Classification and Molecular Biology

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus: Diagnosis, Management, and Control

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 65-80

  Ridpath, Julia F ^a  

^a NATIONAL ANIMAL DISEASE CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Activity; Biology; Classification; Proteins; Viruses

Indexed keywords

EID: 84889355778     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470344453.ch3     Document Type: Chapter

References (163)

1. Baroth M, Orlich M, Thiel HJ, Becher P: 2000, Insertion of cellular NEDD8 coding sequences in a pestivirus. Virology 278:456-466.
2. Baule C, van Vuuren M, Lowings JP, Belak S: 1997, Genetic heterogeneity of bovine viral diarrhoea viruses isolated in Southern Africa. Virus Res 52:205-220.
3. Becher P, Konig M, Paton DJ, Thiel HJ: 1995, Further characterization of border disease virus isolates: Evidence for the presence of more than three species within the genus pestivirus. Virology 209:200-206.
4. Becher P, Orlich M, Konig M, Thiel HJ: 1999, Nonhomologous RNA recombination in bovine viral diarrhea virus: Molecular characterization of a variety of subgenomic RNAs isolated during an outbreak of fatal mucosal disease. J Virol 73:5646-5653.
5. Becher P, Orlich M, Shannon AD, et al.: 1997, Phylogenetic analysis of pestiviruses from domestic and wild ruminants. J Gen Virol 78:1357-1366.
6. Becher P, Orlich M, Thiel HJ: 1998, Ribosomal S27a coding sequences upstream of ubiquitin coding sequences in the genome of a pestivirus. J Virol 72:8697-8704.
7. Becher P, Thiel HJ, Collins M, et al.: 2002, Cellular sequences in pestivirus genomes encoding gammaaminobutyric acid (A) receptor-associated protein and Golgi-associated ATPase enhancer of 16 kilodaltons. J Virol 76:13069-13076.
8. Beer M, Wolf G, Kaaden OR: 2002, Phylogenetic analysis of the 5'-untranslated region of german BVDV type II isolates. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 49:43-47.
9. Behrens SE, Grassmann CW, Thiel HJ, et al.: 1998, Characterization of an autonomous subgenomic pestivirus RNA replicon. J Virol 72:2364-2372.
10. Bolin S, Moennig V, Kelso Gourley NE, Ridpath J: 1988, Monoclonal antibodies with neutralizing activity segregate isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus into groups. Brief report. Arch Virol 99:117-123.
11. Bolin SR, Littledike ET, Ridpath JF: 1991a, Serologic detection and practical consequences of antigenic diversity among bovine viral diarrhea viruses in a vaccinated herd. Am J Vet Res 52:1033-1037.
12. Bolin SR, Matthews PJ, Ridpath JF: 1991b, Methods for detection and frequency of contamination of fetal calf serum with bovine viral diarrhea virus and antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 3:199-203.
13. Bolin SR, McClurkin AW, Cutlip RC, Coria MF: 1985, Severe clinical disease induced in cattle persistently infected with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus by superinfection with cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus. Am J Vet Res 46:573-576.
14. Bolin SR, Ridpath JF: 1989, Specificity of neutralizing and precipitating antibodies induced in healthy calves by monovalent modified-live bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccines. Am J Vet Res 50:817-821.
15. Bolin SR, Ridpath JF: 1990, Range of viral neutralizing activity and molecular specificity of antibodies induced in cattle by inactivated bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccines. Am J Vet Res 51:703-707.
16. Bolin SR, Ridpath JF: 1992, Differences in virulence between two noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea viruses in calves. Am J Vet Res 53:2157-2163.
17. Bolin SR, Ridpath JF: 1998, Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus genotypes and antibody against those viral genotypes in fetal bovine serum. J Vet Diagn Invest 10:135-139.
18. Bolin SR, Ridpath JF, Black J, et al.: 1994, Survey of cell lines in the American Type Culture Collection for bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Virol Methods 48:211-221.
19. Brock KV, Deng R, Riblet SM: 1992, Nucleotide sequencing of 5' and 3' termini of bovine viral diarrhea virus by RNA ligation and PCR. J Virol Methods 38:39-46.
20. Brownlie J, Clarke MC, Howard CJ: 1984, Experimental production of fatal mucosal disease in cattle. Vet Rec 114:535-536.
21. Brownlie J, Clarke MC, Howard CJ: 1989, Experimental infection of cattle in early pregnancy with a cytopathic strain of bovine virus diarrhoea virus. Res Vet Sci 46:307-311.
22. Canal CW, Strasser M, Hertig C, et al.: 1998, Detection of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and characterization of genomes of BVDV from Brazil. Vet Microbiol 63:85-97.
23. Carman S: 1995, Typing of Ontario BVD Virus Isolates from 1981 to 1994. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, Guelph.
24. Carman S, van Dreumel T, Ridpath J, et al.: 1998, Severe acute bovine viral diarrhea in Ontario, 1993-1995. J Vet Diagn Invest 10:27-35.
25. Collett MS, Anderson DK, Retzel E: 1988a, Comparisons of the pestivirus bovine viral diarrhoea virus with members of the flaviviridae. J Gen Virol 69:2637-2643.
26. Collett MS, Larson R, Belzer SK, Retzel E: 1988b, Proteins encoded by bovine viral diarrhea virus: the genomic organization of a pestivirus. Virology 165:200-208.
27. Corapi WV, Donis RO, Dubovi EJ: 1990a, Characterization of a panel of monoclonal antibodies and their use in the study of the antigenic diversity of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Am J Vet Res 51:1388-1394.
28. Corapi WV, Elliott RD, French TW, et al.: 1990b, Thrombocytopenia and hemorrhages in veal calves infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:590-596.
29. Corapi WV, French TW, Dubovi EJ: 1989, Severe thrombocytopenia in young calves experimentally infected with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Virol 63:3934-3943.
30. Cortese VS, Whittaker R, Ellis J, et al.: 1998, Specificity and duration of neutralizing antibodies induced in healthy cattle after administration of a modified-live virus vaccine against bovine viral diarrhea. Am J Vet Res 59:848-850.
31. Couvreur B, Letellier C, Collard A, et al.: 2002, Genetic and antigenic variability in bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) isolates from Belgium. Virus Res 85:17-28.
32. Dahle J, Liess B, Moennig V, Coulibaly CO: 1991, Use of monoclonal antibodies for the differential diagnosis of pestivirus infections in swine. Tierarztl Prax 19:151-155.
33. De Moerlooze L, Renard A, Lecomte C, Martial JA: 1991, A "zinc finger-like" domain in the 54KDA protein of several pestiviruses. Arch Virol Suppl 3:41-46.
34. Deng R, Brock KV: 1992, Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of a pestivirus genome, noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus strain SD-1. Virology 191:867-869.
35. Deng R, Brock KV: 1993, 5' and 3' untranslated regions of pestivirus genome: primary and secondary structure analyses. Nucleic Acids Res 21:1949-1957.
36. Deregt D, Bolin SR, Heckert RA, Loewen KG: 1994, Monoclonal antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus: Cross-reactivities to field isolates and hog cholera virus strains. Can J Vet Res 58:71-74.
37. Deregt D, Bolin SR, van den Hurk J, et al.: 1998, Mapping of a type 1-specific and a type-common epitope on the E2 (gp53) protein of bovine viral diarrhea virus with neutralization escape mutants. Virus Res 53:81-90.
38. Donis RO, Corapi W, Dubovi EJ: 1988, Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus bind to the 56K to 58K glycoprotein. J Gen Virol 69:77-86.
39. Donis RO, Corapi WV, Dubovi EJ: 1991, Bovine viral diarrhea virus proteins and their antigenic analyses. Arch Virol Suppl 3:29-40.
40. Edwards S, Moennig V, Wensvoort G: 1991, The development of an international reference panel of monoclonal antibodies for the differentiation of hog cholera virus from other pestiviruses. Vet Microbiol 29:101-108.
41. Edwards S, Paton D: 1995, Antigenic differences among pestiviruses. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 11:563-577.
42. Edwards S, Sands JJ: 1990, Antigenic comparisons of hog cholera virus isolates from Europe, America and Asia using monoclonal antibodies. DTW Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 97:79-81.
43. Elbers K, Tautz N, Becher P, et al.: 1996, Processing in the pestivirus E2-NS2 region: Identification of proteins p7 and E2p7. J Virol 70:4131-4135.
44. el-Kholy AA, Bolin SR, Ridpath JF, et al.: 1998, Use of polymerase chain reaction to simultaneously detect and type bovine viral diarrhoea viruses isolated from clinical specimens. Rev Sci Tech 17:733-742.
45. Ellis JA, West KH, Cortese VS, et al.: 1998, Lesions and distribution of viral antigen following an experimental infection of young seronegative calves with virulent bovine virus diarrhea virus-type II. Can J Vet Res 62:161-169.
46. Evermann JF, Ridpath JF: 2002, Clinical and epidemiologic observations of bovine viral diarrhea virus in the northwestern United States. Vet Microbiol 89:129-139.
47. Falcone E, Cordioli P, Sala G, et al.: 2001, Genotyping of bovine viral diarrhoea viruses isolated from cattle in northern Italy. Vet Res Commun 25:161-167.
48. Flores EF, Gil LH, Botton SA, et al.: 2000, Clinical, pathological and antigenic aspects of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 2 isolates identified in Brazil. Vet Microbiol 77:175-183.
49. Flores EF, Ridpath JF, Weiblen R, et al.: 2002, Phylogenetic analysis of Brazilian bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 (BVDV-2) isolates: Evidence for a subgenotype within BVDV-2. Virus Res 87:51-60.
50. Fulton RW, Burge LJ, Saliki JT, et al.: 1998, Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus biotypes and genotypes in diagnostic laboratory accessions: Clinical and necropsy samples from cattle. In: Proc 41st Annu Meet Am Assoc Vet Lab Diagn p. 27.
51. Fulton RW, Purdy CW, Confer AW, et al.: 2000a, Bovine viral diarrhea viral infections in feeder calves with respiratory disease: Interactions with Pasteurella spp., parainfluenza-3 virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Can J Vet Res 64:151-159.
52. Fulton RW, Ridpath JF, Saliki JT, et al.: 2002, Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). 1b: Predominant BVDV subtype in calves with respiratory disease. Can J Vet Res 66:181-190.
53. Fulton RW, Saliki JT, Confer AW, et al.: 2000b, Bovine viral diarrhea virus cytopathic and noncytopathic biotypes and type 1 and 2 genotypes in diagnostic laboratory accessions: Clinical and necropsy samples from cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 12:33-38.
54. Giangaspero M, Harasawa R, Verhulst A: 1997, Genotypic analysis of the 5'-untranslated region of a pestivirus strain isolated from human leucocytes. Microbiol Immunol 41:829-834.
55. Giangaspero M, Harasawa R, Zecconi A, Luzzago C: 2001, Genotypic characteristics of bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 strains isolated in northern Italy. J Vet Med Sci 63:1045-1049.
56. Gillespie J, Baker J, McEntee K: 1960, A cytopathogenic strain of virus diarrhea virus. Cornell Vet 50:73-79.
57. Gong Y, Shannon A, Westaway EG, Gowans EJ: 1998, The replicative intermediate molecule of bovine viral diarrhoea virus contains multiple nascent strands. Arch Virol 143:399-404.
58. Gong Y, Trowbridge R, Macnaughton TB, et al.: 1996, Characterization of RNA synthesis during a onestep growth curve and of the replication mechanism of bovine viral diarrhoea virus. J Gen Virol 77:2729-2736.
59. Grassmann CW, Isken O, Behrens SE: 1999, Assignment of the multifunctional NS3 protein of bovine viral diarrhea virus during RNA replication: An in vivo and in vitro study. J Virol 73:9196-9205.
60. Gu B, Liu C, Lin-Goerke J, et al.: 2000, The RNA helicase and nucleotide triphosphatase activities of the bovine viral diarrhea virus NS3 protein are essential for viral replication. J Virol 74:1794-1800.
61. Hafez SM, Liess B: 1972, Studies on bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease virus. II. Stability and some physico-chemical properties. Acta Virol 16:399-408.
62. Hamers C, Couvreur B, Dehan P, et al.: 2000, Differences in experimental virulence of bovine viral diarrhoea viral strains isolated from haemorrhagic syndromes. Vet J 160:250-258.
63. Harada T, Tautz N, Thiel HJ: 2000, E2-p7 region of the bovine viral diarrhea virus polyprotein: Processing and functional studies. J Virol 74:9498-9506.
64. Harasawa R: 1996, Phylogenetic analysis of pestivirus based on the 5'-untranslated region. Acta Virol 40:49-54.
65. Harasawa R, Giangaspero M: 1998, A novel method for pestivirus genotyping based on palindromic nucleotide substitutions in the 5'-untranslated region. J Virol Methods 70:225-230.
66. Harasawa R, Giangaspero M, Ibata G, Paton DJ: 2000, Giraffe strain of pestivirus: Its taxonomic status based on the 5'-untranslated region. Microbiol Immunol 44:915-921.
67. Harasawa R, Mizusawa H: 1995, Demonstration and genotyping of pestivirus RNA from mammalian cell lines. Microbiol Immunol 39:979-985.
68. Harpin S, Elahi SM, Cornaglia E, et al.: 1995, The 5'-untranslated region sequence of a potential new genotype of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Arch Virol 140:1285-1290.
69. Heinz FX, Collett MS, Purcell RH, et al.: 2000, Genus pestivirus. In: Virus Taxonomy. Eds. van Regenmortel MHV, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, et al., pp. 867-872. Academic Press, New York.
70. Hess RG, Coulibaly CO, Greiser-Wilke I, et al.: 1988, Identification of hog cholera viral isolates by use of monoclonal antibodies to pestiviruses. Vet Microbiol 16:315-321.
71. Hofmann MA, Brechtbuhl K, Stauber N: 1994, Rapid characterization of new pestivirus strains by direct sequencing of PCR-amplified cDNA from the 5' noncoding region. Arch Virol 139:217-229.
72. Horzinek M, Maess J, Laufs R: 1971, Studies on the substructure of togaviruses. II. Analysis of equine arteritis, rubella, bovine viral diarrhea, and hog cholera viruses. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 33:306-318.
73. Houe H: 1995, Epidemiology of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 11:521-547.
74. Houe H: 1999, Epidemiological features and economical importance of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infections. Vet Microbiol 64:89-107.
75. Iqbal M, Flick-Smith H, McCauley JW: 2000, Interactions of bovine viral diarrhoea virus glycoprotein E(rns) with cell surface glycosaminoglycans. J Gen Virol 81(Pt2):451-459.
76. Iqbal M, McCauley JW: 2002, Identification of the glycosaminoglycan-binding site on the glycoprotein E(rns) of bovine viral diarrhoea virus by sitedirected mutagenesis. J Gen Virol 83:2153-2159.
77. Jones LR, Zandomeni R, Weber EL: 2001, Genetic typing of bovine viral diarrhea virus isolates from Argentina. Vet Microbiol 81:367-375.
78. Kelling CL, Steffen DJ, Topliff CL, et al.: 2002, Comparative virulence of isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus type II in experimentally inoculated six-to nine-month-old calves. Am J Vet Res 63:1379-1384.
79. Konig M, Lengsfeld T, Pauly T, et al.: 1995, Classical swine fever virus: Independent induction of protective immunity by two structural glycoproteins. J Virol 69:6479-6486.
80. Kosmidou A, Ahl R, Thiel HJ, Weiland E: 1995, Differentiation of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) strains using monoclonal antibodies against structural glycoproteins. Vet Microbiol 47:111-118.
81. Kummerer BM, Meyers G: 2000, Correlation between point mutations in NS2 and the viability and cytopathogenicity of Bovine viral diarrhea virus strain Oregon analyzed with an infectious cDNA clone. J Virol 74:390-400.
82. Kupfermann H, Thiel HJ, Dubovi EJ, Meyers G: 1996, Bovine viral diarrhea virus: Characterization of a cytopathogenic defective interfering particle with two internal deletions. J Virol 70:8175-8181.
83. Lai VC, Kao CC, Ferrari E, et al.: 1999, Mutational analysis of bovine viral diarrhea virus RNAdependent RNA polymerase. J Virol 73:10129-10136.
84. Lee K, Gillespie J: 1957, Propagation of virus diarrhea virus of cattle in tissue culture. Am J Vet Res 18:952-955.
85. Letellier C, Kerkhofs P, Wellemans G, Vanopdenbosch E: 1999, Detection and genotyping of bovine diarrhea virus by reverse transcription-polymerase chain amplification of the 5' untranslated region. Vet Microbiol 64:155-167.
86. Lewis TL, Ridpath JF, Bolin SR, Berry ES: 1991, Detection of BVD viruses using synthetic oligonucleotides. Arch Virol 117:269-278.
87. Liebler-Tenorio EM, Ridpath JF, Neill JD: 2002, Distribution of viral antigen and development of lesions after experimental infection with highly virulent bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 in calves. Am J Vet Res 63:1575-1584.
88. Liebler-Tenorio EM, Ridpath JF, Neill JD: 2003, Distribution of viral antigen and development of lesions after experimental infection of calves with a BVDV 2 strain of low virulence. J Vet Diagn Invest 15:221-232.
89. Liess B: 1990, Bovine viral diarrhea virus. In: Virus Infections of Ruminants. Eds. Dinter Z, Morein B, pp. 247-266. Elsevier Science Publishers, Uppsala, Sweden.
90. Lindenbach B, Rice C: 2001, Flaviviridae: The viruses and their replication. In: Field's Virology, 4th ed. Eds. Knipe DM, Howley PM, Griffin DE, et al., pp. 991-1042. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
91. Luzzago C, Bandi C, Bronzo V, et al.: 2001, Distribution pattern of bovine viral diarrhoea virus strains in intensive cattle herds in Italy. Vet Microbiol 83:265-274.
92. Matthaeus W: 1979, Detection of three polypeptides in preparations of bovine viral diarrhoea virus. Arch Virol 59:299-305.
93. Mendez E, Ruggli N, Collett MS, Rice CM: 1998, Infectious bovine viral diarrhea virus (strain NADL) RNA from stable cDNA clones: A cellular insert determines NS3 production and viral cytopathogenicity. J Virol 72:4737-4745.
94. Meyers G, Rumenapf T, Tautz N, et al.: 1991a, Insertion of cellular sequences in the genome of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Arch Virol Suppl 3:133-142.
95. Meyers G, Stoll D, Gunn M: 1998, Insertion of a sequence encoding light chain 3 of microtubuleassociated proteins 1A and 1B in a pestivirus genome: Connection with virus cytopathogenicity and induction of lethal disease in cattle. J Virol 72:4139-4148.
96. Meyers G, Tautz N, Dubovi EJ, Thiel HJ: 1991b, Viral cytopathogenicity correlated with integration of ubiquitin-coding sequences. Virology 180:602-616.
97. Meyers G, Tautz N, Stark R, et al.: 1992, Rearrangement of viral sequences in cytopathogenic pestiviruses. Virology 191:368-386.
98. Meyers G, Thiel HJ: 1996, Molecular characterization of pestiviruses. Adv Virus Res 47:53-118.
99. Miekka SI, Busby TF, Reid B, et al.: 1998, New methods for inactivation of lipid-enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. Haemophilia 4:402-408.
100. Moennig V, Bolin SR, Coulibaly CO, et al.: 1987, Studies of the antigen structure of pestiviruses using monoclonal antibodies. DTW Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 94:572-576.
101. Moormann RJ, Warmerdam PA, van der Meer B, et al.: 1990, Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of hog cholera virus strain Brescia and mapping of the genomic region encoding envelope protein E1. Virology 177:184-198.
102. Muller T, Burow J, Conraths FJ, et al.: 1997, Quality management in the serodiagnosis of European swine fever: Results of comparative tests. DTW Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 104:87-91.
103. Neill JD, Ridpath JF: 2001, Recombination with a cellular mRNA encoding a novel DnaJ protein results in biotype conversion in genotype 2 bovine viral diarrhea viruses. Virus Res 79:59-69.
104. Paton DJ: 1995, Pestivirus diversity. J Comp Pathol 112:215-236.
105. Paton DJ, Carlsson U, Lowings JP, et al.: 1995a, Identification of herd-specific bovine viral diarrhoea virus isolates from infected cattle and sheep. Vet Microbiol 43:283-294.
106. Paton DJ, Lowings JP, Barrett AD: 1992, Epitope mapping of the gp53 envelope protein of bovine viral diarrhea virus [published erratum appears in Virology 1992 Dec;191(2):1013]. Virology 190:763-772.
107. Paton DJ, Sands JJ, Edwards S: 1994, Border disease virus: Delineation by monoclonal antibodies. Arch Virol 135:241-252.
108. Paton DJ, Sands JJ, Lowings JP, et al.: 1995b, A proposed division of the pestivirus genus using monoclonal antibodies, supported by cross-neutralisation assays and genetic sequencing. Vet Res 26:92-109.
109. Pellerin C, van den Hurk J, Lecomte J, Tussen P: 1994, Identification of a new group of bovine viral diarrhea virus strains associated with severe outbreaks and high mortalities. Virology 203:260-268.
110. Pestova TV, Hellen CU: 1999, Internal initiation of translation of bovine viral diarrhea virus RNA. Virology 258:249-256.
111. Pestova TV, Shatsky IN, Fletcher SP, et al.: 1998, A prokaryotic-like mode of cytoplasmic eukaryotic ribosome binding to the initiation codon during internal translation initiation of hepatitis C and classical swine fever virus RNAs. Genes Dev 12:67-83.
112. Peters W, Greiser-Wilke I, Moennig V, Liess B: 1986, Preliminary serological characterization of bovine viral diarrhoea virus strains using monoclonal antibodies. Vet Microbiol 12:195-200.
113. Poole TL, Wang C, Popp RA, et al.: 1995, Pestivirus translation initiation occurs by internal ribosome entry. Virology 206:750-754.
114. Pratelli A, Martella V, Cirone F, et al.: 2001, Genomic characterization of pestiviruses isolated from lambs and kids in southern Italy. J Virol Methods 94:81-85.
115. Preuss T, Kamstrup S, Kyvsgaard N, et al.: 1997, Comparison of two different methods for inactivation of viruses in serum. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 4:504-508.
116. Qi F, Ridpath JF, Berry ES: 1998, Insertion of a bovine SMT3B gene in NS4B and duplication of NS3 in a bovine viral diarrhea virus genome correlate with the cytopathogenicity of the virus. Virus Res 57:1-9.
117. Qi F, Ridpath JF, Lewis T, et al.: 1992, Analysis of the bovine viral diarrhea virus genome for possible cellular insertions. Virology 189:285-292.
118. Ridpath JF: 2003, BVDV genotypes and biotypes: Practical implications for diagnosis and control. Biologicals 31(2):127-132.
119. Ridpath JF, Bolin SR: 1991, Hybridization analysis of genomic variability among isolates of bovine viral diarrhoea virus using cDNA probes. Mol Cell Probes 5:291-298.
120. Ridpath JF, Bolin SR: 1995a, Delayed onset postvaccinal mucosal disease as a result of genetic recombination between genotype 1 and genotype 2 BVDV. Virology 212:259-262.
121. Ridpath JF, Bolin SR: 1995b, The genomic sequence of a virulent bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) from the type 2 genotype: detection of a large genomic insertion in a noncytopathic BVDV. Virology 212:39-46.
122. Ridpath JF, Bolin SR: 1997, Comparison of the complete genomic sequence of the border disease virus, BD31, to other pestiviruses. Virus Res 50:237-243.
123. Ridpath JF, Bolin SR: 1998, Differentiation of types 1a, 1b and 2 bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) by PCR. Mol Cell Probes 12:101-106.
124. Ridpath JF, Bolin SR, Dubovi EJ: 1994a, Segregation of bovine viral diarrhea virus into genotypes. Virology 205:66-74.
125. Ridpath JF, Bolin SR, Katz J: 1993, Comparison of nucleic acid hybridization and nucleic acid amplification using conserved sequences from the 5' noncoding region for detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Clin Microbiol 31:986-989.
126. Ridpath JF, Neill JD: 1998, Characterization of virulent and avirulent BVDV from the type 2 genotype. In: Proc 17th Annu Meet Am Soc Virol, p. 162.
127. Ridpath JF, Neill JD: 2000, Detection and characterization of genetic recombination in cytopathic type 2 bovine viral diarrhea viruses. J Virol 74:8771-8774.
128. Ridpath JF, Neill JD, Frey M, Landgraf JG: 2000, Phylogenetic, antigenic and clinical characterization of type 2 BVDV from North America. Vet Microbiol 77:145-155.
129. Ridpath JF, Qi F, Bolin SR, Berry ES: 1994b, Natural recombination in bovine viral diarrhea viruses. Arch Virol Suppl 9:239-244.
130. Rumenapf T, Unger G, Strauss JH, Thiel HJ: 1993, Processing of the envelope glycoproteins of pestiviruses. J Virol 67:3288-3294.
131. Sakoda Y, Ozawa S, Damrongwatanapokin S, et al.: 1999, Genetic heterogeneity of porcine and ruminant pestiviruses mainly isolated in Japan. Vet Microbiol 65:75-86.
132. Sandvik T, Paton DJ, Lowings PJ: 1997, Detection and identification of ruminant and porcine pestiviruses by nested amplification of 5' untranslated cDNA regions. J Virol Methods 64:43-56.
133. Schelp C, Greiser-Wilke I, Moennig V: 2000, An actin-binding protein is involved in pestivirus entry into bovine cells. Virus Res 68:1-5.
134. Schelp C, Greiser-Wilke I, Wolf G, et al.: 1995, Identification of cell membrane proteins linked to susceptibility to bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection. Arch Virol 140:1997-2009.
135. Shimazaki T, Sekiguchi H, Nakamura S, et al.: 1998, Segregation of bovine viral diarrhea virus isolated in Japan into genotypes. J Vet Med Sci 60:579-583.
136. Stark R, Meyers G, Rumenapf T, Thiel HJ: 1993, Processing of pestivirus polyprotein: Cleavage site between autoprotease and nucleocapsid protein of classical swine fever virus. J Virol 67:7088-7095.
137. Sullivan DG, Chang GJ, Akkina RK: 1997, Genetic characterization of ruminant pestiviruses: Sequence analysis of viral genotypes isolated from sheep. Virus Res 47:19-29.
138. Tajima M, Frey HR, Yamato O, et al.: 2001, Prevalence of genotypes 1 and 2 of bovine viral diarrhea virus in Lower Saxony, Germany. Virus Res 76:31-42.
139. Tamura JK, Warrener P, Collett MS: 1993, RNA-stimulated NTPase activity associated with the p80 protein of the pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus. Virology 193:1-10.
140. Tautz N, Elbers K, Stoll D, et al.: 1997, Serine protease of pestiviruses: Determination of cleavage sites. J Virol 71:5415-5422.
141. Tautz N, Meyers G, Stark R, et al.: 1996, Cytopathogenicity of a pestivirus correlates with a 27-nucleotide insertion. J Virol 70:7851-7858.
142. van Campen H, Huzurbazar S, Edwards J, Cavender JL: 1998, Distribution of antibody titers to bovine viral diarrhea virus in infected, exposed, and uninfected beef cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 10:183-186.
143. van Campen H, Vorpahl P, Huzurbazar S, et al.: 2000, A case report: Evidence for type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)-associated disease in beef herds vaccinated with a modified-live type 1 BVDV vaccine. J Vet Diagn Invest 12:263-265.
144. van Campen H, Williams ES, Edwards J, et al.: 1997, Experimental infection of deer with bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Wildl Dis 33:567-573.
145. van Regenmortel MHV, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, et al.: 2000, Virus Taxonomy: Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
146. van Rijn PA, van Gennip HG, Leendertse CH, et al.: 1997, Subdivision of the pestivirus genus based on envelope glycoprotein E2. Virology 237:337-348.
147. Vilcek S: 1994, Development of PCR tests for the detection of bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine respiratory syncytial viruses and pestiviruses. Vet Med 39:687-700.
148. Vilcek S, Durkovic B, Bobakova M, et al.: 2002, Identification of bovine viral diarrhoea virus 2 in cattle in Slovakia. Vet Rec 151:150-152.
149. Vilcek S, Greiser-Wilke I, Nettleton P, Paton DJ: 2000, Cellular insertions in the NS2-3 genome region of cytopathic bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) isolates. Vet Microbiol 77:129-136.
150. Vilcek S, Nettleton PF, Paton DJ, Belak S: 1997, Molecular characterization of ovine pestiviruses [published erratum appears in J Gen Virol 1997 Aug;78(Pt 8):2129]. J Gen Virol 78:725-735.
151. Vilcek S, Paton DJ, Durkovic B, et al.: 2001a, Bovine viral diarrhoea virus genotype 1 can be separated into at least eleven genetic groups. Arch Virol 146:99-115.
152. Vilcek S, Ridpath JF, Van Campen H, Cevender J: 2001b, Identification of a novel pestivirus genotype isolated from pronghorn antelope. In: Proc 20th Annu Meet Am SocVirol, p. 196.
153. Warrener P, Collett MS: 1995, Pestivirus NS3 (p80) protein possesses RNA helicase activity. J Virol 69:1720-1726.
154. Weiland E, Stark R, Haas B, et al.: 1990, Pestivirus glycoprotein which induces neutralizing antibodies forms part of a disulfide-linked heterodimer. J Virol 64:3563-3569.
155. Wensvoort G, Terpstra C, Boonstra J, et al.: 1986, Production of monoclonal antibodies against swine fever virus and their use in laboratory diagnosis. Vet Microbiol 12:101-108.
156. Wensvoort G, Terpstra C, de Kluijver EP, et al.: 1989a, Antigenic differentiation of pestivirus strains with monoclonal antibodies against hog cholera virus. Vet Microbiol 21:9-20.
157. Wensvoort G, Terpstra C, de Kluyver EP: 1989b, Characterization of porcine and some ruminant pestiviruses by cross-neutralization. Vet Microbiol 20:291-306.
158. Westaway EG, Brinton MA, Gaidamovich S, et al.: 1985, Togaviridae. Intervirology 24:125-139.
159. Windisch JM, Schneider R, Stark R, et al.: 1996, RNase of classical swine fever virus: biochemical characterization and inhibition by virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. J Virol 70:352-358.
160. Wolfmeyer A, Wolf G, Beer M, et al.: 1997, Genomic (5'UTR) and serological differences among German BVDV field isolates. Arch Virol 142:2049-2057.
161. Xue W, Zhang S, Minocha HC: 1997, Characterization of a putative receptor protein for bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Microbiol 57:105-118.
162. Yu H, Isken O, Grassmann CW, Behrens SE: 2000, A stem-loop motif formed by the immediate 5' terminus of the bovine viral diarrhea virus genome modulates translation as well as replication of the viral RNA. J Virol 74:5825-5835.
163. Zhou Y, Moennig V, Coulibaly CO, et al.: 1989, Differentiation of hog cholera and bovine virus diarrhoea viruses in pigs using monoclonal antibodies. Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 36:76-80.