Winter Biology of Centrarchid Fishes

Centrarchid Fishes: Diversity, Biology, and Conservation

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 264-292

  Suski, C D ^a   Ridgway, M S ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

^b TRENT UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

"winter", period between autumnal equinox and before onset of spawning in centrarchid fishes; Centrarchid fishes, preferring to overwinter in waters, deeper and slower moving; Centrarchids in winter and centrarchid habitat; Dissolved oxygen under ice in winter and extensive fish mortality; Ecological, behavioral, and physiological alterations by centrarchid fishes before and during winter; Overwintering centrarchids as dormant; Reduction in ambient water temperature by changes in solar radiation in winter; Survival during first winter of life "critical period" for centrarchid fishes; Winter biology of centrarchid fishes; Winter growth, virtually stops for fishes at high latitudes and decreasing in lower latitude centrarchids

Indexed keywords

EID: 84889283231     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781444316032.ch9     Document Type: Chapter

References (205)

1. Adams, S. M., R. B. McClean, and M. M. Huffman. 1982. Structuring of a predator population through temperaturemediated effects on prey availability. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 39: 1175-1184.
2. Aggus, L. R. and G. V. Elliott. 1975. Effects of cover and food on year-class strength of largemouth bass. Pages 317-322 in: R. H. Stroud and H. Clepper, editors. Black Bass Biology and Management. Sportfishing Institute, Washington DC.
3. Allen, A. P., J. H. Brown, and J. F. Gillooly. 2002. Global biodiversity, biochemical kinetics, and the energeticequivalence rule. Science 297: 1545-1548.
4. Alexander, G. R. 1979. Predators of fish in coldwater streams. Pages 153-170 in: H. Clepper, editor. Predator-Prey Systems in Fisheries Management. Sport Fishing Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
5. Barthel, B. 2004. Life history strategies of smallmouth bass. MSc. thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
6. Beamish, F. W. H. 1964. Seasonal changes in the standard rate of oxygen consumption of fishes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 42: 189-194.
7. Beamish, F. W. H. 1970. Oxygen consumption of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, in relation to swimming speed and temperature. Canadian Journal of Zoology 48: 1221-1228.
8. Beamish, F. W. H. 1978. Swimming capacity. Pages 101-187 in: W. S. Hoar and D. J. Randall, editors. Fish Physiology, Volume VII. Academic Press, New York.
9. Beamsderfer, R. C. P. and J. A. North. 1995. Growth, natural mortality, and predicted response to fishing for largemouth bass and smallmouth bass populations in North America. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 15: 688-704.
10. Belatos, S., D. J. Calkins, L. W. Gatto, T. D. Prowse, S. Reedyk, G. J. Scrimgeour, and S. P. Wilkins. 1993. Physical effects of river ice. Pages 3-74 in: T. D. Prowse and N. C. Gridley, editors. Environmental Aspects of River Ice. National Hydrology Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
11. Benson, N. G. 1955. Observations on anchor ice in a Michigan trout stream. Ecology 36: 529-530.
12. Bernard, G. and M. G. Fox. 1997. Effects of body size and population density on overwinter survival of age-0 pumpkinseeds. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 17: 581-590.
13. Bodensteiner, L. R. and W. M. Lewis. 1994. Downstream drift of fishes in the upper Mississippi River during winter. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 9: 45-56.
14. Boxrucker, J. 1982. First year growth and survival of stocked largemouth bass in a small Oklahoma impoundment. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 36: 369-376.
15. Brandt, S. B., J. J. Magnuson, and L. B. Crowder. 1980. Thermal habitat partitioning by fishes in Lake Michigan. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37: 1557-1564.
16. Breder, C. M. Jr. and R. F. Nigrelli. 1935. The influence of temperature and other factors on the winter aggregations of the sunfish, Lepomis auritus, with critical remarks on the social behavior of fishes. Ecology 16: 33-47.
17. Brett, J. R. 1965. The relation of size to rate of oxygen consumption and sustained swimming speed of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 22: 1491-1501.
18. Brett, J. R. 1970. Temperature, Animals, Fishes. Pages 515-560 in: O. Kinne, editor. Marine Ecology: A Comprehensive, Integrated Treatise on Life in Oceans and Coastal Waters, Marine Ecology Book, Volume 1, Part 1. Wiley & Sons Ltd., New York.
19. Brett, J. R. and T. D. D. Groves. 1979. Physiological Energetics. Pages 279-352 in: W. S. Hoar, D. J. Randall, and J. R. Brett, editors. Fish Physiology, Volume VIII. Academic Press, New York.
20. Bulow, F. J. 1970. RNA-DNA ratios as indicators of recent growth rates of a fish. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 27: 2343-2349.
21. Bulow, F. J., M. E. Zeman, J. R. Winingham, and W. F. Hudson. 1981. Seasonal variations in RNA-DNA ratios and in indicators of feeding, reproduction, energy storage, and condition in a population of bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque. Journal of Fish Biology 18: 237-244.
22. Bunt, C. M., S. J. Cooke, and D. P. Philipp. 2002. Mobility of riverine smallmouth bass related to tournament displacement and seasonal habitat use. American Fisheries Society 31: 545-552.
23. Burleson, M. L., D. R. Wilhelm, and N. J. Smatresk. 2001. The influence of fish size on the avoidance of hypoxia and oxygen selection by largemouth bass. Journal of Fish Biology 59: 1336-1349.
24. Campbell, J. L., M. J. Mitchell, P. M. Groffman, L. M. Christenson, and J. P. Hardy. 2005. Winter in northeastern North America: a critical period for ecological processes. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3: 314-322.
25. Cargnelli, L. M. and M. R. Gross. 1997. Fish energetics: larger individuals emerge from winter in better condition. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 126: 153-156.
26. Carlson, D. M. 1992. Importance of wintering refugia to the largemouth bass fishery in the Hudson River estuary. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 7: 173-180.
27. Carlson, A. R. and L. J. Herman. 1978. Effect of long-term reduction in diel fluctuation in dissolved oxygen on spawning of black crappie, Pomoxis nigromaculatus. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 107: 742-746.
28. Carss, D. N., H. Kruuk, and J. W. H. Conroy. 1990. Predation on adult Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., by otters, Lutra lutra (L.), within the River Dee system, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Journal of Fish Biology 37: 935-944.
29. Cech, J. J. Jr., C. G. Campagna, and S. J. Mitchell. 1979. Respiratory responses of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) to environmental changes in temperature and dissolved oxygen. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 108: 166-171.
30. Chang, K. B. 1971. Population characteristics of largemouth bass and bluegill in a Missouri pond with an evaluation of some sampling methods. M.A. thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.
31. Chapman, D. W. 1966. Food and space as regulators of salmonid populations in streams. American Naturalist 100: 345-357.
32. Chen, Y. C. and C. L. Folt. 1996. Consequences of fall warming for zooplankton overwintering success. Limnology and Oceanography 41: 1077-1086.
33. Clarke, A. and K. P. P. Fraser. 2004. Why does metabolism scale with temperature? Functional Ecology 18: 243-251.
34. Coble, D. W. 1975. Smallmouth bass. Pages 21-33 in: R. H. Stroud and H. Clepper, editors. Black Bass Biology and Management. Sport Fishing Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
35. Conover, D. O. 1992. Seasonality and the scheduling of life history at different latitudes. Journal of Fish Biology 41(Supplement B): 161-178.
36. Cooke, S. J., E. C. Grant, J. F. Schreer, D. P. Philipp, and A. L. Devries. 2003. Low temperature cardiac response to exhaustive exercise in fish with different levels of winter quiescence. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 134: 157-165.
37. Cooper, G. P. and G. N. Washburn. 1949. Relation of dissolved oxygen to winter mortality of fish in Michigan lakes. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 76: 23-33.
38. Crawshaw, L. I. 1984. Low-temperature dormancy in fish. American Journal of Physiology 246: R479-R486.
39. Cunjak, R. A. 1996. Winter habitat of selected stream fishes and potential impacts from land-use activity. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53(Supplement 1): 267-282.
40. Cunningham, G. L. and B. J. Shuter. 1986. Interactions of low pH and starvation on body weight and composition of young-of-year smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui ). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43: 869-876.
41. Curry, R. A., S. L. Currie, S. K. Arndt, and A. T. Bielak. 2005. Winter survival of age-0 smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu, in north eastern lakes. Environmental Biology of Fishes 7: 111-122.
42. Danylchuk, A. J. and M. G. Fox. 1994. Seasonal reproductive patterns of pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) populations with varying body size characteristics. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51: 490-500.
43. Danylchuk, A. J. and W. M. Tonn. 2003. Natural disturbances and fish: local and regional influences on winterkill of fathead minnows in boreal lakes. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 132: 289-298.
44. DeAngelis, D. L. and R. M. Cushman. 1990. Potential application of models in forecasting the effects of climate changes on fisheries. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 119: 224-239.
45. DeStasio, B. T. Jr., D. K. Hill, J. M. Kleinhans, N. P. Nibbelink, and J. J. Magnuson. 1996. Potential effects of global climate change on small north-temperate lakes: physics, fish and plankton. Limnology and Oceanography 41: 1136-1149.
46. Dickson, I. W. and R. H. Kramer. 1971. Factors influencing scope for activity and active and standard metabolism of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri ). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 28: 587-596.
47. Driedzic, W. R. 1992. Cardiac energy metabolism. Pages 219-266 in: W. S. Hoar, D. J. Randall, and A. P. Farrell, editors. Fish Physiology, Volume XIIA. Academic Press Inc., USA.
48. Driedzic, W. R., J. R. Bailey, and D. H. Sephton. 1996. Cardiac adaptations to low temperature in non-polar teleost fish. The Journal of Experimental Zoology 275: 186-195.
49. Eadie, J. McA. and A. Keast. 1984. Resource heterogeneity and fish species diversity in lakes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 62: 1689-1695.
50. Eaton, J. G. and R. M. Scheller. 1996. Effects of climate warming on fish thermal habitat in streams of the United States. Limnology and Oceanography 41: 1109-1115.
51. Egginton, S. and B. D. Sidell. 1989. Thermal acclimation induces adaptive changes in subcellular structure of fish skeletal muscle. American Journal of Physiology 256: R1-R9.
52. Evans, D. O. 1984. Temperature independence of the annual cycle of standard metabolism in the pumpkinseed. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 113: 494-512.
53. Fang, X. and H. G. Stefan. 1998. Potential climate warming effects on ice covers of small lakes in the contiguous US Cold Regions Science and Technology 27: 119-140.
54. Fänge, R. and D. Grove. 1979. Digestion. Pages 161-260 in: W. S. Hoars, D. J. Randall, and J. R. Brett, editors. Fish Physiology, Volume VIII. Academic Press Inc., New York, USA.
55. Fox, M. G. and A. Keast. 1990. Effects of winterkill on population structure, body size, and prey consumption patterns of pumpkinseed in isolated beaver ponds. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68: 2489-2498.
56. Fox, M. G. and A. Keast. 1991. Effect of overwinter mortality on reproductive life history characteristics of pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) populations. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48: 1792-1799.
57. Fry, F. E. J. 1971. The effect of environmental factors on the physiology of fish. Pages 1-98 in: W. S. Hoar and D. J. Randall, editors. Fish Physiology, Volume VI. Academic Press Inc., New York, USA.
58. Fullerton, A. H., J. E. Garvey, R. A. Wright, and R. A. Stein. 2000. Overwinter growth and survival of largemouth bass: interactions among size, food, origin and winter severity. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 129: 1-12.
59. Garvey, J. E. and E. A. Marschall. 2003. Understanding latitudinal trends in fish body size through models of optimal seasonal energy allocation. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60: 938-948.
60. Garvey, J. E., K. G. Ostrand, and D. H. Wahl. 2004. Energetics, predators and ration affect size-dependant growth and mortality of fish during winter. Ecology 85: 2860-2871.
61. Garvey, J. E., R. A. Wright, and R. A. Stein. 1998. Overwinter growth and survival of age-0 largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides): revisiting the role of body size. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55: 2414-2424.
62. Gates, D. M. 1962. Energy Exchange in the Biosphere. Harper & Row, New York, USA.
63. Gent, R., J. Pitlo Jr., and T. Boland. 1995. Largemouth bass response to habitat and water quality rehabilitation in a backwater of the upper Mississippi River. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 15: 784-793.
64. Gerking, S. D. 1966. Annual growth cycle, growth potential, and growth compensation in the bluegill sunfish in northern Indiana lakes. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 23: 1923-1956.
65. Green, D. M. 1982. Population dynamics of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and chain pickerel (Esox niger) in Dryden Lake, New York. Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
66. Greenbank, J. 1945. Limnological conditions in ice-covered lakes, especially as related to winter-kill of fish. Ecological Monographs 15: 343-329.
67. Greenbank, J. 1956. Movement of fish under the ice. Copeia 3: 158-162.
68. Grenfell, T. C. and G. A. Maykut. 1977. The optical properties of ice and snow in the Arctic basin. Journal of Glaciology 18: 445-463.
69. Gross, W. L., E. W. Roelofs, and P. O. Fromm. 1965. Influence of photoperiod on growth of green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 22: 1379-1386.
70. Guderly, H. 2004. Metabolic responses to low temperature in fish muscle. Biological Reviews 79: 409-427.
71. Hanson, K. C., S. J. Cooke, C. D. Suski, G. Niezgoda, F. J. S. Phelan, R. Tinline, and D. P. Philipp. 2007. Assessment of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) behavior and activity at multiple spatial and temporal scales utilizing a 3-D whole-lake ecological telemetry observatory. Hydrobiologia 582: 243-256
72. Harrison, S. S. C. and A. G. Hildrew. 1998. Patterns in the epilithic community of a lake littoral. Freshwater Biology 39: 477-492.
73. Hasler C. T., K. C. Hanson, S. J. Cooke, R. Tinline, C. D. Suski, G. Niezgoda, F. J. S. Phelan, and D. P. Philipp. 2007. Frequency, composition and stability of associations among individual largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) at diel, daily, and seasonal scales. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 16: 417-424
74. Hathaway, E. S. 1927. The relation of temperature to the quantity of food consumed by fishes. Ecology 8: 428-434.
75. Hazel, J. R. 1993. Thermal Biology. Pages 427-467 in: D. H. Evans, editor. The Physiology of Fishes. CRC Press, Inc., USA.
76. Hazel, J. R. and C. L. Prosser. 1974. Molecular mechanisms of temperature compensation in poikilotherms. Physiological Reviews 54: 620-677.
77. Hoar, W. S. and D. J. Randall. 1978. Terminology to describe swimming activity in fish. Pages xiii-xiv in: W. S. Hoar and D. J. Randall, editors. Fish Physiology, Volume VII. Academic Press Inc., New York, USA.
78. Hochachka, P. W. 1988. Metabolic suppression and oxygen availability. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66: 125-158.
79. Horton, T. B. and C. S. Guy. 2002. Habitat use and movement of spotted bass in Otter Creek, Kansas. American Fisheries Society 31: 161-171.
80. Hoxmeier, R. J., D. D. Aday, and D. H. Wahl. 2001. Factors influencing precision of age estimation from scales and otoliths of bluegills in Illinois reservoirs. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 21: 374-380.
81. Hubbs, C. L. and M. B. Trautman. 1935. The need for investigating fish conditions in winter. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 65: 51-56.
82. Hubert, W. A. and R. T. Lackey. 1980. Habitat of adult smallmouth bass in a Tennessee river reservoir. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 109: 364-370.
83. Isley, J. J. 1981. Effects of water temperature and energy reserves on overwinter mortality of young-of-the-year largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). M.S. thesis, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL.
84. Jackson, M. B. and D. C. Lasenby. 1982. A method for predicting winter oxygen profiles in ice-covered Ontario lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 39: 1267-1272.
85. Jensen, A J., T. Forseth, and B. O. Johnsen. 2000. Latitudinal variation in growth of young brown trout Salmo trutta. Journal of Animal Ecology 69: 1010-1020.
86. Johnson, M. G. 1965. Limnology of Ontario ponds in relation to winterkill of largemouth bass. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 27: 193-198.
87. Johnson, M. G. and W. H. Charlton. 1960. Some effects of temperature on the metabolism and activity of the large-mouth bass, Micropterus salmoides Lacépède. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 22: 155-163.
88. Johnston, I. A., J. D. Fleming, and T. Crockford. 1990. Thermal acclimation and muscle contractile properties in cyprinid fish. American Journal of Physiology 259: R231-R236.
89. Karchesky, C. M. and D. H. Bennett. 2004. Winter habitat use by adult largemouth bass in the Pend Oreille River, Idaho. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 24: 577-585.
90. Karr, J. R., L. A. Toth, and D. R. Dudley. 1985. Fish communities of Midwestern rivers: a history of degradation. Bio-Science 35: 90-95.
91. Kaya, C. M. and A. D. Hassler. 1972. Photoperiod and temperature effects on the gonads of green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus (Rafinesque), during the quiescent, winter phase of its annual sexual cycle. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 101(2): 270-275.
92. Keast, A. 1968. Feeding biology of the black crappie, Pomoxis nigromaculatus. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 25: 285-297.
93. Knights, B. C., B. L. Johnson, and M. B. Sandheinrich. 1995. Responses of bluegills and black crappies to dissolved oxygen, temperature, and current in backwater lakes of the upper Mississippi River during winter. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 15: 390-399.
94. Kohler, C. C., R. J. Sheehan, and J. J. Sweatman. 1993. Largemouth bass hatching success and first-winter survival in two Illinois reservoirs. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 13: 125-133.
95. Kolander, T. D. 1992. Factors limiting overwinter survival of young-of-the-year largemouth bass in South Dakota. M.S. thesis, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD.
96. Kolok, A. S. 1992. Morphological and physiological correlates with swimming performance in juvenile largemouth bass. American Journal of Physiology Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 32: R1042-R1048.
97. Kolok, A. S. 1991a. Temperature compensation in two centrarchid fishes: do winter-quiescent fish undergo cellular temperature compensation. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 120: 52-57.
98. Kolok, A. S. 1991b. Photoperiod alters the critical swimming speed of juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, acclimated to cold water. Copeia 1991: 1085-1090.
99. Kolok A. S., R. M. Spooner, and A. P. Farrell. 1983. The effect of exercise on the cardiac output and blood flow distribution of the largescale sucker Catostomus macrocheilus. Journal of Experimental Biology 183: 301-321.
100. Kraai, J. E., C. R. Munger, and W. E. Whitworth. 1991. Home range, movements, and habitat utilization of smallmouth bass in Merideth Reservoir, Texas. Pages 44-46 in: D. C. Jackson, editor. The First International Smallmouth Bass Symposium. Department of Information Services, Mississippi State University, USA.
101. Langhurst, R. W. and D. L. Schoenike. 1990. Seasonal migration of smallmouth bass in the Embarrass and Wolf Rivers, Wisconsin. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 10: 224-227.
102. Langlois, T. H. 1936. Survival value of aggregational behavior of bass under adverse conditions. Ecology 17: 177-178.
103. Larimore, R. W. and M. J. Duever. 1968. Effects of temperature acclimation on the swimming ability of smallmouth bass fry. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 97: 175-184.
104. Leino, R. L. and J. H. McCormick. 1993. Responses of juvenile largemouth bass to different pH and aluminum levels at overwintering temperatures: effects on gill morphology, electrolyte balance, scale calcium, liver glycogen and depot fat. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71: 531-543.
105. Lemly, A. D. 1993. Metabolic stress during winter increases the toxicity of selenium to fish. Aquatic Toxicology 27: 133-158.
106. Lemly, A. D. 1996. Wastewater discharges may be most hazardous to fish during winter. Environmental Pollution 93: 169-174.
107. Lemons, D. E. and L. I. Crawshaw. 1985. Behavioral and metabolic adjustments to low temperatures in the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Physiological Zoology 58: 175-180.
108. Lester, N. P., B. J. Shuter, and P. A. Abrams. 2004. Interpreting the von Bertalanffy model of somatic growth in fishes: the cost of reproduction. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 271: 1625-1631.
109. Lewis, W. M. and S. Flickinger. 1967. Home range tendency of the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Ecology 48: 1020-1023.
110. Ludsin, S. A. and D. R. DeVries. 1997. First-year recruitment of largemouth bass: the interdependency of early life stages. Ecological Applications 7: 1024-1038.
111. Lyons, J. 1997. Influence of winter starvation on the distribution of smallmouth bass among Wisconsin streams: a bioenergetics modeling assessment. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 126: 157-162.
112. Lyons, J. and P. Kanehl. 2002. Seasonal movements of smallmouth bass in streams. American Fisheries Society Symposium 31: 149-160.
113. Maceina, M. J. 2003. Verification of the influence of hydrologic factors on crappie recruitment in Alabama Reservoirs. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 23: 470-480.
114. Mackereth, R. W., D. L. G. Noakes, and M. S. Ridgway. 1999. Size-based variation in somatic energy reserves and parental expenditure by male smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu. Environmental Biology of Fishes 56: 263-275.
115. Magnuson, J. J. and B. T. DeStasio. 1996. Thermal niche of fishes and global warming. Pages 377-408 in: C. M. Wood and D. G. McDonald, editors. Global Warming: Implications for Freshwater and Marine Fish. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
116. Magnuson, J. J. and D. J. Karlen. 1970. Visual observation of fish beneath the ice in a winterkill lake. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 27: 1059-1068.
117. Magnuson, J. J., L. B. Crowder, and P. A. Medvick. 1979. Temperature as an ecological resource. American Zoologist 19: 331-343.
118. Magnuson, J. J., A. L. Beckel, K. Mills, and S. B. Brandt. 1985. Surviving winter hypoxia: behavioral adaptations of fishes in a northern Wisconsin winterkill lake. Environmental Biology of Fishes 14: 241-250.
119. Markus, H. C. 1932. The extent to which temperature changes influence food consumption in largemouth bass (Huro floridana). Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 62: 202-210.
120. Mathias, J. A. and J. Barica. 1980. Factors controlling oxygen depletion in ice-covered lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37: 185-194.
121. McAllister, D. E., S. T. Platania, F. W. Schueler, M. E. Baldwin, and D. S. Lee. 1986. Ichthyofaunal patterns on a geographic grid. Pages 17-51 in: C. H. Hocutt and E. O. Wiley, editors. The Zoogeography of North American Freshwater Fishes. Wiley Interscience, New York.
122. McCauley, R. W. and D. M. Kilgour. 1990. Effects of air temperature on growth of largemouth bass in North America. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 119: 276-281.
123. Meakins, R. H. 1975. The effects of activity and season on the respiration of the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 51A: 155-157.
124. Meding, M. E. and L. J. Jackson. 2003. Biotic, chemical, and morphometric factors contributing to winter anoxia in prairie lakes. Limnology and Oceanography 48: 1633-1642.
125. Meisner, J. D., J. L. Goodier, H. A. Reiger, B. J. Shuter, and W. J. Christie. 1987. An assessment of the effects of climate warming on great lakes basin fishes. Journal of Great Lakes Research 13: 340-352.
126. Metcalfe, N. B. and J. E. Thorpe. 1992. Anorexia and defended energy levels in over-wintering juvenile salmon. Journal of Animal Ecology 61: 175-181.
127. Micheli, F., K. L. Cottingham, J. Bascompte, O. N. Bjørstad, G. L. Eckert, J. M. Fischer, T. H. Keitt, B. E. Kendall, J. L. Klug, and J. A. Rusak. 1999. The dual nature of community variability. Oikos 85: 161-169.
128. Micucci S. M., J. E. Garvey, R. A. Wright, and R. A. Stein. 2003. Individual growth and foraging responses of age-0 largemouth bass to mixed prey assemblages during winter. Environmental Biology of Fishes 67: 157-168.
129. Miranda, L. E. and W. D. Hubbard. 1994a. Length-dependent winter survival and lipid composition of age-0 largemouth bass in Bay Springs Reservoir, Mississippi. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 122: 80-87.
130. Miranda, L. E. and W. D. Hubbard. 1994b.Winter survival of age-0 largemouth bass relative to size, predators, and shelter. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 14: 790-796.
131. Miranda, L. E. and L. L. Pugh. 1997. Relationship between vegetation coverage and abundance, size, and diet of juvenile largemouth bass during winter. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 17: 601-610.
132. Mischke, C. C. and J. E. Morris. 1997. Out-of-season spawning lf sunfish Lepomis spp. in the laboratory. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 59: 297-302.
133. Mittelbach, G. C. 2002. Fish foraging and habitat choice: a theoretical perspective. Pages 251-266 in: P. J. B. Hart and J. D. Reynolds, editors. Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries, Volume 1. Blackwell Publishing, USA.
134. Modde, T. and C. G. Scalet. 1985. Latitudinal growth effects on predator-prey interactions between largemouth bass and bluegills in ponds. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 5: 227-232.
135. Moffett, J. W. and B. P. Hunt. 1943. Winter feeding habits of bluegills, Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, and yellow perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill), in Cedar Lake, Washtenaw county, Michigan. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 73: 231-242.
136. Molnár, G. and I. Tölg. 1962. Relation between water temperature and gastric digestion of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides Lacépède). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 19: 1005-1012.
137. Montgomery, J. C. and J. A. MacDonald. 1990. Effects of temperature on nervous system: implications for behavioral performance. American Journal of Physiology 259: R191-R196.
138. Moss, D. D. and D. C. Scott. 1961. Dissolved-oxygen requirements of three species of fish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 90: 377-393.
139. Moore, W. G. 1942. Field studies on the oxygen requirements of certain fresh-water fishes. Ecology 23: 319-329.
140. Munther, G. L. 1970. Movement and distribution of smallmouth bass in the middle snake river. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 1970: 44-53.
141. Niimi, A. J. 1972. Changes in the proximate body composition of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) with starvation. Canadian Journal of Zoology 50: 815-819.
142. Oliver, J. D., G. F. Holeton, and K. E. Chua. 1979. Overwinter mortality of fingerling smallmouth bass in relation to size, relative energy stores, and environmental temperature. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 108: 130-136.
143. Otto, R. G., M. A. Kitchel, and J. O'Hara Rice. 1976. Lethal and preferred temperatures of the alefwife (Alosa pseudoharengus) in Lake Michigan. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 105: 96-106.
144. Paragamian, V. L. 1981. Some habitat characteristics that affect abundance and winter survival of smallmouth bass in the Maquoketa River, Iowa. Pages 45-53 in: L. A. Krumholz, editor. The Warmwater Streams Symposium: A National Symposium on Fisheries Aspects of Warmwater Streams. Allen Press Inc., USA.
145. Parkos, J. J. III and D. H. Wahl. 2002. Towards an understanding of recruitment mechanisms in largemouth bass. American Fisheries Society Symposium 31: 25-45.
146. Parsons, J. W. 1953. Growth and habits of the redeye bass. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 83: 202-211.
147. Parsons, G. R. and P. Smiley. 2003. The effect of environmental changes on swimming performance of the white crappie. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 18: 89-96.
148. Peles, J. D., T. Philippi, M. H. Smith, I. L. Brisbin Jr., and J. W. Gibbons. 2000. Seasonal variation in radiocesium levels of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides): implications for humans and sensitive wildlife species. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19: 1830-1836.
149. Persson, L. and P. Eklöv. 1995. Prey refuges affecting interactions between piscivorous perch and juvenile roach. Ecology 76: 70-81.
150. Pessah, E. and P. M. Powles. 1974. Effect of constant temperature on growth rates of pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 31: 1678-1682.
151. Petit, G., M. Beauchaud, J. Attia, and B. Buisson. 2003. Food intake and growth of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) held under altered light/dark cycle (12L:12D) or exposed to continuous light. Aquaculture 228: 397-401.
152. Petrosky, B. R. and J. J. Magnuson. 1973. Behavioral responses of northern pike, yellow perch and bluegill to oxygen concentrations under simulated winterkill conditions. Copeia 1973: 124-133.
153. Philips, K. A. and M. W. Fawley. 2002. Winter phytoplankton community structure in three shallow temperate lakes during ice cover. Hydrobiologia 470: 97-113.
154. Phillips, A. M. Jr. 1969. Nutrition, digestion, and energy utilization. Pages 391-432 in: W. S. Hoar and D. J. Randall, editors. Fish Physiology, Volume I. Academic Press Inc., New York, USA.
155. Pörtner, H. O. 2002. Climate variations and the physiological basis of temperature dependent biogeography: systemic to molecular hierarchy of thermal tolerance in animals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 132A: 739-761.
156. Post, J. R. and E. A. Parkinson. 2001. Energy allocation strategy in young fish: alometry and survival. Ecology 82: 1040-1051.
157. Post, D. M., J. F. Kitchell, and J. R. Hodgson. 1998. Interactions among adult demography, spawning date, growth rate, predation, overwinter mortality and the recruitment of largemouth bass in a northern lake. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55: 2588-2600.
158. Prosser, C. L. and D. O. Nelson. 1981. The role of nervous systems in temperature adaptation of poikilotherms. Annual Review of Physiology 43: 281-300.
159. Prowse, T. D. 1994. Environmental significance of ice to streamflow in cold regions. Freshwater Biology 32: 241-259.
160. Rach, J. J. and F. P. Meyer. 1982. Winter harvest of bluegills in 1976-1977 from Lake Onalaska, Wisconsin. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 2: 28-32.
161. Raibley, P. T., T. M. O'Hara, K. S. Irons, K. D. Blodgett, and R. E. Sparks. 1997. Largemouth bass size distributions under varying annual hydrological regimes in the Illinois River. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 126: 850-856.
162. Rall, J. A. and R. C. Woledge. 1990. Influence of temperature on mechanics and energetics of muscle contraction. American Journal of Physiology 259: R197-R203.
163. Randall, D., W. Burggen, and K. French. 1997. Eckert Animal Physiology: Mechanisms and Adaptations, 4th edition. W. H. Freeman and Company, USA.
164. Regier, H. A., J. J. Magnuson, B. J. Shuter, D. K. Hill, J. A. Holmes, and D. Meisner. 1989. Likely effects of global climate change on fish associations of the great lakes. Pages 234-255 in: J. C. Topping Jr., editor. Coping With Climate Change. The Climate Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
165. Reynolds, W. W., R. W. McCauley, M. E. Casterlin, and L. I. Crawshaw. 1976. Body temperatures of behaviourally thermoregulating largemouth blackbass (Micropterus salmoides). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 54A: 461-463.
166. Robinson, W. R., R. H. Peters, and J. Zimmermann. 1983. The effects of body size and temperature on metabolic rate of organisms. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 281-288.
167. Rome, L. C. 1990. Influence of temperature on muscle recruitment and muscle function in vivo. American Journal of Physiology 259: R210-R222.
168. Rooney, N. and J. Kalff. 2000. Inter-annual variation in submerged macrophyte community biomass and distribution: the influence of temperature and lake morphometry. Aquatic Botany 68: 321-335.
169. Sandström, O. 1983. Seasonal variations in the swimming performance of perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) measured with the rotatory-flow technique. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 1475-1480.
170. Savino, J. F. and R. A. Stein. 1982. Predator-prey interaction between largemouth bass and bluegills as influenced by simulated, submerged vegetation. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 111: 255-266.
171. Savitz, J. 1971. Effects of starvation on body protein utilization of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque) with a calculation of caloric requirements. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 100: 18-21.
172. Savitz, J., L. G. Bardygula, T. Harder, and K. Stuecheli. 1993. Diel and seasonal utilization of home ranges in a small lake by smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui ). Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2: 31-39.
173. Sayler, J. C. II and K. F. Lagler. 1940. The food habits of the American Merganser during winter in Michigan, considered in relation to fish management. Journal of Wildlife Management 4: 186-219.
174. Schmidt-Nielsen, K. 1972. Locomotion: energy cost of swimming, flying, and running. Science 177: 222-228.
175. Schreier, H., W. Erlebach, and L. Albright. 1980. Variations in water quality during winter in two Yukon rivers with emphasis on dissolved oxygen concentration. Water Research 14: 1345-1351.
176. Schultz, E. T. and D. O. Conover. 1997. Latitudinal differences in somatic energy storage: adaptive responses to seasonality in an estuarine fish (Atherinidae: Menidia menidia). Oecologia 109: 516-529.
177. Schultz, E. T. and D. O. Conover. 1999. The allometry of energy reserve depletion: test of a mechanism for size-dependant winter mortality. Oecologia 119: 474-483.
178. Sephton, D. H. and W. R. Driedzic. 1991. Effect of acute and chronic temperature transition on enzymes of cardiac metabolism in white perch (Morone americana), yellow perch (Perca flavescens), and smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui ). Canadian Journal of Zoology 69: 258-262.
179. Shaklee, J. B., J. A. Christiansen, B. D. Sidell, C. L. Prosser, and G. S. Whitt. 1977. Molecular aspects of temperature acclimation in fish: contributions of changes in enzyme activities and isozyme patterns to metabolic reorganization in the green sunfish. The Journal of Experimental Zoology 201: 1-20.
180. Shirley, K. E. and A. K. Andrews. 1977. Growth, production, and mortality of largemouth bass during the first year of life in Lake Carl Blackwell, Oklahoma. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 106: 590-595.
181. Shul'man, G. E. 1974. Life Cycles of Fish. John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA.
182. Shuter, B. J. and J. F. Koonce. 1977. A dynamic model of the western Lake Erie walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) population. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 34: 1972-1982.
183. Shuter, B. J. and J. R. Post. 1990. Climate, population viability, and the zoogeography of temperate fishes. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 119: 314-336.
184. Shuter, B. J. D., A. Schlesinger, and P. Zimmerman. 1983. Empirical predictors of annual surface water temperature cycles in North American lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 40: 1838-1845.
185. Shuter, B. J., J. A. MacLean, F. E. J. Fry, and H. A. Reiger. 1980. Stochastic simulation of temperature effects on firstyear survival of smallmouth bass. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 109: 1-34.
186. Smith, E. V. and H. S. Swingle. 1940. Winter and summer growth of bluegills in fertilized ponds. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 70: 335-338.
187. Snyder, D. J. and M. S. Peterson. 1999. Foraging and prey selection by bluespotted sunfish Enneacanthus gloriosus (Holbrook) in backwater, vegetated ponds in coastal Mississippi. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 14: 187-196.
188. Somero, G. N. 1995. Proteins and temperature. Annual Review of Physiology 57: 43-68.
189. Stein, R. A. 1979. Behavioral response of prey to fish predators. Pages 343-353 in: R. H. Stroud, editor. Predator-Prey Systems in Fisheries Management. Sport Fishing Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
190. Swingle, H. S. 1952. Farm pond investigations in Alabama. Journal of Wildlife Management 16: 243-249.
191. Todd, B. L. and C. F. Rabeni. 1989. Movement and habitat use by stream-dwelling smallmouth bass. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 118: 229-242.
192. Toneys, M. L. and D. W. Coble. 1979. Mortality, hematocrit, osmolality, electrolyte regulation, fat depletion of young-ofthe-year freshwater fishes under simulated winter conditions. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37: 225-232.
193. Tonn, W. M. and J. J. Magnuson. 1982. Patterns in the species composition and richness of fish assemblages in northern Wisconsin lakes. Ecology 63: 1149-1166.
194. Trautman, M. B. 1981. The Fishes of Ohio. Ohio State University Press, USA. 782pp.
195. Tschantz, D. R., E. L. Crockett, P. H. Niewiarowski, and R. L. Londraville. 2002. Cold acclimation strategy is highly variable among the sunfishes (Centrarchidae). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 75: 544-556.
196. VanderKooy, K. E., C. F. Rakocinski, and R. W. Heard. 2000. Trophic relationships of three sunfishes (Lepomis spp.) in an estuarine bayou. Estuaries 23: 621-632.
197. Warden, R. L. Jr. and W. J. Lorio. 1975. Movements of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) in impounded waters as determined by underwater telemetry. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 104: 696-702.
198. Wardle, C. S. 1980. Effects of temperature on the maximum swimming speed of fishes. Pages 519-531 in: M. A. Ali, editor. Environmental Physiology of Fishes. Plenum Press, New York, USA.
199. Webster, D. A. 1954. Smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolmieui, in Cayuga Lake. Part 1. Life History and Environment. Cornell University, Agriculture Experiment Station Memoir 327. New York State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, New York.
200. Welch, H. E. and J. Kalff. 1974. Benthic photosynthesis and respiration in Char Lake. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 31: 609-620.
201. Welch, H. E., J. A. Legault, and M. A. Bergmann. 1987. Effects of snow and ice on the annual cycles of heat and light in Saqvaqjuac Lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44: 1451-1461.
202. Wetzel, R. G. 1983. Limnology, 2nd Edition. Saunders College Publishing, USA.
203. Wohlschlag, D. E. and R. O. Juliano. 1959. Seasonal changes in bluegill metabolism. Limnology and Oceanography 4: 195-209.
204. Wright, R. A. 1993. Size dependence of growth, consumption, and survival in juvenile largemouth bass: combining experimental manipulation and individual-based simulations. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.
205. Wright, R. A., J. E. Garvey, A. H. Fullerton, and R. A. Stein. 1999. Predicting how winter affects energetics of age-0 largemouth bass: how do current models fare? Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 128: 603-612.