GALDI-MS Applied to Characterise Natural Varnishes and Binders

Organic Mass Spectrometry in Art and Archaeology

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 131-163

  Dietemann, Patrick ^a   Herm, Christoph ^b  

^a Doerner Institut   (Germany)

^b Labor für Archäometrie   (Germany)

Author keywords

Diterpenoid resins natural resins; GALDI mass spectrum of copaiba balsam; GALDI MS characterising natural varnishes and binders; GALDI MS experiments and triterpenoid resin method; GALDI MS in natural resin ageing and insights into ageing pathways; GALDI MS measurements and natural ester wax selection; GALDI MS method analysing organic binding media; Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC MS); Matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation mass spectrometry (MALDI MS); Organic materials of artwork application

Indexed keywords

EID: 84889272194     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470741917.ch5     Document Type: Chapter

References (64)

1. M. Karas, and F. Hillenkamp, Laser Desorption Ionization of Proteins with Molecular Masses Exceeding 10 000 Daltons, Anal. Chem., 60, 2299-2301 (1988).
2. K. Tanaka, H. Waki, Y. Ido, S. Akita, Y. Yoshida, and T. Yoshida, Protein and Polymer Analyses up to m/z 100 000 by Laser Ionization Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 2, 151 (1988).
3. S. Zumbühl, R. Knochenmuss, S. Wü lfert, F. Dubois, M.J. Dale, and R. Zenobi, A Graphite-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Study of Light-induced Aging in Triterpene Dammar and Mastic Varnishes, Anal. Chem., 70, 707-715 (1998).
4. S. Zumbühl, R.D. Knochenmuss, and S. Wü lfert, Rissig und blind werden in relativ kurzer Zeit alle Harzessenzfirnisse, Z. Kunsttechnol. Konserv., 12, 205-219 (1998).
5. M. Schürenberg, K. Dreisewerd, and F. Hillenkamp, Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Peptides and Proteins with Particle Suspension Matrices, Anal. Chem., 71, 221-229 (1999).
6. M.J. Dale, R. Knochenmuss, and R. Zenobi, Two-phase Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation: Matrix Selection and Sample Pretreatment for Complex Anionic Analytes, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 11, 136-142 (1997).
7. J. Sunner, E. Dratz, and Y.C. Chen, Graphite Surface-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry of Peptides and Proteins from Liquid Solutions, Anal. Chem., 67, 4335-4342 (1995).
8. M.J. Dale, R. Knochenmuss, and R. Zenobi, Graphite/Liquid Mixed Matrices for Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 68, 3321-3329 (1996).
9. H.J. Kim, J.K. Lee, S.J. Park, H.W. Ro, D.Y. Yoo, and D.Y. Yoon, Observation of Low Molecular Weight Poly(methylsilsesquioxane)s by Graphite Plate Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 72, 5673-5678 (2000).
10. K. Dreisewerd, The Desorption Process in MALDI, Chem. Rev., 103, 395-425 (2003).
11. R. Knochenmuss, A. Stortelder, K. Breuker, and R. Zenobi, Secondary ion-molecule Reactions in Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization, J. Mass Spectrom., 35, 1237-1245 (2000).
12. D. Scalarone, M.C. Duursma, J.J. Boon, and O. Chiantore, MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry on Cellulosic surfaces of Fresh and Photo-aged Di-and Triterpenoid Varnish Resins, J. Mass Spectrom., 40, 1527-1535 (2005).
13. E.R. de la Rie, Old Master Paintings: A Study of the Varnish Problem, Anal. Chem., 61, 1228A-1240A (1989).
14. N. Stolow, Solvent Action, in On Picture Varnishes and their Solvents, R.L. Feller, N. Stolow and E.H. Jones (Eds), National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, 1985, pp. 47-116.
15. D. Erhardt, and J.-S. Tsang, The Extractable Components of Oil Paint Films, in Cleaning, Retouching and Coatings. Technology and Practice for Easel Paintings and Polychrome sculpture, J.S. Mills and P. Smith (Eds), Contributions to the IIC Brussels Congress, International Institute for Conservation, London, 1990, pp. 93-97.
16. K. Sutherland, The Extraction of Soluble Components from an Oil Paint Film by a Varnish Solution, Stud. Conserv., 45, 54-62 (2000).
17. E.R. de la Rie, Stable Varnishes for Old Master Paintings, PhD thesis, University of Amsterdam, 1988.
18. E.R. de la Rie, Photochemical and Thermal Degradation of Films of Dammar Resin, Stud. Conserv., 33, 53-70 (1988).
19. E.R. de la Rie, and C.W. McGlinchey, Stabilized Dammar Picture Varnish, Stud. Conserv., 34, 137-146 (1989).
20. E.R. de la Rie, and C.W. McGlinchey, The Effect of a Hindered Amine Light Stabilizer on the Aging of Dammar and Mastic Varnish in an Environment Free of Ultraviolet Light, in Cleaning, Retouching and Coatings. Technology and practice for Easel Paintings and Polychrome Sculpture, J.S. Mills and P. Smith (Eds), Contributions to the IIC Brussels Congress, International Institute for Conservation, London,1990, pp. 160-164.
21. G.A. Van der Doelen, Molecular Studies of Fresh and Aged Triterpenoid Varnishes, PhD thesis, University of Amsterdam, 1999.
22. G.A. Van der Doelen, K.J. Van den Berg, and J.J. Boon, Comparative Chromatographic and Mass-spectrometric Studies of Triterpenoid Varnishes: Fresh Material and Aged Samples from Paintings, Stud. Conserv., 43, 249-264 (1998).
23. G.A. Van der Doelen, K.J. Van den Berg, J.J. Boon, N. Shibayama, E.R. de la Rie, and W.J.L. Genuit, Analysis of Fresh Triterpenoid Resins and Aged Triterpenoid Varnishes by High-performance Liquid Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionisation (Tandem) Mass Spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 809, 21-37 (1998).
24. G.A. Van der Doelen, K.J. Van den Berg, and J.J. Boon, A Comparison of Weatherometer Aged Dammar Varnishes and Aged Varnishes from Paintings, in Proceedings of the Conference 'Art et Chimie'-La couleur, J. Goupy and J.P. Mohen (Eds), Paris, France, 1998, CNRS Editions, Paris, 2000, pp. 146-149.
25. S. Zumbühl, Einfluss der Oxidationsprodukte auf das mechanische Filmverhalten von Naturharzfirnissen, Diploma thesis, Schule für Gestaltung, Bern, 1996.
26. L. Carlyle, N.E. Binnie, G. Van der Doelen, J. Boon, B. McLean, and A. Ruggles, Traditional Painting Varnishes Project: Preliminary Report on Natural and Artificial Aging and a Note on the Preparation of Cross-sections, in Postprints of Firnis, Material Aesthetik Geschichte, International Kolloquium, AdR, Braunschweig, 1998, pp. 110-127.
27. M.P. Colombini, F. Modugno, S. Giannarelli, R. Fuoco, and M. Matteini, GC-MS characterization of paint varnishes, Microchem. J., 67, 385-396 (2000).
28. E. Wenders, Dammar als Gemäldefirnis, Z. Kunsttechnol. Konserv., 15, 133-162 (2001).
29. D. Scalarone, J. Van der Horst, J.J. Boon, and O. Chiantore, Direct-temperature Mass Spectrometric Detection of Volatile Terpenoids and Natural Terpenoid Polymers in Fresh and Artificially Aged Resins, J. Mass Spectrom., 38, 607-617 (2003).
30. U. Weilhammer, Der Einfluss von Kunstharzüberzügen auf das Alterungsverhalten von Naturharzfirnissen, Z. Kunsttechnol. Konserv., 17, 397-406 (2003).
31. C. Theodorakopoulos, and V. Zafiropulos, Uncovering of Scalar Oxidation within Naturally Aged Varnish Layers, J. Cult. Heritage, 4, 216s-222s (2003).
32. C. Theodorakopoulos, The Eximer Laser Ablation of Picture Varnishes, PhD thesis, Royal College of Art, London, 2005.
33. P. Dietemann, Towards More Stable Natural Resin Varnishes for Paintings, PhD thesis, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, 2003.
34. P. Dietemann, M. Kälin, S. Zumbühl, R. Knochenmuss, S. Wü lfert, and R. Zenobi, A Mass Spectrometry and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Study of Photochemical and Thermal Aging of Triterpenoid Varnishes, Anal. Chem., 73, 2087-2096 (2001).
35. P. Dietemann, M. Kälin, R. White, C. Sudano, R. Knochenmuss, and R. Zenobi, Chios Gum Mastic-Freshly Harvested vs. Commercial Resin and its Implications to Aging of Varnishes, Z. Kunsttechnol. Konserv., 19, 119-130 (2005).
36. P. Dietemann, C. Higgitt, M. Kälin, M.J. Edelmann, R. Knochenmuss, and R. Zenobi, Aging and Yellowing of Triterpenoid Resin Varnishes-Influence of Aging Conditions and Resin Composition, J. Cult. Heritage, 10, 30-40 (2009).
37. G. Scott, Atmospheric Oxidation and Antioxidants Vol. I, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 1993.
38. R.L. Feller, Accelerated Aging, Photochemical and Thermal Aspects, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1994.
39. P. Dietemann, M.J. Edelmann, C. Meisterhans, C. Pfeiffer, S. Zumbühl, R. Knochenmuss, and R. Zenobi, Artificial Photoaging of Triterpenes Studied by Graphite-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry, Helv. Chim. Acta, 83, 1766-1777 (2000).
40. G. Geuskens, D. Baeyens-Volant, G. Delaunois, Q. Lu Vinh, W. Piret, and C. David, Photooxidation of Polymers-II. The Sensitized Decomposition of Hydroperoxides as the Main Path for Initiation of the Photo-oxidation of Polystyrene Irradiated at 253.7 nm, Eur. Polym. J., 14, 299-303 (1978).
41. B.G.K. Van Aarssen, H.C. Cox, P. Hoogendoorn, and J.W. De Leeuw, A Cadinene Biopolymer Present in Fossil and Extant Dammar Resins as a Source for Cadinanes and Bicadinanes in Crude Oils from South East Asia, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 54, 3021-3031 (1990).
42. K.J. Van den Berg, J. Van der Horst, J.J. Boon, and O.O. Sudmeijer, Cis-1,4-poly-b-myrcene; the Structure of the Polymeric Fraction of Mastic Resin (Pistacia lentiscus L.) Elucidated, Tetrahedron Lett., 39, 2645-2648 (1998).
43. J. Boon, and G. Van der Doelen, Advances in the Current Understanding of Aged Dammar and Mastic Triterpenoid Varnishes on the Molecular Level, in Postprints of Firnis, Material Aesthetik Geschichte, International Kolloquium, AdR, Braunschweig, 1998, pp. 92-104.
44. K.J. Van den Berg, J.J. Boon, I. Pastorova, and L.F.M. Spetter, Mass Spectrometric Methodology for the Analysis of Highly Oxidized Diterpenoid Acids in Old Master Paintings, J. Mass Spectrom., 35, 512-533 (2000).
45. O.F. van den Brink, J.J. Boon, P.B. O'Connor, M.C. Duursma, and R.M.A. Heeren, Matrixassisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometric analysis of oxygenated triglycerides and phosphatidylcholines in egg tempera paint dosimeters used for environmental monitoring of museum display conditions, J. Mass Spectrom., 36, 479-492 (2001).
46. I. Rogner, 'Characterisation of East Asian Lacquers by Laser Desorption Mass Spectroscopy (LD-MS)' in Ostasiatische und europäische Lacktechniken, in Arbeitshefte des Bayerischen Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege, Vol. 112, M. Kühlenthal (Ed.), Karl M. Lipp Verlag, Munich, 2000, pp. 121-124.
47. J.D.J. Van den Berg, N.D. Vermist, L. Carlyle, M. Holcapek, and J.J. Boon, Effects of Traditional Processing Methods of Linseed Oil on the Composition of its Triacylglycerols, J. Sep. Sci., 27, 181-199 (2004).
48. R. D'Agata, G. Grasso, S. Parlato, S. Simone, and G. Spoto, The Use of Atmospheric Pressure Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry for the Study of Iron-gall Ink, Appl. Phys. A, 89, 91-95 (2007).
49. M.L. Vestal, P. Juhasz, and S.A. Martin, Delayed Extraction Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 9, 1044-1050 (1995).
50. J.J. Boon, and T. Learner, Analytical Mass Spectrometry of Artists' Acrylic Emulsion Paints by Direct Temperature Resolved Mass Spectrometry and Laser Desorption Ionisation Mass Spectrometry, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 64, 327-344 (2002).
51. I.D. Van der Werf, K.J. van den Berg, S. Schmidt, and J.J. Boon, Molecular Characterization of Copaiba Balsam as Used in Painting Techniques and Restoration Procedures, Stud. Conserv., 45, 1-18 (2000).
52. J.S. Mills, and R. White, The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects, 2nd edn, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1994.
53. J. Koller, U. Baumer, D. Grosser, and K. Walch, 'Larch turpentine and Venetian Turpentine' in Baroque and Rococo Lacquers, in Arbeitshefte des Bayerischen Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege, Vol. 81, K. Walch and J. Koller (Eds), Karl M. Lipp Verlag, Munich, 1997, pp. 359-378.
54. M.P. Colombini, I. Bonaduce, and G. Gautier, Molecular Pattern Recognition of Fresh and Aged Shellac, Chromatographia, 58, 58-61 (2003).
55. H. Schweppe, Handbuch der Naturfarbstoffe, ecomed, Landsberg, 1993.
56. M. Regert, J. Langlois, and S. Colinart, Characterisation of Wax Works of Art by Gas Chromatographic Procedures, J. Chromatogr. A, 1091, 124-136 (2005).
57. R. Cozzi, I Sigilli Medioevali: composizione e fenomeni di degrado dei 'sigilli bianchi', Diploma thesis, Berner Fachhochschule, 2001.
58. C. Herm, La Chasse des enfants de Saint Sigismond de l'Abbaye de Saint-Maurice: Analysis of the Filler Material using Graphite-assisted Laser Desorption /Ionisation Mass Spectrometry, in Medieval Reliquiary Shrines and Precious Metal Objects, K. Anheuser and C. Werner (Eds), Archetype, London, 2006, pp. 17-24.
59. D. Gros, and C. Herm, DieÖlfarbenstifte des J.-F. Raffaelli, Z. Kunsttechnol. Konserv., 18, 1-28 (2004).
60. L.K. Dalton, and J.A. Lamberton, Studies of the Optically Active Compounds of Anacardiaceae Exudates I. The Long-chain Alicyclic Keto Alcohol of Tigaso Oil, Aust. J. Chem., 11, 46-63 (1958).
61. M. Klaus, Die Übermodellierungsmasse auf mai-Masken vom Mittleren Sepik in Papua Neuguinea: Problemstellungen der Konservierung-Restaurierung, Diploma thesis, Haute École d'Arts appliqués du Canton de Neuchâtel, La-Chaux-des-Fonds, 2002.
62. E.R. de la Rie, and A.M. Shedrinsky, The Chemistry of Ketone Resins and the Synthesis of a Derivative with Increased Stability and Flexibility, Stud. Conserv., 34, 9-19 (1989).
63. J. Koller, and U. Baumer, Kunstharzfirnisse, Teil III: Die niedermolekularen (nichtpolymeren) Kunstharzfirnisse, Restauro, 26-38 (2001).
64. J.J. Boon, and J. van Och, A Mass Spectrometric Study of the Effect of Varnish Removal from a 19th Century Solvent-sensitive Wax Oil Painting, in Preprints ICOM Committee for Conservation, 11th Triennial Meeting, J. Bridgland (Ed.), James & James, London, 1996, pp. 197-205.