Media-Related Policies of Professional Health Organizations

The Handbook of Children, Media, and Development

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 503-526

  Schmidt, Marie Evans ^b,c   Bickham, David S ^c   Branner, Amy ^c   Rich, Michael ^a,d,e  

^a BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE   (United States)

^c Sesame Workshop ^*

^d HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^e HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Co view and discuss; Educational television; Encourage media education programs; Health professional associations' media policies; Media effects and educate parents; Media use in general; Monitor media use

Indexed keywords

EID: 84889416639     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781444302752.ch22     Document Type: Chapter

References (103)

1. Abelman, R. (2001). Parents' use of content-based TV advisories. Parenting: Science and Practice, 1(3), 237-65.
2. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP). (2001). Children online. Retrieved December 21, 2006, from http://www.aacap.org/page.ww?name=Children+Online§ion=Facts+for+Families.
3. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP). (2002). Children and TV violence. Retrieved December 21, 2006, from http://www.aacap.org/page.ww?name=Children+And+TV+Violence§ion=Facts+for+Families.
4. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). (1977). Resolution concerning the effects of television violence on children. Elk Grove, IL.
5. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). (1978). Task Force on Children and Advertising-action memorandum. Elk Grove, IL.
6. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). (1984). Children, adolescents, and television. News and Comment, 35, 8.
7. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). (1987). Alcohol use and abuse: A pediatric concern. Pediatrics, 79(3), 450-53.
8. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). (1989). Impact of rock lyrics and music videos on children and youth. Pediatrics, 83(2), 314-15.
9. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). (1990). Children, adolescents, and television. Pediatrics, 85(6), 1119-20.
10. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). (1995 a). Alcohol use and abuse: A pediatric concern. Pediatrics, 95(3), 439-42.
11. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). (1995 b). Media violence. Pediatrics, 95(6), 949-50.
12. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). (1999). Media education. Pediatrics, 104(2), 341-3.
13. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). (2001a). Alcohol use and abuse: A pediatric concern. Pediatrics, 108(1), 185-9.
14. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). (2001b). Children, adolescents, and television. Pediatrics, 107(2), 423-6.
15. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). (2001c). Media violence. Pediatrics, 108(5), 1222-6.
16. American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, & American Psychological Association. (2001). Sexuality, contraception, and the media. Pediatrics, 107(1), 191-4.
17. American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, American Psychological Association, American Medical Association, American Academy of Family Physicians, & American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Joint statement on the impact of entertainment violence on children. Washington, DC: Congressional Public Health Summit.
18. American Medical Association (AMA). (1976). Proceedings, House of Delegates. Dallas, TX.
19. American Medical Association (AMA). (1977a). Proceedings, House of Delegates. Paper presented at the Thirty-first Interim Meeting, December, Chicago, IL.
20. American Medical Association (AMA). (1977b). Why the AMA is concerned about the effects of television. Paper presented at the AMA Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL.
21. American Medical Association (AMA). (1982-2003). TV violence. Retrieved May 26, 2006, from http://www.ama-assn.org/apps/pf_new/pf_online?f_n=browse&doc=policyfiles/HnE/H-485.995.HTM.
22. American Medical Association (AMA). (1991-2005). Television broadcast of sexual encounters and public health awareness. Retrieved April 18, 2006, from http://www.ama-assn.org/apps/pf_new/pf_online?f_n=browse&doc=policyfiles/HnE/H-485.994.HTM.
23. American Medical Association (AMA). (1994-8). Mass media violence and film ratings. Retrieved May 26, 2006, from http://www.ama-assn.org/apps/pf_new/pf_online?f_n=browse&doc=policyfiles/HnE/H-515.974.HTM.
24. American Medical Association (AMA). (2001). Television commercials aimed at children. Retrieved December 21, 2006, from http://www.ama-assn.org/apps/pf_new/pf_online?f_n=resultLink&doc=policyfiles/HnE/H-485.998.HTM&s_t=485.998.
25. American Medical Association (AMA). (2005). Tobacco advertising and media. Retrieved June 2, 2006, from http://www.ama-assn.org/apps/pf_new/pf_online?f_n=resultLink&doc=policyfiles/HnE/H-495.984.HTM.
26. American Psychological Association (APA). (1996). Resolution on violence in mass media. Retrieved April 18, 2006, from http://www.apa.org/pi/cyf/res_media.html.
27. American Psychological Association (APA). (2005). Resolution on violence in video games and interactive media. Retrieved April 18, 2006, from http://www.apa.org/releases/resolutiononvideoviolence.pdf.
28. Anderson, D. R., Bryant, J., Wilder, A., Santomero, A., Williams, M., & Crawley, A. M. (2000). Researching Blue's Clues: Viewing behavior and impact. Media Psychology, 2(2), 179-94.
29. Anderson, D. R., Huston, A. C., Schmitt, K. L., Linebarger, D. L., & Wright, J. C. (2001). Early childhood television viewing and adolescent behavior. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 66(1), 1-147.
30. Anderson, D. R., & Pempek, T. A. (2005). Television and very young children. American Behavioral Scientist, 48(5), 505-22.
31. Austin, E. W. (1993). Exploring the effects of active parental mediation of television content. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 37(2), 147-58.
32. Austin, E. W., & Johnson, K. (1997). Immediate and delayed effects of media literacy training on third graders' decision making for alcohol. Health Communication, 9(4), 323-49.
33. Borzekowski, D. L. G., & Robinson, T. N. (2005). The remote, the mouse, and the no. 2 pencil: The household media environment and academic achievement among third grade students. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 159(7), 607-13.
34. Brazelton, T. B. (1974). TV and children: A pediatrician's advice. News and Comment, 25(9), 10-11.
35. Brown, J. D., L'Engle, K. L., Pardun, C. J., Guo, G., Kenneavy, K., & Jackson, C. (2006). Sexy media matter: Exposure to sexual content in music, movies, television, and magazines predicts black and white adolescents' sexual behavior. Pediatrics, 117(4), 1018-27.
36. Brown, J. D., Steele, J. R., & Walsh-Childers, K. B. (2002). Sexual teens, sexual media: Investigating media's influence on adolescent sexuality. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
37. Bushman, B. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2001). Media violence and the American public: Scientific facts versus media misinformation. American Psychologist, 56(6-7), 477-89.
38. Cantor, J. (2001). The media and children's fears, anxieties, and perceptions of danger. In D. G. Singer & J. L. Singer (Eds.), Handbook of children and the media. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
39. Cantor, J., Harrison, K., & Nathanson, A. (1997). Ratings and advisories for television programming. In Center for Communication and Social Policy (Ed.), National television violence study, vol. 2 (pp. 267-322). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
40. Cantor, J., Stutman, S., & Duran, V. (1996). What parents want in a television rating system: Results of a national survey. Chicago, IL: National PTA, Institute for Mental Health Initiatives, and University of Wisconsin-Madison.
41. Carew, J. V. (1980). Experience and the development of intelligence in young children at home and in day care. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 45(6-7), 1-115.
42. Center for Media Education. (1997). Alcohol and tobacco on the web: New threats to youth. Washington, DC: Center for Media Education.
43. Collins, R. L., Elliott, M. N., Berry, S. H., Kanouse, D. E., & Hunter, S. B. (2003). Entertainment television as a healthy sex educator: The impact of condom-efficacy information in an episode of Friends. Pediatrics, 112(5), 1115-21.
44. Collins, R. L., Elliott, M. N., Berry, S. H., Kanouse, D. E., Kunkel, D., Hunter, S. B., et al. (2004). Watching sex on television predicts adolescent initiation of sexual behavior. Pediatrics, 114(3), 280-89.
45. Collins, W. A., Sobol, B. L., & Westby, S. (1981). Effects of adult commentary on children's comprehension and inferences about a televised aggressive portrayal. Child Development, 52(1), 158-63.
46. Corder-Bolz, C. R. (1980). Mediation: The role of significant others. Journal of Communication, 30, 106-18.
47. Dennison, B. A., Erb, T. A., & Jenkins, P. L. (2002). Television viewing and television in bedroom associated with overweight risk among low-income preschool children. Pediatrics, 109(6), 1028-35.
48. Desmond, R. J., Singer, J. L., & Singer, D. G. (1990). Family mediation: Parental communication patterns and the influences of television on children. In J. Bryant (Ed.), Television and the American family (pp. 293-309). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
49. Desmond, R. J., Singer, J. L., Singer, D. G., Calam, R., & Kolimore, K. (1985). Family mediation patterns and television viewing: Young children's use and grasp of the medium. Human Communication Research, 11, 461-80.
50. Dietz, W. H., & Gortmaker, S. L. (1993). TV or not TV: Fat is the question. Pediatrics, 91(2), 499.
51. Dietz, W. H., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2001). Preventing obesity in children and adolescents. Annual Review of Public Health, 22, 337-53.
52. Dorr, A., Graves, S. B., & Phelps, E. (1980). Television literacy for young children. Journal of Communication, 30(3), 71-83.
53. Evans, M. K. (2003). The impact of background television on very young children's play with toys. Amherst: University of Massachusetts.
54. Evans, M. K., Frankenfield, A., Kirkorian, H., Pempek, T., & Anderson D. R. (2003). The impact of television on very young children's play with toys. Poster presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, April, Tampa, FL.
55. Fisch, S. M., & Truglio, R. T. (eds.). (2001). "G" is for growing: Thirty years of research on children and "Sesame Street" Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
56. Gentile, D., Oberg, C., Sherwood, N. E., Story, M., Walsh, D. A., & Hogan, M. (2004). Well-child visits in the video age: Pediatricians and the American Academy of Pediatrics' guidelines for children's media use. Pediatrics, 114(5), 1235-41.
57. Gladwell, M. (2000). The tipping point: How little things can make a big difference. London: Little Brown.
58. Gorn, G. J., & Goldberg, M. E. (1982). Behavioral evidence of the effects of televised food messages on children. Journal of Consumer Research, 9(2), 200-205.
59. Grube, J. W., & Wallack, L. (1994). Television beer advertising and drinking knowledge, beliefs, and intentions among schoolchildren. American Journal of Public Health, 84(2), 254-9.
60. Huesmann, L. R., Eron, L. D., Klein, R., Brice, P., & Fischer, P. (1983). Mitigating the imitation of aggressive behaviors by changing children's attitudes about media violence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(5), 899-910.
61. Huesmann, L. R., Moise-Titus, J., Podolski, C.-L., & Eron, L. D. (2003). Longitudinal relations between children's exposure to TV violence and their aggressive and violent behavior in young adulthood: 1977-1992. Developmental Psychology, 39(2), 201-21.
62. Johnston, L., O'Malley, P., & Bachman, J. (1996). National survey results on drug use from the monitoring the future study, 1975-1995. Vol. 1, Secondary school students (NIH Publication No. 97-4139). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
63. Kaiser Family Foundation. (2001). Parents and the V-Chip 2001, July (Publication No. 3158). Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation.
64. Kaiser Family Foundation. (2002, May). Teens, sex, and TV survey snapshot (Publication No. 3229). Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation.
65. Kim, W. Y., Baran, S. J., & Massey, K. K. (1988). Impact of the VCR on control of television viewing. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 32(3), 351-8.
66. Kirkorian, H. L. (2004). The impact of background television on parent-child interaction for very young children. Unpublished master's dissertation, University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
67. Kubey, R. B., & Baker, F. (1999). Has media literacy found a curricular foothold? Education Week, 19, 56.
68. Kunkel, D., Wilcox, B. L., Cantor, J., Palmer, E., Linn, S., & Dowrick, P. (2004). Psychological issues in the increasing commercialization of childhood. In Report of the APA Task Force on Advertising and Children. American Psychological Association. Retrieved May 7, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/releases/childrenads.pdf.
69. Kuribayashi, A., Roberts, M. C., & Johnson, R. J. (2001). Actual nutritional information of products advertised to children and adults on Saturday. Children's Health Care, 30(4), 309-22.
70. Lenhart, A. (2005). Protecting Teens Online. Washington, DC: Pew Internet and American Life Project.
71. Linebarger, D. L., Kosanic, A. Z., Greenwood, C. R., & Doku, N. S. (2004). Effects of viewing the television program Between the Lions on the emergent literacy skills of young children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96(2), 297-308.
72. Linebarger, D. L., & Walker, D. (2005). Infants' and toddlers' television viewing and language outcomes. American Behavioral Scientist, 48(5), 624-45.
73. Martino, S. C., Collins, R. L., Elliott, M. N., Strachman, A., Kanouse, D. E., & Berry, S. H. (2006). Exposure to degrading versus nondegrading music lyrics and sexual behavior among youth. Pediatrics, 118(2), pp. e430-e441.
74. Messaris, P. (1983). Family conversations about television. Journal of Family Issues, 4(2), 293-308.
75. Mifflin, L. (1999). Pediatricians suggest limits on TV viewing by children. New York Times, August 4, p. A1.
76. Morgan, M., Alexander, A., Shanahan, J., & Harris, C. (1990). Adolescents, VCRs, and the family environment. Communication Research, 17(1), 83-106.
77. Moyer, V. A., & Butler, M. (2004). Gaps in the evidence for well-child care: a challenge to our profession. Pediatrics, 114(6), 1511-21.
78. Murray, J. P., Rubinstein, E. A., Comstock, G. A., United States Surgeon General's Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior, & National Institute of Mental Health. (1972). Television and social behavior: Reports and papers. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health.
79. Nathanson, A. I. (1999). Identifying and explaining the relationship between parental mediation and children's aggression. Communication Research, 26(2), 124-43.
80. Nathanson, A. I., & Cantor, J. (2000). Reducing the aggression-promoting effect of violent cartoons by increasing children's fictional involvement with the victim: A study of active mediation. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 44(1), 125-42.
81. National Sleep Foundation. (2004). 2004 Sleep in America Poll. Washington DC: National Sleep Foundation.
82. Nelson, K. (1973). Structure and strategy in learning to talk. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 38(1-2).
83. Pierroutsakos, S. L., Hanna, M. M., Self, J. A., Lewis, E. N., & Brewer, C. J. (2004). Baby Einsteins everywhere: The amount and nature of television and video viewing of infants birth to 2 years. Paper presented at the International Conference for Infant Studies, May, Chicago, IL.
84. Rabak-Wagener, J., Eickhoff-Shemek, J., & Kelly-Vance, L. (1998). The effect of media analysis on attitudes and behaviors regarding body image among college students. Journal of American College Health, 47(1), 29-36.
85. Rich, M. (2003). Boy, mediated: effects of media on adolescent male health. Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews: The Adolescent Male, 14(3), 691-715.
86. Rich, M., & Baron, M. (2001). Child health in the information age: Media education of pediatricians. Pediatrics, 107(1), 156-62.
87. Richardson, C. R., Resnick, P. J., Hansen, D. L., Derry, H. A., & Rideout, V. J. (2002). Does pornography-blocking software block access to health information on the Internet? Journal of the American Medical Association, 288(22), 2887-94.
88. Rideout, V., & Hamel, E. (2006). The media family: Electronic media in the lives of infants, toddlers, preschoolers, and their parents. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation.
89. Rideout, V. J., Vandewater, E. A., & Wartella, E. A. (2003). Zero to six: Electronic media in the lives of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation.
90. Roberts, D. F., Foehr, U. G., & Rideout, V. J. (2005). Generation M: Media in the Lives of 8-18-year-olds. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation.
91. Robinson, T. N. (1999). Reducing children's television viewing to prevent obesity: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282(16), 1561-7.
92. Rothenberg, M. B. (1975). Effects of television violence on children and youth. Journal of the American Medical Association, 234, 1043-6.
93. Schooler, C., Feighery, E., & Flora, J. A. (1996). Seventh graders' self-reported exposure to cigarette marketing and its relationship to their smoking behavior. American Journal of Public Health, 86(9), 1216-21.
94. Smith, A. (1952). Influence of TV crime programs on children's health. Journal of the American Medical Association, 150(1), 37.
95. Thomas, M. H., Horton, R. W., Lippincott, E. C., & Drabman, R. S. (1977). Desensitization to portrayals of real-life aggression as a function of television violence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(6), 450-58.
96. Valkenburg, P. M., Krcmar, M., Peeters, A. L., & Marseille, N. M. (1999). Developing a scale to assess three styles of television mediation: "Instructive mediation," "restrictive mediation," and "social coviewing." Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 43(1), 52-66.
97. Wachter, C., & Kelly, J. (1998). Exploring VCR use as a leisure activity. Leisure Sciences, 20(3), 213-27.
98. Warren, R. (2001). In words and deeds: Parental involvement and mediation of children's television viewing. Journal of Family Communication, 1(4), 211-31.
99. Weber, D. S., & Singer, D. G. (2004). The media habits of infants and toddlers: Findings from a parent survey. Zero to Three, 25(1), 30-36.
100. Wolak, J., Mitchell, K., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). Unwanted and wanted exposure to online pornography in a national sample of youth Internet users. Pediatrics, 119(2), 247-57.
101. Wright, J. C., Huston, A. C., Murphy, K. C., St Peters, M. F., Pinon, M. F., Scantlin, R. M., et al. (2001). The relations of early television viewing to school readiness and vocabulary of children from low-income families: The early window project. Child Development, 72(5), 1347-66.
102. Wright, J. C., St Peters, M., & Huston, A. C. (1990). Family television use and its relation to children's cognitive skills and social behavior. In J. Bryant (Ed.), Television and the American family (pp. 227-52). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
103. Zimmerman, F. J., & Christakis, D. A. (2005). Children's television viewing and cognitive outcomes: A longitudinal analysis of national data. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 159(7), 619-25.