메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 422-433

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis

Author keywords

Cirrhosis; Liver transplantation; Pathogenesis; Prophylaxis; Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP)

Indexed keywords


EID: 84889271075     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470987476.ch34     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (3)

References (144)
  • 1
    • 75549120206 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and bacteremia in cirrhotic patients caused by enteric bacteria
    • Conn HO, Fessell J.M. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and bacteremia in cirrhotic patients caused by enteric bacteria. Ann Intern Med 1964; 60: 568-80.
    • (1964) Ann Intern Med , vol.60 , pp. 568-580
    • Conn, H.O.1    Fessell, J.M.2
  • 2
    • 0023879401 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: an explosion of information
    • Runyon B.A. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: an explosion of information. Hepatology 1988; 8: 171-5.
    • (1988) Hepatology , vol.8 , pp. 171-175
    • Runyon, B.A.1
  • 3
    • 0027182720 scopus 로고
    • A prospective study of bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis
    • Caly WR, Strauss E. A prospective study of bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1993; 18: 353-8.
    • (1993) J Hepatol , vol.18 , pp. 353-358
    • Caly, W.R.1    Strauss, E.2
  • 4
    • 0002246434 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
    • In: Surawicz CM, Owen RL, eds. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders
    • McHutchinson JG, Runyon B.A. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. In: Surawicz CM, Owen RL, eds. Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Infections. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1994; 455-75.
    • (1994) Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Infections , pp. 455-475
    • McHutchinson, J.G.1    Runyon, B.A.2
  • 5
    • 0021680502 scopus 로고
    • Culture-negative neutrocytic ascites: a variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
    • Runyon BA, Hoefs J.C. Culture-negative neutrocytic ascites: a variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatology 1984; 4: 1209-11.
    • (1984) Hepatology , vol.4 , pp. 1209-1211
    • Runyon, B.A.1    Hoefs, J.C.2
  • 6
    • 0026705436 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of clinical course and prognosis of culture-positive spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and neutrocytic ascites. Evidence of the same disease
    • Terg R, Levi D, Lopez P et al. Analysis of clinical course and prognosis of culture-positive spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and neutrocytic ascites. Evidence of the same disease. Dig Dis Sci 1992; 37: 1499-504.
    • (1992) Dig Dis Sci , vol.37 , pp. 1499-1504
    • Terg, R.1    Levi, D.2    Lopez, P.3
  • 7
    • 0025134420 scopus 로고
    • Monomicrobial nonneutrocytic bacterascites: a variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
    • Runyon B.A. Monomicrobial nonneutrocytic bacterascites: a variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatology 1990; 12: 710-15.
    • (1990) Hepatology , vol.12 , pp. 710-715
    • Runyon, B.A.1
  • 8
    • 0028941203 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and prognostic significance of bacterascites in cirrhosis with ascites
    • Chu CM, Chang KY, Liaw Y.F. Prevalence and prognostic significance of bacterascites in cirrhosis with ascites. Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40: 561-5.
    • (1995) Dig Dis Sci , vol.40 , pp. 561-565
    • Chu, C.M.1    Chang, K.Y.2    Liaw, Y.F.3
  • 9
    • 0029559649 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management
    • Guarner C, Runyon B.A. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Gastroenterologist 1995; 3: 311-28.
    • (1995) Gastroenterologist , vol.3 , pp. 311-328
    • Guarner, C.1    Runyon, B.A.2
  • 10
    • 0035110951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ascitic fluid carcinoembryonic antigen and alkaline phosphatase levels for the differentiation of primary from secondary bacterial peritonitis with intestinal perforation
    • Wu SS, Lin OS, Chen YY et al. Ascitic fluid carcinoembryonic antigen and alkaline phosphatase levels for the differentiation of primary from secondary bacterial peritonitis with intestinal perforation. J Hepatol 2001; 34: 215-21.
    • (2001) J Hepatol , vol.34 , pp. 215-221
    • Wu, S.S.1    Lin, O.S.2    Chen, Y.Y.3
  • 11
    • 0021261857 scopus 로고
    • Ascitic fluid analysis in the differentiation of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis from gastrointestinal tract perforation into ascitic fluid
    • Runyon BA, Hoefs J.C. Ascitic fluid analysis in the differentiation of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis from gastrointestinal tract perforation into ascitic fluid. Hepatology 1984; 4: 447-50.
    • (1984) Hepatology , vol.4 , pp. 447-450
    • Runyon, B.A.1    Hoefs, J.C.2
  • 12
    • 0023010954 scopus 로고
    • Polymicrobial bacterascites. A unique entity in the spectrum of infected ascitic fluid
    • Runyon BA, Hoefs JC, Canawati H.N. Polymicrobial bacterascites. A unique entity in the spectrum of infected ascitic fluid. Arch Intern Med 1986; 146: 2173-5.
    • (1986) Arch Intern Med , vol.146 , pp. 2173-2175
    • Runyon, B.A.1    Hoefs, J.C.2    Canawati, H.N.3
  • 13
    • 0029925872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous bacterial empyema in cirrhotic patients: a prospective study
    • Xiol X, Castellvi JM, Guardiola J et al. Spontaneous bacterial empyema in cirrhotic patients: a prospective study. Hepatology 1996; 23: 719-23.
    • (1996) Hepatology , vol.23 , pp. 719-723
    • Xiol, X.1    Castellvi, J.M.2    Guardiola, J.3
  • 14
  • 15
    • 0342894726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis undergoing selective intestinal decontamination. A retrospective study of 229 spontaneous bacterial peritonitis episodes
    • Llovet JM, Rodriguez Iglesias P, Moitinho E et al. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis undergoing selective intestinal decontamination. A retrospective study of 229 spontaneous bacterial peritonitis episodes. J Hepatol 1997; 26: 88-95.
    • (1997) J Hepatol , vol.26 , pp. 88-95
    • Llovet, J.M.1    Rodriguez Iglesias, P.2    Moitinho, E.3
  • 16
    • 0023819018 scopus 로고
    • Low C3 in cirrhotic ascites predisposes to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
    • Such J, Guarner C, Enriquez J et al. Low C3 in cirrhotic ascites predisposes to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. J Hepatol 1988; 6: 80-4.
    • (1988) J Hepatol , vol.6 , pp. 80-84
    • Such, J.1    Guarner, C.2    Enriquez, J.3
  • 17
    • 0021328175 scopus 로고
    • Intestinal flora in health and disease
    • Simon GL, Gorbach S.L. Intestinal flora in health and disease. Gastroenterology 1984; 86: 174-93.
    • (1984) Gastroenterology , vol.86 , pp. 174-193
    • Simon, G.L.1    Gorbach, S.L.2
  • 19
    • 0025151559 scopus 로고
    • Norfloxacin prevents spontaneous bacterial peritonitis recurrence in cirrhosis: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • Ginès P, Rimola A, Planas R et al. Norfloxacin prevents spontaneous bacterial peritonitis recurrence in cirrhosis: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology 1990; 12: 716-24.
    • (1990) Hepatology , vol.12 , pp. 716-724
    • Ginès, P.1    Rimola, A.2    Planas, R.3
  • 20
    • 0026026948 scopus 로고
    • Selective intestinal decontamination prevents spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
    • Soriano G, Guarner C, Teixidó M et al. Selective intestinal decontamination prevents spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 477-81.
    • (1991) Gastroenterology , vol.100 , pp. 477-481
    • Soriano, G.1    Guarner, C.2    Teixidó, M.3
  • 21
    • 0026781087 scopus 로고
    • Norfloxacin prevents bacterial infection in cirrhotics with gastrointestinal hemorrhage
    • Soriano G, Guarner C, Tomas A et al. Norfloxacin prevents bacterial infection in cirrhotics with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 1267-72.
    • (1992) Gastroenterology , vol.103 , pp. 1267-1272
    • Soriano, G.1    Guarner, C.2    Tomas, A.3
  • 22
    • 0031050204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuous versus inpatient prophylaxis of the first episode of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis with norfloxacin
    • Novella M, Sola R, Soriano G et al. Continuous versus inpatient prophylaxis of the first episode of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis with norfloxacin. Hepatology 1997; 25: 532-6.
    • (1997) Hepatology , vol.25 , pp. 532-536
    • Novella, M.1    Sola, R.2    Soriano, G.3
  • 23
    • 0032775851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of quinolone-resistant strains of Escherichia coli in stools of patients with cirrhosis undergoing norfloxacin prophylaxis: clinical consequences
    • Aparicio JR, Such J, Pascual S et al. Development of quinolone-resistant strains of Escherichia coli in stools of patients with cirrhosis undergoing norfloxacin prophylaxis: clinical consequences. J Hepatol 1999; 31: 277-83.
    • (1999) J Hepatol , vol.31 , pp. 277-283
    • Aparicio, J.R.1    Such, J.2    Pascual, S.3
  • 24
    • 0037357958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of immunosuppression in the development of quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and in the mortality of E. coli spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
    • Cereto F, Molina I, González A et al. Role of immunosuppression in the development of quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and in the mortality of E. coli spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 17: 695-701.
    • (2003) Aliment Pharmacol Ther , vol.17 , pp. 695-701
    • Cereto, F.1    Molina, I.2    González, A.3
  • 25
    • 0036139042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: epidemiological changes with invasive procedures and norfloxacin prophylaxis
    • Fernandez J, Navasa M, Gómez J et al. Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: epidemiological changes with invasive procedures and norfloxacin prophylaxis. Hepatology 2002; 35: 140-8.
    • (2002) Hepatology , vol.35 , pp. 140-148
    • Fernandez, J.1    Navasa, M.2    Gómez, J.3
  • 26
    • 0036642444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and bacteremia in cirrhotic patients: impact of isolate type on prognosis and characteristics of infection
    • Campillo B, Richardet JP, Kheo T et al. Nosocomial spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and bacteremia in cirrhotic patients: impact of isolate type on prognosis and characteristics of infection. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 1-10.
    • (2002) Clin Infect Dis , vol.35 , pp. 1-10
    • Campillo, B.1    Richardet, J.P.2    Kheo, T.3
  • 27
    • 0021814770 scopus 로고
    • Oral, nonabsorbable antibiotics prevent infection in cirrhotics with gastrointestinal hemorrhage
    • Rimola A, Bory F, Terés J et al. Oral, nonabsorbable antibiotics prevent infection in cirrhotics with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Hepatology 1985; 5: 463-7.
    • (1985) Hepatology , vol.5 , pp. 463-467
    • Rimola, A.1    Bory, F.2    Terés, J.3
  • 28
    • 0025202672 scopus 로고
    • Selective intestinal decontamination increases serum and ascitic fluid C3 levels in cirrhosis
    • Such J, Guarner C, Soriano G et al. Selective intestinal decontamination increases serum and ascitic fluid C3 levels in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1990; 12: 1175-8.
    • (1990) Hepatology , vol.12 , pp. 1175-1178
    • Such, J.1    Guarner, C.2    Soriano, G.3
  • 29
    • 0033841219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with cirrhosis of the liver: poor performance of the glucose breath hydrogen test
    • Bauer TM, Schwacha H, Steinbruckner B et al. Diagnosis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with cirrhosis of the liver: poor performance of the glucose breath hydrogen test. J Hepatol 2000; 33: 382-6.
    • (2000) J Hepatol , vol.33 , pp. 382-386
    • Bauer, T.M.1    Schwacha, H.2    Steinbruckner, B.3
  • 31
    • 0031686240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Small-intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with liver cirrhosis, diagnosed with glucose H2 or CH4 breath tests
    • Yang CY, Chang CS, Chen G.H. Small-intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with liver cirrhosis, diagnosed with glucose H2 or CH4 breath tests. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998; 33: 867-71.
    • (1998) Scand J Gastroenterol , vol.33 , pp. 867-871
    • Yang, C.Y.1    Chang, C.S.2    Chen, G.H.3
  • 32
    • 0035133318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth versus antimicrobial capacity in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
    • Chang CS, Yang SS, Kao CH et al. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth versus antimicrobial capacity in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2001; 36: 92-6.
    • (2001) Scand J Gastroenterol , vol.36 , pp. 92-96
    • Chang, C.S.1    Yang, S.S.2    Kao, C.H.3
  • 33
    • 0030874289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intestinal bacterial overgrowth and bacterial translocation in cirrhotic rats with ascites
    • Guarner C, Runyon BA, Young S et al. Intestinal bacterial overgrowth and bacterial translocation in cirrhotic rats with ascites. J Hepatol 1997; 26: 1372-8.
    • (1997) J Hepatol , vol.26 , pp. 1372-1378
    • Guarner, C.1    Runyon, B.A.2    Young, S.3
  • 34
    • 0030665863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mucosal bacterial growth in the upper gastrointestinal tract in alcoholics (heavy drinkers)
    • Hauge T, Persson J, Danielsson D. Mucosal bacterial growth in the upper gastrointestinal tract in alcoholics (heavy drinkers). Digestion 1997; 58: 591-5.
    • (1997) Digestion , vol.58 , pp. 591-595
    • Hauge, T.1    Persson, J.2    Danielsson, D.3
  • 35
    • 0028047814 scopus 로고
    • Duodenal bacterial overgrowth during treatment in outpatients with omeprazole
    • Fried M, Siegrist H, Frei R et al. Duodenal bacterial overgrowth during treatment in outpatients with omeprazole. Gut 1994; 35: 23-6.
    • (1994) Gut , vol.35 , pp. 23-26
    • Fried, M.1    Siegrist, H.2    Frei, R.3
  • 36
    • 0020539554 scopus 로고
    • Hepatic secretion of bilirubin and biliary lipids in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver
    • Raedsch R, Stiehl A, Gundert-Remy U et al. Hepatic secretion of bilirubin and biliary lipids in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver. Digestion 1983; 26: 80-8.
    • (1983) Digestion , vol.26 , pp. 80-88
    • Raedsch, R.1    Stiehl, A.2    Gundert-Remy, U.3
  • 37
    • 0027232738 scopus 로고
    • Abnormalities in proximal small bowel motility in patients with cirrhosis
    • Chesta J, Defilippi C, Defilippi C. Abnormalities in proximal small bowel motility in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 1993; 17: 828-32.
    • (1993) Hepatology , vol.17 , pp. 828-832
    • Chesta, J.1    Defilippi, C.2    Defilippi, C.3
  • 38
    • 0037372737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral bile acids reduce bacterial overgrowth, bacterial translocation, and endotoxemia in cirrhotic rats
    • Lorenzo-Zuniga V, Bartoli R, Planas R et al. Oral bile acids reduce bacterial overgrowth, bacterial translocation, and endotoxemia in cirrhotic rats. Hepatology 2003; 37: 551-7.
    • (2003) Hepatology , vol.37 , pp. 551-557
    • Lorenzo-Zuniga, V.1    Bartoli, R.2    Planas, R.3
  • 39
    • 17544378230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of cisapride on intestinal bacterial overgrowth and bacterial translocation in cirrhosis
    • Pardo A, Bartoli R, Lorenzo-Zuniga V et al. Effect of cisapride on intestinal bacterial overgrowth and bacterial translocation in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2000; 31: 858-63.
    • (2000) Hepatology , vol.31 , pp. 858-863
    • Pardo, A.1    Bartoli, R.2    Lorenzo-Zuniga, V.3
  • 40
    • 0036226089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrastructural characteristics of distal duodenum mucosa in patients with cirrhosis
    • Such J, Guardiola JV, de Juan J et al. Ultrastructural characteristics of distal duodenum mucosa in patients with cirrhosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 14: 371-6.
    • (2002) Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.14 , pp. 371-376
    • Such, J.1    Guardiola, J.V.2    de Juan, J.3
  • 41
    • 0027212280 scopus 로고
    • Congestive jejunopathy in portal hypertension
    • Nagral AS, Joshi AS, Bhatia SJ et al. Congestive jejunopathy in portal hypertension. Gut 1993; 34: 694-7.
    • (1993) Gut , vol.34 , pp. 694-697
    • Nagral, A.S.1    Joshi, A.S.2    Bhatia, S.J.3
  • 42
    • 10744231191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intestinal permeability is increased in patients with advanced cirrhosis and associated clinical complications
    • Pascual S, Such J, Esteban A et al. Intestinal permeability is increased in patients with advanced cirrhosis and associated clinical complications. Hepatogastroenterology 2003; 50: 1482-6.
    • (2003) Hepatogastroenterology , vol.50 , pp. 1482-1486
    • Pascual, S.1    Such, J.2    Esteban, A.3
  • 43
    • 0025861186 scopus 로고
    • Endotoxin-induced bacterial translocation and mucosal permeability: role of xanthine oxidase, complement activation, and macrophage products
    • Deitch EA, Specian RD, Berg R.D. Endotoxin-induced bacterial translocation and mucosal permeability: role of xanthine oxidase, complement activation, and macrophage products. Crit Care Med 1991; 19: 785-91.
    • (1991) Crit Care Med , vol.19 , pp. 785-791
    • Deitch, E.A.1    Specian, R.D.2    Berg, R.D.3
  • 44
    • 0026026308 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial translocation from the gut impairs systemic immunity
    • Deitch EA, Xu DZ, Qi L et al. Bacterial translocation from the gut impairs systemic immunity. Surgery 1991; 109: 269-76.
    • (1991) Surgery , vol.109 , pp. 269-276
    • Deitch, E.A.1    Xu, D.Z.2    Qi, L.3
  • 45
    • 0027438813 scopus 로고
    • Increased serum nitrite and nitrate levels in patients with cirrhosis: relationship to endotoxemia
    • Guarner C, Soriano G, Tomas A et al. Increased serum nitrite and nitrate levels in patients with cirrhosis: relationship to endotoxemia. Hepatology 1993; 18: 1139-43.
    • (1993) Hepatology , vol.18 , pp. 1139-1143
    • Guarner, C.1    Soriano, G.2    Tomas, A.3
  • 46
    • 0018404843 scopus 로고
    • Translocation of certain indigenous bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to the mesenteric lymph nodes and other organs in a gnotobiotic mouse model
    • Berg RD, Garlington A.W. Translocation of certain indigenous bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to the mesenteric lymph nodes and other organs in a gnotobiotic mouse model. Infect Immun 1979; 23: 403-11.
    • (1979) Infect Immun , vol.23 , pp. 403-411
    • Berg, R.D.1    Garlington, A.W.2
  • 47
    • 0032005021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Translocated intestinal bacteria cause spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic rats: molecular epidemiologic evidence
    • Llovet JM, Bartoli R, March F et al. Translocated intestinal bacteria cause spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic rats: molecular epidemiologic evidence. J Hepatol 1998; 28: 307-13.
    • (1998) J Hepatol , vol.28 , pp. 307-313
    • Llovet, J.M.1    Bartoli, R.2    March, F.3
  • 48
    • 0035133561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial translocation of enteric organisms in patients with cirrhosis
    • Cirera I, Bauer TM, Navasa M et al. Bacterial translocation of enteric organisms in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2001; 34: 32-7.
    • (2001) J Hepatol , vol.34 , pp. 32-37
    • Cirera, I.1    Bauer, T.M.2    Navasa, M.3
  • 49
    • 18444391187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection and identification of bacterial DNA in patients with cirrhosis and culture-negative, nonneutrocytic ascites
    • Such J, Frances R, Munoz C et al. Detection and identification of bacterial DNA in patients with cirrhosis and culture-negative, nonneutrocytic ascites. Hepatology 2002; 36: 135-41.
    • (2002) Hepatology , vol.36 , pp. 135-141
    • Such, J.1    Frances, R.2    Munoz, C.3
  • 50
    • 0031107555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial attachment to uro-epithelial cells: mechanisms and consequences
    • Connell H, Hedlund M, Agace W et al. Bacterial attachment to uro-epithelial cells: mechanisms and consequences. Adv Dent Res 1997; 11: 50-8.
    • (1997) Adv Dent Res , vol.11 , pp. 50-58
    • Connell, H.1    Hedlund, M.2    Agace, W.3
  • 51
    • 0026648726 scopus 로고
    • Escherichia coli in fecal flora of healthy adults: serotypes, P and type 1C fimbriae, non-P mannoseresistant adhesins, and hemolytic activity
    • Siitonen A. Escherichia coli in fecal flora of healthy adults: serotypes, P and type 1C fimbriae, non-P mannoseresistant adhesins, and hemolytic activity. J Infect Dis 1992; 166: 1058-65.
    • (1992) J Infect Dis , vol.166 , pp. 1058-1065
    • Siitonen, A.1
  • 52
    • 0028967271 scopus 로고
    • Escherichia coli capsular polysaccharide and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis
    • Soriano G, Coll P, Guarner C et al. Escherichia coli capsular polysaccharide and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1995; 21: 668-73.
    • (1995) Hepatology , vol.21 , pp. 668-673
    • Soriano, G.1    Coll, P.2    Guarner, C.3
  • 53
    • 0015523566 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of bacterial adherence by secretory immunoglobulin A: a mechanism of antigen disposal
    • Williams RC, Gibbons R.J. Inhibition of bacterial adherence by secretory immunoglobulin A: a mechanism of antigen disposal. Science 1972; 177: 697-9.
    • (1972) Science , vol.177 , pp. 697-699
    • Williams, R.C.1    Gibbons, R.J.2
  • 54
    • 0020064884 scopus 로고
    • Serum and intestinal secretory IgA in alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver
    • Pelletier G, Briantais MJ, Buffet C et al. Serum and intestinal secretory IgA in alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver. Gut 1982; 23: 475-80.
    • (1982) Gut , vol.23 , pp. 475-480
    • Pelletier, G.1    Briantais, M.J.2    Buffet, C.3
  • 55
    • 0036783786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multifactorial gut barrier failure in cirrhosis and bacterial translocation: working out the role of probiotics and antioxidants
    • Albillos A, De La Hera A. Multifactorial gut barrier failure in cirrhosis and bacterial translocation: working out the role of probiotics and antioxidants. J Hepatol 2002; 37:523.
    • (2002) J Hepatol , vol.37 , pp. 523
    • Albillos, A.1    De La Hera, A.2
  • 56
    • 0036784421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 and antioxidants on intestinal flora and bacterial translocation in rats with experimental cirrhosis
    • Chiva M, Soriano G, Rochat I et al. Effect of Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 and antioxidants on intestinal flora and bacterial translocation in rats with experimental cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2002; 37:456.
    • (2002) J Hepatol , vol.37 , pp. 456
    • Chiva, M.1    Soriano, G.2    Rochat, I.3
  • 57
    • 0029064469 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes is increased in cirrhotic rats with ascites
    • Garcia-sao G, Lee FY, Barden GE et al. Bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes is increased in cirrhotic rats with ascites. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 1835-41.
    • (1995) Gastroenterology , vol.108 , pp. 1835-1841
    • Garcia-sao, G.1    Lee, F.Y.2    Barden, G.E.3
  • 58
    • 0028149418 scopus 로고
    • Translocation of gut bacteria in rats with cirrhosis to mesenteric lymph nodes partially explains the pathogenesis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
    • Runyon BA, Squier S, Borzio M. Translocation of gut bacteria in rats with cirrhosis to mesenteric lymph nodes partially explains the pathogenesis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. J Hepatol 1994; 21: 792-6.
    • (1994) J Hepatol , vol.21 , pp. 792-796
    • Runyon, B.A.1    Squier, S.2    Borzio, M.3
  • 59
    • 0029069926 scopus 로고
    • Effect of selective bowel decontamination with norfloxacin on spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, translocation, and survival in an animal model of cirrhosis
    • Runyon BA, Borzio M, Young S et al. Effect of selective bowel decontamination with norfloxacin on spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, translocation, and survival in an animal model of cirrhosis. Hepatology 1995; 21: 1719-24.
    • (1995) Hepatology , vol.21 , pp. 1719-1724
    • Runyon, B.A.1    Borzio, M.2    Young, S.3
  • 60
    • 13344277344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective intestinal decontamination with norfloxacin reduces bacterial translocation in ascitic cirrhotic rats exposed to hemorrhagic shock
    • Llovet JM, Bartoli R, Planas R et al. Selective intestinal decontamination with norfloxacin reduces bacterial translocation in ascitic cirrhotic rats exposed to hemorrhagic shock. Hepatology 1996; 23: 781-7.
    • (1996) Hepatology , vol.23 , pp. 781-787
    • Llovet, J.M.1    Bartoli, R.2    Planas, R.3
  • 61
    • 0036105276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Failure of Lactobacillus spp. to prevent bacterial translocation in a rat model of experimental cirrhosis
    • Bauer TM, Fernandez J, Navasa M et al. Failure of Lactobacillus spp. to prevent bacterial translocation in a rat model of experimental cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2002; 36: 501-6.
    • (2002) J Hepatol , vol.36 , pp. 501-506
    • Bauer, T.M.1    Fernandez, J.2    Navasa, M.3
  • 62
    • 0023104382 scopus 로고
    • Role of the macrophage in the translocation of intestinal bacteria
    • Wells CL, Maddaus MA, Simmons R.L. Role of the macrophage in the translocation of intestinal bacteria. Arch Surg 1987; 122: 48-53.
    • (1987) Arch Surg , vol.122 , pp. 48-53
    • Wells, C.L.1    Maddaus, M.A.2    Simmons, R.L.3
  • 63
    • 0028234455 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of bacterial translocation in obstructive jaundice by muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine in the rat
    • Ding JW, Andersson R, Soltesz VL et al. Inhibition of bacterial translocation in obstructive jaundice by muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine in the rat. J Hepatol 1994; 20: 720-8.
    • (1994) J Hepatol , vol.20 , pp. 720-728
    • Ding, J.W.1    Andersson, R.2    Soltesz, V.L.3
  • 64
    • 0038121788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased tumour necrosis factor alpha production in mesenteric lymph nodes of cirrhotic patients with ascites
    • Genesca J, Marti R, Rojo F et al. Increased tumour necrosis factor alpha production in mesenteric lymph nodes of cirrhotic patients with ascites. Gut 2003; 52: 1054-9.
    • (2003) Gut , vol.52 , pp. 1054-1059
    • Genesca, J.1    Marti, R.2    Rojo, F.3
  • 65
    • 0023635609 scopus 로고
    • Ability of intestinal Escherichia coli to survive within mesenteric lymph nodes
    • Wells CL, Maddaus MA, Jechorek RP et al. Ability of intestinal Escherichia coli to survive within mesenteric lymph nodes. Infect Immun 1987; 55: 2834-7.
    • (1987) Infect Immun , vol.55 , pp. 2834-2837
    • Wells, C.L.1    Maddaus, M.A.2    Jechorek, R.P.3
  • 66
    • 84889468198 scopus 로고
    • Anticuerpos contra enterobacterias y peritonitis bacteriana espontánea en la cirrosis hepática
    • Palazon JM, Requena J, Plazas J et al. Anticuerpos contra enterobacterias y peritonitis bacteriana espontánea en la cirrosis hepática. Gastroenterol Hepatol 1994; 17: 460-5.
    • (1994) Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.17 , pp. 460-465
    • Palazon, J.M.1    Requena, J.2    Plazas, J.3
  • 67
    • 0017615812 scopus 로고
    • Gram-negative rod bacteremia: microbiologic, immunologic, and therapeutic considerations
    • Young LS, Martin WJ, Meyer RD et al. Gram-negative rod bacteremia: microbiologic, immunologic, and therapeutic considerations. Ann Intern Med 1977; 86: 456-71.
    • (1977) Ann Intern Med , vol.86 , pp. 456-471
    • Young, L.S.1    Martin, W.J.2    Meyer, R.D.3
  • 68
    • 0017566356 scopus 로고
    • Blood polymorphonuclear dysfunction in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis
    • Feliu E, Gougerot MA, Hakim J et al. Blood polymorphonuclear dysfunction in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Eur J Clin Invest 1977; 7: 571-7.
    • (1977) Eur J Clin Invest , vol.7 , pp. 571-577
    • Feliu, E.1    Gougerot, M.A.2    Hakim, J.3
  • 69
    • 0022005944 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of abnormalities in host defences against bacterial infection in liver disease
    • Rajkovic IA, Williams R. Mechanisms of abnormalities in host defences against bacterial infection in liver disease. Clin Sci 1985; 68: 247-53.
    • (1985) Clin Sci , vol.68 , pp. 247-253
    • Rajkovic, I.A.1    Williams, R.2
  • 70
    • 0026735568 scopus 로고
    • Impaired functions of normal peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes in cirrhotic ascitic fluid
    • Lebrun L, Pelletier G, Briantais MJ et al. Impaired functions of normal peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes in cirrhotic ascitic fluid. J Hepatol 1992; 16: 98-101.
    • (1992) J Hepatol , vol.16 , pp. 98-101
    • Lebrun, L.1    Pelletier, G.2    Briantais, M.J.3
  • 71
    • 0027216281 scopus 로고
    • Effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on leukocyte function in cirrhosis
    • Garcia Gonzalez M, Boixeda D, Herrero D et al. Effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on leukocyte function in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1993; 105: 527-31.
    • (1993) Gastroenterology , vol.105 , pp. 527-531
    • Garcia Gonzalez, M.1    Boixeda, D.2    Herrero, D.3
  • 72
    • 0027177528 scopus 로고
    • Impaired superoxide anion, platelet-activating factor, and leukotriene B4 synthesis by neutrophils in cirrhosis
    • LaffiG, Carloni V, Baldi E et al. Impaired superoxide anion, platelet-activating factor, and leukotriene B4 synthesis by neutrophils in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1993; 105: 170-7.
    • (1993) Gastroenterology , vol.105 , pp. 170-177
    • LaffiG, C.V.1    Baldi, E.2
  • 73
    • 0020658764 scopus 로고
    • Primate erythrocyte-immune complex-clearing mechanism
    • Cornacoff JB, Hebert LA, Smead WL et al. Primate erythrocyte-immune complex-clearing mechanism. J Clin Invest 1983; 71: 236-47.
    • (1983) J Clin Invest , vol.71 , pp. 236-247
    • Cornacoff, J.B.1    Hebert, L.A.2    Smead, W.L.3
  • 74
    • 0028081826 scopus 로고
    • Impaired function of macrophage Fc gamma receptors and bacterial infection in alcoholic cirrhosis
    • Gomez F, Ruiz P, Schreiber A.D. Impaired function of macrophage Fc gamma receptors and bacterial infection in alcoholic cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 1122-8.
    • (1994) N Engl J Med , vol.331 , pp. 1122-1128
    • Gomez, F.1    Ruiz, P.2    Schreiber, A.D.3
  • 75
    • 0019509272 scopus 로고
    • Impaired monocyte function in liver cirrhosis
    • Hassner A, Kletter Y, Shlag D et al. Impaired monocyte function in liver cirrhosis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981; 282: 1262-3.
    • (1981) Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) , vol.282 , pp. 1262-1263
    • Hassner, A.1    Kletter, Y.2    Shlag, D.3
  • 76
    • 0021338879 scopus 로고
    • Reticuloendothelial system phagocytic activity in cirrhosis and its relation to bacterial infections and prognosis
    • Rimola A, Soto R, Bory F et al. Reticuloendothelial system phagocytic activity in cirrhosis and its relation to bacterial infections and prognosis. Hepatology 1984; 4: 53-8.
    • (1984) Hepatology , vol.4 , pp. 53-58
    • Rimola, A.1    Soto, R.2    Bory, F.3
  • 77
    • 0021271238 scopus 로고
    • Defects in serum attractant activity in different types of chronic liver disease
    • Yousif Kadaru AG, Rajkovic IA, Wyke RJ et al. Defects in serum attractant activity in different types of chronic liver disease. Gut 1984; 25: 79-84.
    • (1984) Gut , vol.25 , pp. 79-84
    • Yousif Kadaru, A.G.1    Rajkovic, I.A.2    Wyke, R.J.3
  • 78
    • 0021934284 scopus 로고
    • Prognostic value of serum fibronectin concentration in alcoholic cirrhotic patients
    • Naveau S, Poynard T, Abella A et al. Prognostic value of serum fibronectin concentration in alcoholic cirrhotic patients. Hepatology 1985; 5: 819-23.
    • (1985) Hepatology , vol.5 , pp. 819-823
    • Naveau, S.1    Poynard, T.2    Abella, A.3
  • 79
    • 0022980226 scopus 로고
    • Low-protein-concentration ascitic fluid is predisposed to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
    • Runyon B.A. Low-protein-concentration ascitic fluid is predisposed to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology 1986; 91: 1343-6.
    • (1986) Gastroenterology , vol.91 , pp. 1343-1346
    • Runyon, B.A.1
  • 80
    • 0021858183 scopus 로고
    • Opsonic activity of human ascitic fluid: a potentially important protective mechanism against spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
    • Runyon BA, Morrissey RL, Hoefs JC et al. Opsonic activity of human ascitic fluid: a potentially important protective mechanism against spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatology 1985; 5: 634-7.
    • (1985) Hepatology , vol.5 , pp. 634-637
    • Runyon, B.A.1    Morrissey, R.L.2    Hoefs, J.C.3
  • 81
    • 0031008871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acquired C3 deficiency in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis predisposes to infection and increased mortality
    • Homann C, Varming K, Hogasen K et al. Acquired C3 deficiency in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis predisposes to infection and increased mortality. Gut 1997; 40: 544-9.
    • (1997) Gut , vol.40 , pp. 544-549
    • Homann, C.1    Varming, K.2    Hogasen, K.3
  • 82
    • 0026779482 scopus 로고
    • Incidence and predictive factors of first episode of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis with ascites: relevance of ascitic fluid protein concentration
    • Llach J, Rimola A, Navasa M et al. Incidence and predictive factors of first episode of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis with ascites: relevance of ascitic fluid protein concentration. Hepatology 1992; 16: 724-7.
    • (1992) Hepatology , vol.16 , pp. 724-727
    • Llach, J.1    Rimola, A.2    Navasa, M.3
  • 83
    • 0020030450 scopus 로고
    • Activation of the alternative complement pathway in ascitic fluid during spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
    • Fromkes JJ, Thomas FB, Kraut E.H. Activation of the alternative complement pathway in ascitic fluid during spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 1982; 4: 347-50.
    • (1982) J Clin Gastroenterol , vol.4 , pp. 347-350
    • Fromkes, J.J.1    Thomas, F.B.2    Kraut, E.H.3
  • 84
    • 0022546011 scopus 로고
    • Diuresis of cirrhotic ascites increases its opsonic activity and may help prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
    • Runyon BA, Van Epps D.E. Diuresis of cirrhotic ascites increases its opsonic activity and may help prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatology 1986; 6: 396-9.
    • (1986) Hepatology , vol.6 , pp. 396-399
    • Runyon, B.A.1    Van Epps, D.E.2
  • 85
    • 0026610939 scopus 로고
    • Diuresis increases ascitic fluid opsonic activity in patients who survive spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
    • Runyon BA, Antillon MR, McHutchison J.G. Diuresis increases ascitic fluid opsonic activity in patients who survive spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. J Hepatol 1992; 14: 249-52.
    • (1992) J Hepatol , vol.14 , pp. 249-252
    • Runyon, B.A.1    Antillon, M.R.2    McHutchison, J.G.3
  • 86
    • 0024356745 scopus 로고
    • Effect of diuresis versus therapeutic paracentesis on ascitic fluid opsonic activity and serum complement
    • Runyon BA, Antillon MR, Montano A.A. Effect of diuresis versus therapeutic paracentesis on ascitic fluid opsonic activity and serum complement. Gastroenterology 1989; 97: 158-62.
    • (1989) Gastroenterology , vol.97 , pp. 158-162
    • Runyon, B.A.1    Antillon, M.R.2    Montano, A.A.3
  • 87
    • 0028931601 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients treated using paracentesis or diuretics: results of a randomized study
    • Sola R, Andreu M, Coll S et al. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients treated using paracentesis or diuretics: results of a randomized study. Hepatology 1995; 21: 340-4.
    • (1995) Hepatology , vol.21 , pp. 340-344
    • Sola, R.1    Andreu, M.2    Coll, S.3
  • 88
    • 0344002716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial infection in cirrhotic patients and its relationship with alcohol
    • Rosa H, Silverio AO, Perini RF et al. Bacterial infection in cirrhotic patients and its relationship with alcohol. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 1290-3.
    • (2000) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.95 , pp. 1290-1293
    • Rosa, H.1    Silverio, A.O.2    Perini, R.F.3
  • 89
    • 0022460240 scopus 로고
    • Frequency of infections in cirrhotic patients presenting with acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage
    • Bleichner G, Boulanger R, Squara P et al. Frequency of infections in cirrhotic patients presenting with acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Br J Surg 1986; 73: 724-6.
    • (1986) Br J Surg , vol.73 , pp. 724-726
    • Bleichner, G.1    Boulanger, R.2    Squara, P.3
  • 90
    • 0018102241 scopus 로고
    • Reticuloendothelial system function and humoral factor deficiency following acute hemorrhage
    • Carr FK, Loegering D.J. Reticuloendothelial system function and humoral factor deficiency following acute hemorrhage. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1978; 56: 299-303.
    • (1978) Can J Physiol Pharmacol , vol.56 , pp. 299-303
    • Carr, F.K.1    Loegering, D.J.2
  • 91
    • 0025279239 scopus 로고
    • Effect of hemorrhagic shock on bacterial translocation, intestinal morphology, and intestinal permeability in conventional and antibioticdecontaminated rats
    • Deitch EA, Morrison J, Berg R et al. Effect of hemorrhagic shock on bacterial translocation, intestinal morphology, and intestinal permeability in conventional and antibioticdecontaminated rats. Crit Care Med 1990; 18: 529-36.
    • (1990) Crit Care Med , vol.18 , pp. 529-536
    • Deitch, E.A.1    Morrison, J.2    Berg, R.3
  • 92
    • 0027506138 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients with ascites
    • Andreu M, Sola R, Sitges Serra A et al. Risk factors for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 1133-8.
    • (1993) Gastroenterology , vol.104 , pp. 1133-1138
    • Andreu, M.1    Sola, R.2    Sitges Serra, A.3
  • 93
    • 0025181775 scopus 로고
    • Utility of an algorithm in differentiating spontaneous from secondary bacterial peritonitis
    • Akriviadis EA, Runyon B.A. Utility of an algorithm in differentiating spontaneous from secondary bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology 1990; 98: 127-33.
    • (1990) Gastroenterology , vol.98 , pp. 127-133
    • Akriviadis, E.A.1    Runyon, B.A.2
  • 94
    • 0027982891 scopus 로고
    • Diuretics vs. paracentesis followed by diuretics in cirrhosis: effect on ascites opsonic activity and immunoglobulin and complement concentrations
    • Ljubicic N, Bilic A, Kopjar B. Diuretics vs. paracentesis followed by diuretics in cirrhosis: effect on ascites opsonic activity and immunoglobulin and complement concentrations. Hepatology 1994; 19: 346-53.
    • (1994) Hepatology , vol.19 , pp. 346-353
    • Ljubicic, N.1    Bilic, A.2    Kopjar, B.3
  • 95
    • 0027422498 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial infection in cirrhosis, with and without hepatocellular carcinoma
    • Yoshida H, Hamada T, Inuzuka S et al. Bacterial infection in cirrhosis, with and without hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88: 2067-71.
    • (1993) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.88 , pp. 2067-2071
    • Yoshida, H.1    Hamada, T.2    Inuzuka, S.3
  • 96
    • 0032806275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of a first communityacquired spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotics with low ascitic fluid protein levels
    • Guarner C, Sola R, Soriano G et al. Risk of a first communityacquired spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotics with low ascitic fluid protein levels. Gastroenterology 1999; 117: 414-19.
    • (1999) Gastroenterology , vol.117 , pp. 414-419
    • Guarner, C.1    Sola, R.2    Soriano, G.3
  • 97
    • 0029964045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of associated infections in community-acquired spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
    • Ho H, Zuckerman MJ, Ho TK et al. Prevalence of associated infections in community-acquired spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: 735-42.
    • (1996) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.91 , pp. 735-742
    • Ho, H.1    Zuckerman, M.J.2    Ho, T.K.3
  • 98
    • 0022799559 scopus 로고
    • Bacteremia in cirrhosis of the liver
    • Graudal N, Milman N, Kirkegaard E et al. Bacteremia in cirrhosis of the liver. Liver 1986; 6: 297-301.
    • (1986) Liver , vol.6 , pp. 297-301
    • Graudal, N.1    Milman, N.2    Kirkegaard, E.3
  • 99
    • 0023684538 scopus 로고
    • A prospective evaluation of bacteremic patients with chronic liver disease
    • Barnes PF, Arevalo C, Chan LS et al. A prospective evaluation of bacteremic patients with chronic liver disease. Hepatology 1988; 8: 1099-103.
    • (1988) Hepatology , vol.8 , pp. 1099-1103
    • Barnes, P.F.1    Arevalo, C.2    Chan, L.S.3
  • 100
    • 0022118345 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
    • Hoefs JC, Runyon B.A. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Dis Mon 1985; 31: 1-48.
    • (1985) Dis Mon , vol.31 , pp. 1-48
    • Hoefs, J.C.1    Runyon, B.A.2
  • 101
    • 0025262291 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial peritonitis following esophageal injection sclerotherapy for variceal hemorrhage
    • Tam F, Chow H, Prindiville T et al. Bacterial peritonitis following esophageal injection sclerotherapy for variceal hemorrhage. Gastrointest Endosc 1990; 36: 131-3.
    • (1990) Gastrointest Endosc , vol.36 , pp. 131-133
    • Tam, F.1    Chow, H.2    Prindiville, T.3
  • 102
    • 0026378647 scopus 로고
    • Post-sclerotherapy bacterial peritonitis
    • Schembre D, Bjorkman D.J. Post-sclerotherapy bacterial peritonitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1991; 86: 481-6.
    • (1991) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.86 , pp. 481-486
    • Schembre, D.1    Bjorkman, D.J.2
  • 103
    • 0027202054 scopus 로고
    • Infectious sequelae after endoscopic sclerotherapy of oesophageal varices: role of antibiotic prophylaxis
    • Rolando N, Gimson A, Philpott-Howard J et al. Infectious sequelae after endoscopic sclerotherapy of oesophageal varices: role of antibiotic prophylaxis. J Hepatol 1993; 18: 290-4.
    • (1993) J Hepatol , vol.18 , pp. 290-294
    • Rolando, N.1    Gimson, A.2    Philpott-Howard, J.3
  • 104
    • 0028233119 scopus 로고
    • Post-sclerotherapy bacterial peritonitis: a complication of sclerotherapy or of variceal bleeding?
    • Bac DJ, de Marie S, Siersema PD et al. Post-sclerotherapy bacterial peritonitis: a complication of sclerotherapy or of variceal bleeding? Am J Gastroenterol 1994; 89:859-62.
    • (1994) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.89 , pp. 859-862
    • Bac, D.J.1    de Marie, S.2    Siersema, P.D.3
  • 105
    • 0028341096 scopus 로고
    • Systemic antibiotic therapy prevents bacterial infection in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage
    • Blaise M, Pateron D, Trinchet JC et al. Systemic antibiotic therapy prevents bacterial infection in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Hepatology 1994; 20: 34-8.
    • (1994) Hepatology , vol.20 , pp. 34-38
    • Blaise, M.1    Pateron, D.2    Trinchet, J.C.3
  • 106
    • 0023906337 scopus 로고
    • Recurrence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: frequency and predictive factors
    • Titó L, Rimola A, Ginès P et al. Recurrence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: frequency and predictive factors. Hepatology 1988; 8: 27-31.
    • (1988) Hepatology , vol.8 , pp. 27-31
    • Titó, L.1    Rimola, A.2    Ginès, P.3
  • 107
    • 0018410388 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of ascitic fluid in cirrhosis
    • Bar Meir S, Lerner E, Conn H.O. Analysis of ascitic fluid in cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci 1979; 24: 136-44.
    • (1979) Dig Dis Sci , vol.24 , pp. 136-144
    • Bar Meir, S.1    Lerner, E.2    Conn, H.O.3
  • 108
    • 0015059955 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: variations on a theme
    • Conn HO, Fessel J.M. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: variations on a theme. Medicine Baltimore 1971; 50: 161-97.
    • (1971) Medicine Baltimore , vol.50 , pp. 161-197
    • Conn, H.O.1    Fessel, J.M.2
  • 109
    • 0018143159 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. A review of 28 cases with emphasis on improved survival and factors influencing prognosis
    • Weinstein MP, Iannini PB, Stratton CW et al. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. A review of 28 cases with emphasis on improved survival and factors influencing prognosis. Am J Med 1978; 64: 592-8.
    • (1978) Am J Med , vol.64 , pp. 592-598
    • Weinstein, M.P.1    Iannini, P.B.2    Stratton, C.W.3
  • 110
    • 0343384082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a consensus document. International Ascites Club
    • Rimola A, Garcia-TSAO G, Navasa M et al. Diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a consensus document. International Ascites Club. J Hepatol 2000; 32: 142-53.
    • (2000) J Hepatol , vol.32 , pp. 142-153
    • Rimola, A.1    Garcia-Tsao, G.2    Navasa, M.3
  • 111
    • 0000484747 scopus 로고
    • Infecciones bacterianas en la cirrosis hepática
    • Rimola A. Infecciones bacterianas en la cirrosis hepática. MTA-Medicina Interna 1987; 5: 161-224.
    • (1987) MTA-Medicina Interna , vol.5 , pp. 161-224
    • Rimola, A.1
  • 112
    • 0023128775 scopus 로고
    • Hepatic dysfunction during bacterial sepsis
    • Gimson A.E. Hepatic dysfunction during bacterial sepsis. Intensive Care Med 1987; 13: 162-6.
    • (1987) Intensive Care Med , vol.13 , pp. 162-166
    • Gimson, A.E.1
  • 113
    • 0020529445 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a prospective investigation in predominantly nonalcoholic cirrhotic patients
    • Pinzello G, Simonetti RG, Craxi A et al. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a prospective investigation in predominantly nonalcoholic cirrhotic patients. Hepatology 1983; 3: 545-9.
    • (1983) Hepatology , vol.3 , pp. 545-549
    • Pinzello, G.1    Simonetti, R.G.2    Craxi, A.3
  • 114
    • 0027400902 scopus 로고
    • Short-term prognosis of cirrhotics with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: multivariate study
    • Llovet JM, Planas R, Morillas R et al. Short-term prognosis of cirrhotics with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: multivariate study. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88: 388-92.
    • (1993) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.88 , pp. 388-392
    • Llovet, J.M.1    Planas, R.2    Morillas, R.3
  • 115
    • 0019723703 scopus 로고
    • Increase in ascites white blood cell and protein concentrations during diuresis in patients with chronic liver disease
    • Hoefs J.C. Increase in ascites white blood cell and protein concentrations during diuresis in patients with chronic liver disease. Hepatology 1981; 1: 249-54.
    • (1981) Hepatology , vol.1 , pp. 249-254
    • Hoefs, J.C.1
  • 116
    • 0037381658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis by use of Reagent Strips
    • Castellote J, Lopez C, Gornals J et al. Rapid diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis by use of Reagent Strips. Hepatology 2003; 37: 893-6.
    • (2003) Hepatology , vol.37 , pp. 893-896
    • Castellote, J.1    Lopez, C.2    Gornals, J.3
  • 117
    • 0037381671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strips and tubes: improving the diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
    • Runyon B.A. Strips and tubes: improving the diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatology 2003; 37: 745-7.
    • (2003) Hepatology , vol.37 , pp. 745-747
    • Runyon, B.A.1
  • 119
    • 0022527367 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous vs secondary bacterial peritonitis. Differentiation by response of ascitic fluid neutrophil count to antimicrobial therapy
    • Runyon BA, Hoefs J.C. Spontaneous vs secondary bacterial peritonitis. Differentiation by response of ascitic fluid neutrophil count to antimicrobial therapy. Arch Intern Med 1986; 146: 1563-5.
    • (1986) Arch Intern Med , vol.146 , pp. 1563-1565
    • Runyon, B.A.1    Hoefs, J.C.2
  • 120
    • 0023147373 scopus 로고
    • Inoculation of blood culture bottles with ascitic fluid. Improved detection of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
    • Runyon BA, Umland ET, Merlin T. Inoculation of blood culture bottles with ascitic fluid. Improved detection of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147: 73-5.
    • (1987) Arch Intern Med , vol.147 , pp. 73-75
    • Runyon, B.A.1    Umland, E.T.2    Merlin, T.3
  • 121
    • 0024651701 scopus 로고
    • More on ascitic fluid culture technique [letter]
    • Sainz S, Soriano G, Guarner C et al. More on ascitic fluid culture technique [letter]. Hepatology 1989; 9: 662-3.
    • (1989) Hepatology , vol.9 , pp. 662-663
    • Sainz, S.1    Soriano, G.2    Guarner, C.3
  • 122
    • 0025668932 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of two ascitic fluid culture methods in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
    • Castellote J, Xiol X, Verdaguer R et al. Comparison of two ascitic fluid culture methods in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1990; 85: 1605-8.
    • (1990) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.85 , pp. 1605-1608
    • Castellote, J.1    Xiol, X.2    Verdaguer, R.3
  • 123
    • 0025204096 scopus 로고
    • Bedside inoculation of blood culture bottles with ascitic fluid is superior to delayed inoculation in the detection of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
    • Runyon BA, Antillon MR, Akriviadis EA et al. Bedside inoculation of blood culture bottles with ascitic fluid is superior to delayed inoculation in the detection of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28: 2811-12.
    • (1990) J Clin Microbiol , vol.28 , pp. 2811-2812
    • Runyon, B.A.1    Antillon, M.R.2    Akriviadis, E.A.3
  • 124
    • 17544390935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early microbiologic diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis with BacT/ALERT
    • Ortiz J, Soriano G, Coll P et al. Early microbiologic diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis with BacT/ALERT. J Hepatol 1997; 26: 839-44.
    • (1997) J Hepatol , vol.26 , pp. 839-844
    • Ortiz, J.1    Soriano, G.2    Coll, P.3
  • 125
    • 0037382870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in asymptomatic outpatients with cirrhotic ascites
    • Evans LT, Kim WR, Poterucha JJ et al. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in asymptomatic outpatients with cirrhotic ascites. Hepatology 2003; 37: 897-901.
    • (2003) Hepatology , vol.37 , pp. 897-901
    • Evans, L.T.1    Kim, W.R.2    Poterucha, J.J.3
  • 126
    • 0028027910 scopus 로고
    • A multicenter, case-controlled study of the clinical presentation and etiology of ascites and of the safety and clinical efficacy of diagnostic abdominal paracentesis in HIV seropositive patients
    • Cappell MS, Shetty V. A multicenter, case-controlled study of the clinical presentation and etiology of ascites and of the safety and clinical efficacy of diagnostic abdominal paracentesis in HIV seropositive patients. Am J Gastroenterol 1994; 89: 2172-7.
    • (1994) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.89 , pp. 2172-2177
    • Cappell, M.S.1    Shetty, V.2
  • 127
    • 2442670918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide in ascitic fluid is an independent predictor of the development of renal impairment in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
    • Such J, Hillebrand DJ, Guarner C et al. Nitric oxide in ascitic fluid is an independent predictor of the development of renal impairment in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 16: 571-7.
    • (2004) Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.16 , pp. 571-577
    • Such, J.1    Hillebrand, D.J.2    Guarner, C.3
  • 128
    • 0031980857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: relationship with the development of renal impairment and mortality
    • Navasa M, Follo A, Filella X et al. Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: relationship with the development of renal impairment and mortality. Hepatology 1998; 27: 1227-32.
    • (1998) Hepatology , vol.27 , pp. 1227-1232
    • Navasa, M.1    Follo, A.2    Filella, X.3
  • 129
    • 0034755537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 and nitric oxide in sterile ascitic fluid and serum from patients with cirrhosis who subsequently develop ascitic fluid infection
    • Such J, Hillebrand DJ, Guarner C et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 and nitric oxide in sterile ascitic fluid and serum from patients with cirrhosis who subsequently develop ascitic fluid infection. Dig Dis Sci 2001; 46: 2360-6.
    • (2001) Dig Dis Sci , vol.46 , pp. 2360-2366
    • Such, J.1    Hillebrand, D.J.2    Guarner, C.3
  • 130
    • 0025086477 scopus 로고
    • Value of adenosine deaminase estimation in the diagnosis of tuberculous ascites
    • Dwivedi M, Misra SP, Misra V et al. Value of adenosine deaminase estimation in the diagnosis of tuberculous ascites. Am J Gastroenterol 1990; 85: 1123-5.
    • (1990) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.85 , pp. 1123-1125
    • Dwivedi, M.1    Misra, S.P.2    Misra, V.3
  • 131
    • 0022452077 scopus 로고
    • Adenosine deaminase activity in the diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis
    • Martinez-Vazquez JM, Ocana I, Ribera E et al. Adenosine deaminase activity in the diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis. Gut 1986; 27: 1049-53.
    • (1986) Gut , vol.27 , pp. 1049-1053
    • Martinez-Vazquez, J.M.1    Ocana, I.2    Ribera, E.3
  • 132
    • 0029912014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ascitic fluid adenosine deaminase insensitivity in detecting tuberculous peritonitis in the United States
    • Hillebrand DJ, Runyon BA, Yasmineh WG et al. Ascitic fluid adenosine deaminase insensitivity in detecting tuberculous peritonitis in the United States. Hepatology 1996; 24: 1408-12.
    • (1996) Hepatology , vol.24 , pp. 1408-1412
    • Hillebrand, D.J.1    Runyon, B.A.2    Yasmineh, W.G.3
  • 133
    • 0016211912 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic ascites. A decade of experience
    • Curry N, McCallum RW, Guth P.H. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic ascites. A decade of experience. Am J Dig Dis 1974; 19: 685-92.
    • (1974) Am J Dig Dis , vol.19 , pp. 685-692
    • Curry, N.1    McCallum, R.W.2    Guth, P.H.3
  • 134
    • 0027401016 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: predictive factors of infection resolution and survival in patients treated with cefotaxime
    • Toledo C, Salmeron JM, Rimola A et al. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: predictive factors of infection resolution and survival in patients treated with cefotaxime. Hepatology 1993; 17: 251-7.
    • (1993) Hepatology , vol.17 , pp. 251-257
    • Toledo, C.1    Salmeron, J.M.2    Rimola, A.3
  • 135
    • 0025099442 scopus 로고
    • Ascitic fluid polymorphonuclear cell count and serum to ascites albumin gradient in the diagnosis of bacterial peritonitis
    • Albillos A, Cuervas Mons V, Millan I et al. Ascitic fluid polymorphonuclear cell count and serum to ascites albumin gradient in the diagnosis of bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology 1990; 98: 134-40.
    • (1990) Gastroenterology , vol.98 , pp. 134-140
    • Albillos, A.1    Cuervas Mons, V.2    Millan, I.3
  • 136
    • 0025788920 scopus 로고
    • Ascitic fluid pH and lactate: insensitive and nonspecific tests in detecting ascitic fluid infection
    • Runyon BA, Antillon M.R. Ascitic fluid pH and lactate: insensitive and nonspecific tests in detecting ascitic fluid infection. Hepatology 1991; 13: 929-35.
    • (1991) Hepatology , vol.13 , pp. 929-935
    • Runyon, B.A.1    Antillon, M.R.2
  • 137
    • 0025165604 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: prevention and therapy
    • Hoefs J.C. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: prevention and therapy. Hepatology 1990; 12: 776-81.
    • (1990) Hepatology , vol.12 , pp. 776-781
    • Hoefs, J.C.1
  • 138
    • 0035051668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis-in-hospital mortality, predictors of survival, and health care costs from 1988 to 1998
    • Thuluvath PJ, Morss S, Thompson R. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis-in-hospital mortality, predictors of survival, and health care costs from 1988 to 1998. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 1232-6.
    • (2001) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.96 , pp. 1232-1236
    • Thuluvath, P.J.1    Morss, S.2    Thompson, R.3
  • 139
    • 0021868184 scopus 로고
    • Cefotaxime is more effective than is ampicillin-tobramycin in cirrhotics with severe infections
    • Felisart J, Rimola A, Arroyo V et al. Cefotaxime is more effective than is ampicillin-tobramycin in cirrhotics with severe infections. Hepatology 1985; 5: 457-62.
    • (1985) Hepatology , vol.5 , pp. 457-462
    • Felisart, J.1    Rimola, A.2    Arroyo, V.3
  • 140
    • 0027973463 scopus 로고
    • Renal impairment after spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: incidence, clinical course, predictive factors and prognosis
    • Follo A, Llovet JM, Navasa M et al. Renal impairment after spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: incidence, clinical course, predictive factors and prognosis. Hepatology 1994; 20: 1495-501.
    • (1994) Hepatology , vol.20 , pp. 1495-1501
    • Follo, A.1    Llovet, J.M.2    Navasa, M.3
  • 141
    • 0033527033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
    • Sort P, Navasa M, Arroyo V et al. Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 403-9.
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.341 , pp. 403-409
    • Sort, P.1    Navasa, M.2    Arroyo, V.3
  • 142
    • 0027421549 scopus 로고
    • Prognosis and longterm recurrence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis
    • Silvain C, Besson I, Ingrand P et al. Prognosis and longterm recurrence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1993; 19: 188-9.
    • (1993) J Hepatol , vol.19 , pp. 188-189
    • Silvain, C.1    Besson, I.2    Ingrand, P.3
  • 143
    • 0028901142 scopus 로고
    • Survival after a first episode of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Prognosis of potential candidates for orthotopic liver transplantation
    • Altman C, Grange JD, Amiot X et al. Survival after a first episode of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Prognosis of potential candidates for orthotopic liver transplantation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995; 10: 47-50.
    • (1995) J Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.10 , pp. 47-50
    • Altman, C.1    Grange, J.D.2    Amiot, X.3
  • 144
    • 0030346398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: an indication for liver transplantation?
    • Bac D.J. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: an indication for liver transplantation? Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1996; 218:38-42.
    • (1996) Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl , vol.218 , pp. 38-42
    • Bac, D.J.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.