activism in the Age of the Internet. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
50. Hiltz, S.R. and Turoff, M. (1995) Network Nation, rev. edn. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
51. Hoffman, D. and Novak, T. (1998) ‘Information access: bridging the racial divide on the Internet’, Science, 280 (5362): 390-1. doi:10.1126/science.280.5362.390 http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.280.5362.390
52. Hoffman, D., Kalsbeek, W. and Novak, T. (1996) ‘Internet and Web use in the U.S.', Communications of the ACM, 39 (12): 36-46. doi:10.1145/240483.240490 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/240483.240490
53. Horn, S. (1998) Cyberville: Clicks, Culture, and the Creation of an Online Town. New York: Warner.
54. Howard, P., Rainie, L. and Jones, S. (2002) ‘Days and nights on the Internet’, in B. Wellman and C. Haythornthwaite (eds), The Internet in Everyday Life. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 45-73.
55. Hundt, R. (2000) You Say You Want a Revolution: A Story of Information Age Politics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
56. Internet World Stats (2004) ‘Top ten countries on Internet with the highest penetration rate’. Available online: http://www.internetworldstats.com/top10.htm
57. Internet World Stats (2005) ‘Internet usage statistics - the big picture: world Internet users and populations stats’. Available online: http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
58. James, M., Wotring, C. and Forrest, E. (1995) ‘An exploratory study of the perceived benefits of electronic bulletin board use and their impact on other communication activities’, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 39: 30-50. doi:10.1080/08838159509364287 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08838159509364287
59. Jansen, S.C. (1989) ‘Gender and the information society: a socially structured silence’, Journal of Communication, 39 (3): 196-215. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1989.tb01052.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1989.tb01052.x
60. Jensen, J. (1999) ‘Interactivity’, in P. Mayer (ed.), Computer Media and Communication. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 160-87.
61. Jessel, M. (1995) ‘Internet begins to cut into TV viewing’, Broadcasting and Cable, 40: 318-30.
62. Johnson, S. (1997) Interface Culture: How New Technology Transforms the Way We Create and Communicate. New York: Harper Edge.
63. Jones, S. (ed.) (1997) Virtual Culture: Identity and Communication in Cybersociety. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi:10.4135/9781446250303 http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446250303
64. Jones, S. (1999) ‘Understanding community in the information age’, in P. Mayer (ed.), Computer Media and Communication. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 219-40.
65. Kahin, B. and Keller, J. (eds) (1995) Public Access to the Internet. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
66. Katz, J. and Aspden, P. (1997) ‘Motives, hurdles, and dropouts: who is on and off the Internet and why’, Communications of the ACM, 40 (4): 97-102. doi:10.1145/248448.248464 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/248448.248464
67. Katz, J. and Aspden, P. (1997) ‘A nation of strangers’, Communications of the ACM, 40 (12): 81-6. doi:10.1145/265563.265575 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/265563.265575
68. Katz, J. and Aspden, P. (1997) ‘Motivations for and barriers to Internet usage: results of a national public opinion survey’, Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications and Policy, 7 (3): 170-88. doi:10.1108/10662249710171814 http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710171814
69. Katz, J. and Rice, R.E. (2002) Social Consequences of Internet Use: Access, Involvement and Social Interaction. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
70. Katz, J. and Rice, R. (2002) ‘Syntopia: access, civic involvement and social interaction on the Net’, in B. Wellman and C. Haythornthwaite (eds), The Internet in Everyday Life. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 114-38. doi:10.1002/9780470774298.ch3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470774298.ch3
71. Katz, J., Rice, R.E. and Aspden, P. (2001) ‘The internet 1995-2000: access, civic involvement, and social interaction’, American Behavioural Scientist, 45 (3): 404-19.
72. Katz, J. Rice, R.E., Acord, S., Dasgupta, K. and David, K. (2004) ‘Personal mediated communication and the concept of community in theory and practice’, in P. Kalbfleisch (ed.), Communication and Community: Communication Yearbook 28. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. pp. 315-71.
73. Kayany, J. and Yelsma, P. (2000) ‘Displacement effects of online media in the socio-technical contexts of households’, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44 (2): 215-29. doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4402_4 http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4402_4
74. Kiesler, S., Siegel, H. and McGuire, T.W. (1984) ‘Social psychological aspects of computer-mediated communication’, American Psychologist, 39(10): 1123-34. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.39.10.1123 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.39.10.1123
75. Kolko, B., Nakamura, L. and Rodman, G. (eds) (1999) Race in Cyberspace. New York: Routledge.
76. Kraut, R.E. (1989) ‘Telecommuting: the trade-offs of home work’, Journal of Communication, 39 (3): 19-47. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1989.tb01038.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1989.tb01038.x
77. Kraut, R., Lundmark, V., Patterson, M., Kiesler, S., Mukopadhyay, T. and Scherlis, M. (1998) ‘Internet paradox: a social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?', American Psychologist, 53 (9): 1017-31. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.53.9.1017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.53.9.1017
78. Krendl, K.A., Broihier, M.C. and Fleetwood, C. (1989) ‘Children and computers: do sex-related differences persist?', Journal of Communication, 39 (3): 85-93. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1989.tb01042.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1989.tb01042.x
79. Kroker, A. and Weinstein, M. (1994) Data Trash: The Theory of the Virtual Class. New York: St Martin's.
80. Levy, P. (1997) Collective Intelligence: Mankind's Emerging World in Cyberspace, trans. R. Bononno. New York: Plenum.
81. Lievrouw, L.A. (1994) ‘Information resources and democracy: understanding the paradox’, Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 45 (6): 350-7. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(199407)45:6<350::AID-ASI1>3.0.CO;2-2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/%28SICI%291097-4571%28199407%2945:6%3C350::AID-ASI1%3E3.0.CO;2-2
82. Lindlof, T. and Shatzer, M. (1998) ‘Media ethnography in virtual space: strategies, limits and possibilities’, Journal of Broadcasting Electronic Media, 42 (2): 170-89. doi:10.1080/08838159809364442 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08838159809364442
83. Loader, B. (ed.) (1997) The Governance of Cyberspace: Politics, Technology and Global Restructuring. New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203360408 http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203360408
84. Margolis, M. and Resnick, D. (2000) Politics as Usual: The Cyberspace ‘Revolution’. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi:10.4135/9781452233475 http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452233475
85. McChesney, R. (2000) Rich Media, Poor Democracy: Communication Politics in Dubious Times, rev. edn. New York: New Press.
86. McConnaughey, J. and Lader, W. (1998) Falling through the Net II: New Data on the Digital Divide. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce. Available online: http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntia-home/net2/falling.html
87. McNutt, J. (1998) ‘Ensuring social justice for the new underclass: community interventions to meet the needs of the new poor’, in B. Ebo (ed.), Cyberghetto or Cybertopia: Race, Class, and Gender on the Internet. New York: Praeger. pp. 33-44.
88. Media Metrix (1997) Online press release: http://www.mediametric.com/pcmpr33.htm
89. Miller, T. and Clemente, P. (1997) 1997 American Internet User Survey. New York: FIND/SVP Emerging Technologies Research Group. Available online: http://etrg.findsvp.com/internet/findf.html
90. Mulgan, G.J. (1991) Communication and Control: Networks and the New Economies of Communication. New York: Guilford.
91. Murdock, G. and Golding, P. (1989) ‘Information poverty and political inequality: citizenship in the age of privatized communications’, Journal of Communication, 39 (3): 180-95. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1989.tb01051.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1989.tb01051.x
92. National Statistics Omnibus (2000) Internet Access. Available online: http://www.statistics.gov.uk
93. Neu, C.R., Anderson, R.H. and Bikson, T.K. (1999) Sending Your Government a Message: E-mail Communication between Citizens and Government. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
94. Nie, N. and Erbring, L. (2000) ‘Internet and society’. Available online: http://www.stanford.edu/group/siqss/Press_Release/Preliminary_Report.pdf
95. Nielsen//NetRatings (2004) ‘Three out of four Americans have access to the Internet, according to Nielsen//NetRatings’. Available online: http://www.nielsennetratings.com/pr/pr_040318.pdf
96. NTIA (2002) A Nation Online. Washington, DC: National Telecommunications and Information Agency. Available online: http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/dn/index.html
97. http://Nua.com (2001) ‘How many online? Canada & USA.’ Available online: http://www.nua.ie/surveys/how_many_online/n_america.htm
98. Odzer, C. (1997) Virtual Spaces: Sex and the Cyber Citizen. New York: Berkley.
99. Papacharissi, Z. and Rubin, A. (2000) ‘Predictors of Internet use’, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44 (2): 175-96. doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4402_2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4402_2
100. Parks, M.R. and Floyd, K. (1996) ‘Making friends in cyberspace’, Journal of Communication, 46 (1): 80-97. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01462.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01462.x
101. Parks, M.R. and Roberts, L.D. (1998) '"Making MOOsic": the development of personal relationships online and a comparison to their offline counterparts’, Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15 (4): 517-37. doi:10.1177/0265407598154005 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407598154005
102. Perse, E. and Dunn, D. (1998) ‘The utility of home computers: implications of multimedia and connectivity’, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 42: 435-56. doi:10.1080/08838159809364461 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08838159809364461
103. Pew Research Center (1997) ‘TV news viewership declines’. Available online: http://www.peoplepress.org/mediaque.htm
104. Pew Research Center (2000) ‘Tracking online life: how women use the Internet to cultivate relationships with family and friends’. Available online: http://www.pewinternet.org/reports/toc.asp?Report=11
105. Pool, I. de Sola (1983) Technologies of Freedom. Cambridge, MA: Belknap.
106. Porter, D. (ed.) (1997) Internet Culture. New York: Routledge.
107. Putnam, R. (2000) Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
108. Rash, W. (1997) Politics on the Nets: Wiring the Political Process. New York: Freeman.
109. Reagan, J. (1987) ‘Classifying adopters and non-adopters of four technologies using political activity, media use and demographic variables’, Telematics and Informatics, 4:3-16. doi:10.1016/S0736-5853(87)80002-3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0736-5853%2887%2980002-3
110. Rheingold, H. (1993) The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
111. Rice, R.E. (1987) ‘New patterns of social structure in an information society’, in J. Schement and L. Lievrouw (eds), Competing Visions, Complex Realities: Social Aspects of the Information Society. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. pp. 107-20.
112. Rice, R.E. (1987) ‘Computer-mediated communication and organizational innovation’, Journal of Communication, 37: 65-94. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1987.tb01009.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1987.tb01009.x
113. Rice, R.E. (2001) ‘The Internet and health communication: a framework of experiences’, in R.E. Rice and J.E. Katz (eds), The Internet and Health Communication: Experiences and Expectations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. pp. 5-46. doi:10.4135/9781452233277 http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452233277
114. Rice, R.E. and Katz, J.E. (eds) (2001) The Internet and Health Communication: Experiences and Expectations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi:10.4135/9781452233277 http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452233277
115. Rice, R.E. and Katz, J.E. (2003) ‘Comparing Internet and mobile phone usage: digital divides of usage, adoption, and dropouts’, Telecommunications Policy, 27 (8/9): 597-623. doi:10.1016/S0308-5961(03)00068-5 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0308-5961%2803%2900068-5
116. Rice, R.E., McCreadie, M. and Chang, S.-J. (2001) Accessing and Browsing Information and Communication: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
117. Riphagen, J. and Kanfer, A. (1997) ‘How does e-mail affect our lives?’ National Center for Supercomputing Applications. Available online: http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/edu/trg/e-mail/index.html
118. Robertson, D. (1998) The New Renaissance: Computers and the Next Level of Civilization. New York: Oxford University Press.
119. Robinson, J., Barth, K. and Kohut, A. (1997) ‘Social impact research: personal computers, mass media and use of time’, Sociol Science Computer Review, 15(1): 65-82. doi:10.1177/089443939701500107 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089443939701500107
120. Rojas, V., Roychowdhury, D., Okur, O., Straubhaar, J. and Estrada-Ortiz, Y. (2004) ‘Beyond access: cultural capital and the roots of the digital divide’, in E. Bucy and J. Newhagen (eds), Media Access: Social and Psychological Dimensions of New Technology Use. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. pp. 107-30.
121. Scherer, K. (1997) ‘College life on-line: healthy and unhealthy Internet use’, Journal of College Student Development, 38: 655-65.
122. Schiller, H. (1996) Information Inequality: The Deepening Social Crisis in America. London: Routledge.
123. Schon, D., Sanyal, B. and Mitchell, W. (eds) (1999) High Technology and Low-income Communities. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
124. Schroeder, K. and Ledger, J. (1998) Life and Death on the Internet. Menasha, WI: Supple.
125. Schuler, D. (1996) New Community Networks: Wired for Change. New York: ACM.
126. Shapiro, A. and Leone, R. (1999) The Control Revolution: How the Internet Is Putting Individuals in Charge and Changing the World We Know. New York: Public Affairs Century Foundation.
127. Skocpol, T. (2000) The Missing Middle: Working Families and the Future of American Social Policy. New York: Norton.
128. Slack, R.S. and Williams, R.A. (2000) ‘The dialectics of place and space: on community in the "information age"', New Media & Society, 2 (3): 313-34.
129. Starobin, P. (1996) ‘On the square’, National Journal, 25 June: 1145-9.
130. Stoll, C. (1995) Silicon Snake Oil: Second Thoughts on the Information Highway. New York: Doubleday.
131. Stone, A. (1991) ‘Will the real body please stand up? Boundary stories about virtual cultures’, in M. Benedikt (ed.), Cyberspace: First Steps. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 81-119.
132. Straus, S. (1997) ‘Technology, group processes, and group outcomes: testing the connections in performance in computer-mediated and face-to-face groups’, Human-Computer Interaction, 12:227-66. doi:10.1207/s15327051hci1203_1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327051hci1203_1
133. Strover, S. (2003) ‘Remapping the digital divide’, The Information Society, 19 (4), whole issue. doi:10.1080/01972240309481 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01972240309481
134. Tapscott, D. (1997) Growing up Digital: The Rise of the Net Generation. New York: McGraw-Hill.
135. Terry, J. and Calvert, M. (eds) (1997) Processed Lives: Gender and Technology in Everyday Life. New York: Routledge.
136. Tsagarousianou, R., Tambini, D. and Bryan, C. (eds) (1998) Cyberdemocracy: Technology, Cities and Civic Networks. New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203448847 http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203448847
137. Turkle, S. (1996) ‘Virtuality and its discontents: searching for community in cyberspace’, The American Prospect, 24: 50-7.
138. UCLA (2000) The UCLA Internet Report: Surveying the Digital Future. UCLA Center for Communication Policy. Available online: http://www.ccp.ucal.edu
139. US Congress (1987) The Electronic Supervisor: New Technology, New Tensions. Office of Technology Assessment OTA-CIT-333. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
140. US Congress (1990) Critical Connections: Communication for the Future. Office of Technology Assessment. OTA-CIT-407. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
141. Van Dijk, J. (1999) The Network Society: Social Aspects of New Media, trans. L. Spoorenberg. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
142. Wall, M. (2002) ‘Online lifeline for farmers’, The Sunday Times, 10 November, pp. 51-2.
143. Wallace, P. (1999) The Psychology of the Internet. New York: Cambridge University Press.
144. Walther, J. (1996) ‘Computer-mediated communication: impersonal, interpersonal, and hyperpersonal inter action’, Communication Research, 23(1): 3-43. doi:10.1177/009365096023001001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009365096023001001
145. Warschauer, M. (2003). Technology and Social Inclusion. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
146. Weinberg, S. (1987) ‘Expanding access to technology: computer equity for women’, in B.D. Wright, M.M. Ferree, G.O. Mellow, L.H. Lewis, M.-L.D. Samper, R. Asher and K. Claspell (eds), Women, Work, and Technology: Transformations. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. pp. 281-90.
147. Wellman, B. (2001) ‘Physical place and cyberspace: the rise of networked individualism’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 25, 227-52. doi:10.1111/1468-2427.00309 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00309
148. Wellman, B. and Gulia, M. (1999) ‘Virtual communities as communities: Net surfers don’t ride alone’, in M.A. Smith and P. Kollock (eds), Communities in Cyberspace. New York: Routledge. pp. 167-94.
149. Wellman, B. and Gulia, M. (1999) ‘Net surfers don’t ride alone’, in B. Wellman (ed.), Networks in the Global Village. Boulder, CO: Westview. pp. 331-66.
150. White, C.S. (1997) ‘Citizen participation and the Internet: prospects for civic deliberation in the information age’, Social Studies, 88: 23-8. doi:10.1080/00377999709603741 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00377999709603741
151. Wresch, W. (1996) Disconnected: Haves and Have-Nots in the Information Age. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
152. Wynn, E. and Katz, J. (1997) ‘Hyperbole over cyberspace: self-presentation and social boundaries in Internet home pages and discourse’, The Information Society, 13 (4): 297-329. doi:10.1080/019722497129043 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/019722497129043
153. Zuboff, S. (1988) In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power. New York: Basic.