메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 163-193

Neuroimaging, diminished capacity and mitigation

Author keywords

Capital punishment; Diminished capacity; Magnetic resonance imaging; Mens rea; Mitigation; Positron emission tomography; Prefrontal cortex; Single photon emission computed tomography

Indexed keywords


EID: 84888663230     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781119968900.ch10     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (19)

References (176)
  • 1
  • 2
    • 84888693961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain Overclaim Syndrome and Criminal Responsibility: A Diagnostic Note.
    • In M.J. Farah (ed.) Neuroethics: An Introduction with Readings. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press
    • Morse, S.J. (2010) Brain Overclaim Syndrome and Criminal Responsibility: A Diagnostic Note. In M.J. Farah (ed.) Neuroethics: An Introduction with Readings. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press pp. 268-280.
    • (2010) , pp. 268-280
    • Morse, S.J.1
  • 3
    • 84888730253 scopus 로고
    • American Law Institute Model Penal Code, section 2.02 (2) (a-d).
    • American Law Institute (1962) Model Penal Code, section 2.02 (2) (a-d).
    • (1962)
  • 4
    • 79953751682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroethics: An Introduction with Readings.
    • Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press
    • Farah, M.J. (2010) Neuroethics: An Introduction with Readings. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press pp. 212-213.
    • (2010) , pp. 212-213
    • Farah, M.J.1
  • 5
    • 0035205487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychiatry of Frontal Lobe Dysfunction in Violent and Criminal Behavior: A Critical Review
    • Brower, M. and Price, B.H. (2001) Neuropsychiatry of Frontal Lobe Dysfunction in Violent and Criminal Behavior: A Critical Review. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 71, 720-726;1-14.
    • (2001) J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, , vol.71 , pp. 720-726
    • Brower, M.1    Price, B.H.2
  • 7
    • 0026664427 scopus 로고
    • Functional Brain Scans as Evidence in Criminal Court: An Argument for Caution
    • 18N-25N
    • Mayberg, H.S. (1992) Functional Brain Scans as Evidence in Criminal Court: An Argument for Caution. J. Nuclear Med., 33, 18N-25N.
    • (1992) J. Nuclear Med., , vol.33
    • Mayberg, H.S.1
  • 9
    • 65549140189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain Lesions and Their Implications in Criminal Responsibility
    • Batts, S. (2009) Brain Lesions and Their Implications in Criminal Responsibility. Behav. Sci. Law, 27, 261-272.
    • (2009) Behav. Sci. Law, , vol.27 , pp. 261-272
    • Batts, S.1
  • 10
    • 0003827587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The New Phrenology: The Limits of Localizing Cognitive Processes In the Brain.
    • Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
    • Uttal, W.R. (2001) The New Phrenology: The Limits of Localizing Cognitive Processes In the Brain. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
    • (2001)
    • Uttal, W.R.1
  • 12
    • 0033244314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Objective Brains, Prejudicial Images
    • McCabe, D.P. and Castel, A.D. (2008) Seeing is believing: the effect of brain images on judgments of scientific reasoning. Cognition, 107, 343-352; Morse, S.J. (2006) Brain Overclaim Syndrome and Criminal Responsibility: A Diagnostic Note. Ohio State J. Crim., L 3, 397-412; Roskies, A. (2008) Neuroimaging and inferential distance. Neuroethics, 1, 19-30
    • Dumit, J. (1999) Objective Brains, Prejudicial Images. Science in Context, 12, 173-201; McCabe, D.P. and Castel, A.D. (2008) Seeing is believing: the effect of brain images on judgments of scientific reasoning. Cognition, 107, 343-352; Morse, S.J. (2006) Brain Overclaim Syndrome and Criminal Responsibility: A Diagnostic Note. Ohio State J. Crim., L 3, 397-412; Roskies, A. (2008) Neuroimaging and inferential distance. Neuroethics, 1, 19-30.
    • (1999) Science in Context, , vol.12 , pp. 173-201
    • Dumit, J.1
  • 13
    • 34548548059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Brain and Behavior: Limitations in the Legal Use of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
    • Tancredi, L.R. and Brodie, J.D. (2007) The Brain and Behavior: Limitations in the Legal Use of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Am. J. LawMed., 33, 271-294.
    • (2007) Am. J. LawMed., , vol.33 , pp. 271-294
    • Tancredi, L.R.1    Brodie, J.D.2
  • 14
    • 10044270167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Free Will in the 21st Century: a discussion of neuroscience and the la
    • In B. Garland (ed.) Neuroscience and the Law: Brain, Mind and the Scales of Justice, New York: Dana Press
    • Gazzaniga, M.S. and Steven, M.S. (2004) Free Will in the 21st Century: a discussion of neuroscience and the law. In B. Garland (ed.) Neuroscience and the Law: Brain, Mind and the Scales of Justice, New York: Dana Press pp. 51-70;
    • (2004) , pp. 51-70
    • Gazzaniga, M.S.1    Steven, M.S.2
  • 15
    • 33751045675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain Overclaim Syndrome and Criminal Responsibility: A Diagnostic Note.
    • Morse, S.J. (2006) Brain Overclaim Syndrome and Criminal Responsibility: A Diagnostic Note. Ohio State J. Crim. Law, 3, 397-412;
    • (2006) Ohio State J. Crim. Law , vol.3 , pp. 397-412
    • Morse, S.J.1
  • 16
    • 10044253614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New Neuroscience, Old Problems.
    • In B. Garland (ed.) Neuroscience and the Law: Brain, Mind and the Scales of Justice, New York: Dana Press
    • Morse, S.J. (2004) New Neuroscience, Old Problems. In B. Garland (ed.) Neuroscience and the Law: Brain, Mind and the Scales of Justice, New York: Dana Press pp. 157-198.
    • (2004) , pp. 157-198
    • Morse, S.J.1
  • 17
    • 10044242540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the law, neuroscience changes nothing and everything
    • Greene, J. and Cohen, J. (2004) For the law, neuroscience changes nothing and everything. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci., 359, 1775-1785.
    • (2004) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci., , vol.359 , pp. 1775-1785
    • Greene, J.1    Cohen, J.2
  • 19
    • 76249120835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forensic Psychiatry, Neuroscience and the Law.
    • Silva, J.A. (2009) Forensic Psychiatry, Neuroscience and the Law. J. Am. Acad. Psychiatry Law, 37, 489-502.
    • (2009) J. Am. Acad. Psychiatry Law , vol.37 , pp. 489-502
    • Silva, J.A.1
  • 20
    • 84888728071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evid. 401; Oregon Revised Statutes § 40.150
    • Fed. R. Evid. 401; Oregon Revised Statutes § 40.150 (2009).
    • (2009)
    • Fed, R.1
  • 21
    • 84888684012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 403; Oregon Revised Statutes § 40.160 Fed R. Evid.
    • Fed. R. Evid. 403; Oregon Revised Statutes § 40.160 (2009).
    • (2009)
  • 22
    • 84888690435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US (1923) 293 F. 1013, 1014 (DC Cir. 1923).
    • Frye v. US (1923) 293 F. 1013, 1014 (DC Cir. 1923).
    • Frye, V.1
  • 24
    • 84888688768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 526 US 137, 149 (quoting Daubert at 592).
    • Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael (1999) 526 US 137, 149 (quoting Daubert at 592).
    • (1999)
    • Kumho Tire, C.1    Carmichael, V.2
  • 25
    • 33846377233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Brain-Disordered Defendant: Neuroscience and Legal Insanity in the Twenty-First Century
    • Reeves, D., Mills, M.J., Billick, S.B. and Brodie, J.D.(2003) Limitations of Brain Imaging in Forensic Psychiatry. J. Am. Acad. Psychiatry Law, 31, 89-96
    • Redding, R.E. (2006) The Brain-Disordered Defendant: Neuroscience and Legal Insanity in the Twenty-First Century. American Univ. L. Rev., 56, 51-127; Reeves, D., Mills, M.J., Billick, S.B. and Brodie, J.D.(2003) Limitations of Brain Imaging in Forensic Psychiatry. J. Am. Acad. Psychiatry Law, 31, 89-96.
    • (2006) American Univ. L. Rev., , vol.56 , pp. 51-127
    • Redding, R.E.1
  • 27
    • 84888659252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • City of Tuscaloosa v. Harcros Chemical, Inc., 158 F.3d 548, 563 (11th Cir.).
    • City of Tuscaloosa v. Harcros Chemical, Inc., 158 F.3d 548, 563 (11th Cir.).
  • 28
    • 0036300327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AAPL practice guideline for forensic psychiatric evaluation of defendants raising the insanity defense
    • S3-40 (p. S23)
    • Giorgi-Guarnieri, D., Janofsky, J., Keram, E., Lawsky, S., Merideth, P., Mossman, D., et al. (2002) AAPL practice guideline for forensic psychiatric evaluation of defendants raising the insanity defense. J. Am. Acad. Psychiatry Law, 30(2 Supp), S3-40 (p. S23).
    • (2002) J. Am. Acad. Psychiatry Law, , vol.30 , Issue.2 SUPP
    • Giorgi-Guarnieri, D.1    Janofsky, J.2    Keram, E.3    Lawsky, S.4    Merideth, P.5    Mossman, D.6
  • 29
    • 84935322651 scopus 로고
    • Undiminished Confusion in Diminished Capacity
    • Morse, S.J. (1984) Undiminished Confusion in Diminished Capacity. J. Crim. L. Criminology, 75(1), 1-55.
    • (1984) J. Crim. L. Criminology, , vol.75 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-55
    • Morse, S.J.1
  • 30
    • 43449113262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Uneasy Entente Between Legal Insanity and Mens Rea: Beyond Clark v
    • Morse, S.J. (2007) The Uneasy Entente Between Legal Insanity and Mens Rea: Beyond Clark v. Arizona. J. Crim. L. Criminology, 97(2), 1071-1149.
    • (2007) Arizona. J. Crim. L. Criminology, , vol.97 , Issue.2 , pp. 1071-1149
    • Morse, S.J.1
  • 31
    • 84888728104 scopus 로고
    • Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984, 18 U.S.C. §17 ; Clark v. Arizona (2006) 548 US 735. Restricting clinical opinion testimony on mens rea to the presentation of an insanity defense is Constitutional, however 'observation evidence' relevant to mens rea must always be admitted.
    • Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984, 18 U.S.C. §17 (1984); Clark v. Arizona (2006) 548 US 735. Restricting clinical opinion testimony on mens rea to the presentation of an insanity defense is Constitutional, however 'observation evidence' relevant to mens rea must always be admitted.
    • (1984)
  • 32
    • 84888661570 scopus 로고
    • United States v. Pohlot, 827 F.2d 889 (3d Cir. 1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 1011
    • United States v. Pohlot, 827 F.2d 889 (3d Cir. 1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 1011 (1988).
    • (1988)
  • 33
    • 41949134711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can Neurological Evidence Help Courts Assess Criminal Responsibility?
    • Thus far prosecutors do not use neuroscience to establish mens rea or the capacity of a defendant to perform a criminal act, because it would require proving the content of a mental state, and implicates constitutional rights if mandatory neuroimaging were required. Ahroni, E., Funk, C., Sinnott-Armstrong, W. and Gazzaniga, M.Tovino, S. (2010) Regulating Neuroimaging. In M.J. Farah (ed.) Neuroethics: An Introduction with Readings. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press pp. 201- 210
    • Thus far prosecutors do not use neuroscience to establish mens rea or the capacity of a defendant to perform a criminal act, because it would require proving the content of a mental state, and implicates constitutional rights if mandatory neuroimaging were required. Ahroni, E., Funk, C., Sinnott-Armstrong, W. and Gazzaniga, M. (2008) Can Neurological Evidence Help Courts Assess Criminal Responsibility? Lessons from Law and Neuroscience. Ann.NY Acad. Sci., 1124, 145-160; Tovino, S. (2010) Regulating Neuroimaging. In M.J. Farah (ed.) Neuroethics: An Introduction with Readings. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press pp. 201- 210.
    • (2008) Lessons from Law and Neuroscience. Ann.NY Acad. Sci., , vol.1124 , pp. 145-160
  • 34
    • 0003903583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychological Evaluations for the Courts: A Handbook for Mental Health Professionals and Lawyers.
    • New York: The Guilford Press.
    • Melton, G.B., Petrila, J., Poythress, N.G. and Slobogin, C. (2007) Psychological Evaluations for the Courts: A Handbook for Mental Health Professionals and Lawyers. New York: The Guilford Press.
    • (2007)
    • Melton, G.B.1    Petrila, J.2    Poythress, N.G.3    Slobogin, C.4
  • 35
    • 0242305436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychiatry in Law/Law in Psychiatry.
    • New York: Routledge
    • Slovenko, R. (2009) Psychiatry in Law/Law in Psychiatry. New York: Routledge pp. 227-228.
    • (2009) , pp. 227-228
    • Slovenko, R.1
  • 36
    • 0003903583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychological Evaluations for the Courts: A Handbook for Mental Health Professionals and Lawyers.
    • New York: The Guilford Press.
    • Melton, G.B., Petrila, J., Poythress, N.G. and Slobogin, C. (2007) Psychological Evaluations for the Courts: A Handbook for Mental Health Professionals and Lawyers. New York: The Guilford Press.
    • (2007)
    • Melton, G.B.1    Petrila, J.2    Poythress, N.G.3    Slobogin, C.4
  • 37
    • 84888655560 scopus 로고
    • The Physiology of Insight
    • Ely, E. (1995) The Physiology of Insight. Psychiatric Times, 12, 9.
    • (1995) Psychiatric Times, , vol.12 , pp. 9
    • Ely, E.1
  • 40
    • 84888759065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroscience and the Law. Sci. Am.
    • Mind, 42-45; Grafton, S.T., Sinnott-Armstrong, W.P., Gazzaniga, S.I. and Gazzaniga, M.S. (2006) Brain Scans go Legal. Sci. Am. Mind, 30-37.
    • Gazzaniga, M.S. and Steven, M.S. (2005) Neuroscience and the Law. Sci. Am. Mind, 42-45; Grafton, S.T., Sinnott-Armstrong, W.P., Gazzaniga, S.I. and Gazzaniga, M.S. (2006) Brain Scans go Legal. Sci. Am. Mind, 30-37.
    • (2005)
    • Gazzaniga, M.S.1    Steven, M.S.2
  • 41
    • 65549140189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain Lesions and Their Implications in Criminal Responsibility
    • Batts, S. (2009) Brain Lesions and Their Implications in Criminal Responsibility. Behav. Sci. Law, 27, 261-272.
    • (2009) Behav. Sci. Law, , vol.27 , pp. 261-272
    • Batts, S.1
  • 42
    • 85050646747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An Overview of the Impact of Neuroscience Evidence in Criminal Law. In M.J. Farah (ed.)
    • President's Council on Bioethics Staff Neuroethics: An Introduction with Readings. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press
    • President's Council on Bioethics Staff (2010) An Overview of the Impact of Neuroscience Evidence in Criminal Law. In M.J. Farah (ed.) Neuroethics: An Introduction with Readings. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press pp. 220-231.
    • (2010) , pp. 220-231
  • 43
    • 84888752468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A search was conducted on Westlaw for cases using terms including: 'diminished capacity,' 'neuroimage,' 'PET scan,' 'SPECT scan,' and 'MRI scan.'
    • A search was conducted on Westlaw for cases using terms including: 'diminished capacity,' 'neuroimage,' 'PET scan,' 'SPECT scan,' and 'MRI scan.'
  • 44
    • 84888651789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US v Mezvinsky (2002) 206 F.Supp.2d 661, 669-76 (ED Pa 2002). Mezvinsky asserted that his bipolar disorder and previous use of Lariam (an antimalarial medication) contributed to his inability to form specific intent, contentions that were discounted by the trial judge after a four-day evidentiary hearing.
    • US v Mezvinsky (2002) 206 F.Supp.2d 661, 669-76 (ED Pa 2002). Mezvinsky asserted that his bipolar disorder and previous use of Lariam (an antimalarial medication) contributed to his inability to form specific intent, contentions that were discounted by the trial judge after a four-day evidentiary hearing.
  • 45
    • 84888714567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US v Mezvinsky 206 F.Supp.2d 661, 674 (ED Pa 2002).
    • US v Mezvinsky (2002) 206 F.Supp.2d 661, 674 (ED Pa 2002).
    • (2002)
  • 46
    • 84888687887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • People v. Ford WL 236487 (Cal. Ct. App. 2005).
    • People v. Ford (2005) WL 236487 (Cal. Ct. App. 2005).
    • (2005)
  • 47
    • 84888654249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • People v. Ford WL 236487 (Cal. Ct. App. 2005).
    • People v. Ford (2005) WL 236487 (Cal. Ct. App. 2005).
    • (2005)
  • 48
    • 84888721786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • People v. Ford WL 236487, 5 (Cal. Ct. App. 2005).
    • People v. Ford (2005) WL 236487, 5 (Cal. Ct. App. 2005).
    • (2005)
  • 49
    • 84888677791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mr Chiesa's Brain: Can High-Tech Scans Prove that Criminal Acts are the Result of a Damaged Brain? Calif.
    • Lawyer, 61-63.
    • Lasden, M. (2004) Mr Chiesa's Brain: Can High-Tech Scans Prove that Criminal Acts are the Result of a Damaged Brain? Calif. Lawyer, 26-30, 61-63.
    • (2004) , pp. 26-30
    • Lasden, M.1
  • 50
    • 84888677791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mr Chiesa's Brain: Can High-Tech Scans Prove that Criminal Acts are the Result of a Damaged Brain?
    • Calif. Lawyer, 26-30
    • Lasden, M. (2004) Mr Chiesa's Brain: Can High-Tech Scans Prove that Criminal Acts are the Result of a Damaged Brain? Calif. Lawyer, 26-30, 61-63.
    • (2004) , pp. 61-63
    • Lasden, M.1
  • 51
    • 84888714319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 105 Cal.Rptr.2d 819.
    • People v. Protsman (2001) 105 Cal.Rptr.2d 819.
    • (2001)
    • People, V.1    Protsman2
  • 52
    • 84888690414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • People v. Protsman 105 Cal.Rptr.2d 819, 821.
    • People v. Protsman (2001) 105 Cal.Rptr.2d 819, 821.
    • (2001)
  • 53
    • 84888714550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commonwealth v. Yancy 440 Mass, 234.
    • Commonwealth v. Yancy (2003) 440 Mass, 234.
    • (2003)
  • 54
    • 84888761784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commonwealth v. Yancy
    • Commonwealth v. Yancy (2003) 440 Mass, 234, 241.
    • (2003) 440 Mass , vol.234 , pp. 241
  • 55
    • 84888726486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commonwealth v. Yancy
    • Commonwealth v. Yancy (2003) 440 Mass, 234, 242.
    • (2003) 440 Mass , vol.234 , pp. 242
  • 56
    • 84888689972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commonwealth v. Yancy
    • Commonwealth v. Yancy (2003) 440 Mass, 234, 244.
    • (2003) 440 Mass , vol.234 , pp. 244
  • 57
    • 84888698126 scopus 로고
    • People v. Jones 210 A.D.2d 904 (N.Y. App. Div. 1994).
    • People v. Jones (1994) 210 A.D.2d 904 (N.Y. App. Div. 1994).
    • (1994)
  • 58
    • 84888729517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spencer 470 F.3d 53 (1st Cir. 2007).
    • Trapp v. Spencer (2007) 470 F.3d 53 (1st Cir. 2007).
    • (2007)
    • Trapp, V.1
  • 59
    • 84888704479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spencer () 470 F.3d 53, 57 (1st Cir. 2007).
    • Trapp v. Spencer (2007) 470 F.3d 53, 57 (1st Cir. 2007).
    • (2007)
    • Trapp, V.1
  • 60
    • 84888764463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coombs 43 Cal. 4th 821 (Cal. 2004).
    • People v. Coombs (2004) 43 Cal. 4th 821 (Cal. 2004).
    • (2004)
    • People, V.1
  • 61
    • 84888668289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 43 Cal
    • (Cal. 2004)
    • People v. Coombs (2004) 43 Cal. 4th 821, 851 (Cal. 2004).
    • (2004) 4th , vol.821 , pp. 851
    • People, V.1    Coombs2
  • 62
    • 84888676987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yum 3 Cal.Rptr.3d 855 (Cal Ct. App 2003).
    • People v. Yum (2003) 3 Cal.Rptr.3d 855 (Cal Ct. App 2003).
    • (2003)
    • People, V.1
  • 63
    • 84888688441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yum 3 Cal.Rptr.3d 855, 857 (Cal Ct. App 2003).
    • People v. Yum (2003) 3 Cal.Rptr.3d 855, 857 (Cal Ct. App 2003).
    • (2003)
    • People, V.1
  • 64
    • 84888753132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yum 3 Cal.Rptr.3d 855, 857 (Cal Ct. App 2003).
    • People v. Yum (2003) 3 Cal.Rptr.3d 855, 857 (Cal Ct. App 2003).
    • (2003)
    • People, V.1
  • 65
    • 84888708414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marshall 27 P.3d 192 (Wa. 2001).
    • State v. Marshall (2001) 27 P.3d 192 (Wa. 2001).
    • (2001)
    • State, V.1
  • 66
    • 84888670271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marshall 27 P.3d 192, 200 (Wa. 2001).
    • State v. Marshall (2001) 27 P.3d 192, 200 (Wa. 2001).
    • (2001)
    • State, V.1
  • 67
    • 84888668500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marshall 27 P.3d 192, 196 (Wa. 2001). Note that experts testified to multiple impairments in this case, including 'organic brain damage', 'atrophy in the temporal and frontal lobes', low IQ testing scores, abnormalities on neuropsychological testing and previously diagnosed bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and depression with psychotic features.
    • State v. Marshall (2001) 27 P.3d 192, 196 (Wa. 2001). Note that experts testified to multiple impairments in this case, including 'organic brain damage', 'atrophy in the temporal and frontal lobes', low IQ testing scores, abnormalities on neuropsychological testing and previously diagnosed bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and depression with psychotic features.
    • (2001)
    • State, V.1
  • 68
    • 84888726799 scopus 로고
    • US v. Erskine 588 F.2d 721 (9th Cir. 1978).
    • US v. Erskine (1978) 588 F.2d 721 (9th Cir. 1978).
    • (1978)
  • 69
    • 84888738666 scopus 로고
    • US v. Erskine 588 F.2d 721, 723 (9th Cir. 1978).
    • US v. Erskine (1978) 588 F.2d 721, 723 (9th Cir. 1978).
    • (1978)
  • 70
    • 84888675239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aramony (1996) 88 F.3d 1369 (4th Cir
    • Sinclair, M. (2002) William AramonyIs Back On the Streets. The Non-Profit Times, March 1, available at
    • US v. Aramony (1996) 88 F.3d 1369 (4th Cir. 1996); Miller, B. (1994) Brain Atrophy Raised in United Way Case. The Washington Post, December 10; Sinclair, M. (2002) William AramonyIs Back On the Streets. The Non-Profit Times, March 1, available at http://www.nptimes.com/ Mar02/npt2.html. Accessed May 22, 2011.
    • 1996); Miller, B. (1994) Brain Atrophy Raised in United Way Case. The Washington Post, December , vol.10
  • 71
    • 84888686087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • President's Council on Bioethics Staff An Overview of the Impact of Neuroscience Evidence in Criminal Law. In M.J. Farah (ed.) Neuroethics: An Introduction with Readings. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press
    • President's Council on Bioethics Staff (2010) An Overview of the Impact of Neuroscience Evidence in Criminal Law. In M.J. Farah (ed.) Neuroethics: An Introduction with Readings. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press pp. 220-231.
    • (2010) , pp. 220-231
  • 72
    • 84888665048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calderon 211 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir. 2000).
    • Jackson v. Calderon (2000) 211 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir. 2000).
    • (2000)
    • Jackson, V.1
  • 73
    • 84888745404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cal. Penal Code, Section 28(a).
    • Cal. Penal Code, Section 28(a).
  • 74
    • 84888734139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calderon () 211 F.3d 1148, 1165 (9th Cir. 2000).
    • Jackson v. Calderon (2000) 211 F.3d 1148, 1165 (9th Cir. 2000).
    • (2000)
    • Jackson, V.1
  • 75
    • 84888686663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calderon () 211 F.3d 1148, 1165 (9th Cir. 2000).
    • Jackson v. Calderon (2000) 211 F.3d 1148, 1165 (9th Cir. 2000).
    • (2000)
    • Jackson, V.1
  • 76
    • 84888756370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State v.Johnson 208 P.3d 1265 (Wash. Ct. App. 2009).
    • State v. Johnson (2009) 208 P.3d 1265 (Wash. Ct. App. 2009).
    • (2009)
  • 77
    • 84888647175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State v. Johnson 208 P.3d 1265, 1271 (Wash. Ct. App. 2009).
    • State v. Johnson (2009) 208 P.3d 1265, 1271 (Wash. Ct. App. 2009).
    • (2009)
  • 78
    • 84888664188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State v. Holmes 5 So.3d 42 (La. 2009).
    • State v. Holmes (2009) 5 So.3d 42 (La. 2009).
    • (2009)
  • 79
    • 84888708384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The trial court excluded this testimony during the guilt phase of the trial, holding that the defendant could not present evidence of a mental defect unless dually pleading not guilty and not guilty by reason of insanity, as diminished mental capacity was not a recognized defense in Louisiana.
    • The trial court excluded this testimony during the guilt phase of the trial, holding that the defendant could not present evidence of a mental defect unless dually pleading not guilty and not guilty by reason of insanity, as diminished mental capacity was not a recognized defense in Louisiana.
  • 80
    • 84888673516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State v. Holmes 5 So.3d 42, 46 (La. 2009).
    • State v. Holmes (2009) 5 So.3d 42, 46 (La. 2009).
    • (2009)
  • 81
    • 84888686751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State v. Holmes 5 So.3d 42, 48 (La. 2009).
    • State v. Holmes (2009) 5 So.3d 42, 48 (La. 2009).
    • (2009)
  • 82
    • 84888764689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US v. Sandoval-Mendoza 472 F.3d 645 (9th Cir. 2006).
    • US v. Sandoval-Mendoza (2006) 472 F.3d 645 (9th Cir. 2006).
    • (2006)
  • 83
    • 84888674146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US v. Sandoval-Mendoza 472 F.3d 645, 653 (9th Cir. 2006).
    • US v. Sandoval-Mendoza (2006) 472 F.3d 645, 653 (9th Cir. 2006).
    • (2006)
  • 84
    • 84888741100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US v. Sandoval-Mendoza 472 F.3d 645, 654 (9th Cir. 2006).
    • US v. Sandoval-Mendoza (2006) 472 F.3d 645, 654 (9th Cir. 2006).
    • (2006)
  • 85
    • 84888666152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US v. Sandoval-Mendoza 472 F.3d 645, 655 (9th Cir. 2006).
    • US v. Sandoval-Mendoza (2006) 472 F.3d 645, 655 (9th Cir. 2006).
    • (2006)
  • 87
    • 65549166675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Criminal Brain: Frontal Lobe Dysfunction Evidence in Capital Proceedings
    • Sinnott-Armstrong,W., Roskies, A., Brown, T. and Murphy, E. (2008) Brain Images as Legal Evidence. Episteme, 5, 359-373
    • Seiden, J.A. (2004) The Criminal Brain: Frontal Lobe Dysfunction Evidence in Capital Proceedings. Cap. Defense J., 16(2), 395-420; Sinnott-Armstrong,W., Roskies, A., Brown, T. and Murphy, E. (2008) Brain Images as Legal Evidence. Episteme, 5, 359-373.
    • (2004) Cap. Defense J., , vol.16 , Issue.2 , pp. 395-420
    • Seiden, J.A.1
  • 88
    • 84888705596 scopus 로고
    • People v. Weinstein 591 N.Y.S.2d 715 (N.Y. 1992).
    • People v. Weinstein (1992) 591 N.Y.S.2d 715 (N.Y. 1992).
    • (1992)
  • 89
    • 84888731674 scopus 로고
    • People v. Weinstein 591 N.Y.S.2d 715, 725 (N.Y. 1992).
    • People v. Weinstein (1992) 591 N.Y.S.2d 715, 725 (N.Y. 1992).
    • (1992)
  • 90
    • 0003903583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychological Evaluations for the Courts: A Handbook for Mental Health Professionals and Lawyers.
    • New York: The Guilford Press.
    • Melton, G.B., Petrila, J., Poythress, N.G. and Slobogin, C. (2007) Psychological Evaluations for the Courts: A Handbook for Mental Health Professionals and Lawyers. New York: The Guilford Press.
    • (2007)
    • Melton, G.B.1    Petrila, J.2    Poythress, N.G.3    Slobogin, C.4
  • 91
    • 84888753511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US v Mezvinsky 206 F.Supp.2d 661, 669-76 (ED Pa 2002).
    • US v Mezvinsky (2002) 206 F.Supp.2d 661, 669-76 (ED Pa 2002).
    • (2002)
  • 92
    • 9944242785 scopus 로고
    • In Fairness and Mercy: Statutory Mitigating Factors in Capital Punishment Laws
    • Acker, J.R. and Lanier, C.S. (1994) In Fairness and Mercy: Statutory Mitigating Factors in Capital Punishment Laws. Crim. L. Bull., 30(4), 299-345.
    • (1994) Crim. L. Bull., , vol.30 , Issue.4 , pp. 299-345
    • Acker, J.R.1    Lanier, C.S.2
  • 93
    • 84888706316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atkins v. Virginia 536 US 304.
    • Atkins v. Virginia (2002) 536 US 304.
    • (2002)
  • 94
    • 84888758898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roper v. Simmons 543 US 551.
    • Roper v. Simmons (2005) 543 US 551.
    • (2005)
  • 95
    • 84888650785 scopus 로고
    • Lockett v. Ohio 438 US 589.
    • Lockett v. Ohio (1978) 438 US 589.
    • (1978)
  • 96
    • 84888725196 scopus 로고
    • Eddings v. Oklahoma 455 US 104.
    • Eddings v. Oklahoma (1982) 455 US 104.
    • (1982)
  • 97
    • 84888746873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 18 U.S.C. §3592(a-c)
    • 18 U.S.C. §3592(a-c) (2006).
    • (2006)
  • 98
    • 84888728504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 548 US 163; Slovenko, R. (2009) Psychiatry in Law/Law in Psychiatry. New York: Routledge p. 228.
    • Kansas v. Marsh (2006) 548 US 163; Slovenko, R. (2009) Psychiatry in Law/Law in Psychiatry. New York: Routledge p. 228.
    • (2006)
    • Kansas, V.1    Marsh2
  • 99
    • 0003903583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychological Evaluations for the Courts: A Handbook for Mental Health Professionals and Lawyers.
    • New York: The Guilford Press
    • Melton, G.B., Petrila, J., Poythress, N.G. and Slobogin, C. (2007) Psychological Evaluations for the Courts: A Handbook for Mental Health Professionals and Lawyers. New York: The Guilford Press p. 288.
    • (2007) , pp. 288
    • Melton, G.B.1    Petrila, J.2    Poythress, N.G.3    Slobogin, C.4
  • 100
    • 0033948973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychiatric Opinion without Examination
    • Slovenko, R. (2000) Psychiatric Opinion without Examination. J. Psychiatry Law, 28, 103-143.
    • (2000) J. Psychiatry Law, , vol.28 , pp. 103-143
    • Slovenko, R.1
  • 101
    • 0003903583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychological Evaluations for the Courts: A Handbook for Mental Health Professionals and Lawyers.
    • New York: The Guilford Press.
    • Melton, G.B., Petrila, J., Poythress, N.G. and Slobogin, C. (2007) Psychological Evaluations for the Courts: A Handbook for Mental Health Professionals and Lawyers. New York: The Guilford Press.
    • (2007)
    • Melton, G.B.1    Petrila, J.2    Poythress, N.G.3    Slobogin, C.4
  • 102
    • 0347662711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aggravation and Mitigation in Capital Cases: What do Jurors Think?
    • Garvey, S.P. (1998) Aggravation and Mitigation in Capital Cases: What do Jurors Think? Columb. L. Rev., 98, 1538-1576.
    • (1998) Columb. L. Rev., , vol.98 , pp. 1538-1576
    • Garvey, S.P.1
  • 103
    • 34548586599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroimaging and the "Complexity" of Capital Punishment
    • Snead, O.C. (2007) Neuroimaging and the "Complexity" of Capital Punishment. NY Univ. L. Rev., 82(5), 1265-1339.
    • (2007) NY Univ. L. Rev., , vol.82 , Issue.5 , pp. 1265-1339
    • Snead, O.C.1
  • 104
    • 29444433140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commentary: Expert Testimony as a Potential Asset in Defense of Capital Sentencing Cases
    • Edersheim, J.G. and Beck, J.C. (2005) Commentary: Expert Testimony as a Potential Asset in Defense of Capital Sentencing Cases. J. Am. Acad. Psychiatry Law, 33, 519-522.
    • (2005) J. Am. Acad. Psychiatry Law, , vol.33 , pp. 519-522
    • Edersheim, J.G.1    Beck, J.C.2
  • 105
    • 0347662711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aggravation and Mitigation in Capital Cases: What do Jurors Think?
    • Garvey, S.P. (1998) Aggravation and Mitigation in Capital Cases: What do Jurors Think? Columb. L. Rev., 98, 1538-1576.
    • (1998) Columb. L. Rev., , vol.98 , pp. 1538-1576
    • Garvey, S.P.1
  • 106
    • 42249091527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Effects of Neuroimaging and Brain Injury on Insanity Defenses
    • Gurley, J.R. and Marcus, D.K. (2008) The Effects of Neuroimaging and Brain Injury on Insanity Defenses. Behav. Sci. Law, 26, 85-97.
    • (2008) Behav. Sci. Law, , vol.26 , pp. 85-97
    • Gurley, J.R.1    Marcus, D.K.2
  • 107
    • 0347875887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychiatric Neuroimaging Evidence: A High-Tech Crystal Ball? Stan
    • Kulynych, J. (1997) Psychiatric Neuroimaging Evidence: A High-Tech Crystal Ball? Stan. L. Rev., 49(5), 1249-1270.
    • (1997) L. Rev., , vol.49 , Issue.5 , pp. 1249-1270
    • Kulynych, J.1
  • 108
    • 77950956375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Competent Capital Representation: The Necessity of Knowing and Heeding What Jurors Tell Us About Mitigation
    • Blume, J.H., Johnson, S.L. and Sundby, S.E. (2008) Competent Capital Representation: The Necessity of Knowing and Heeding What Jurors Tell Us About Mitigation. Hofstra L. Rev., 36, 1035-1066.
    • (2008) Hofstra L. Rev., , vol.36 , pp. 1035-1066
    • Blume, J.H.1    Johnson, S.L.2    Sundby, S.E.3
  • 109
    • 34548586599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroimaging and the "Complexity" of Capital Punishment
    • Snead, O.C. (2007) Neuroimaging and the "Complexity" of Capital Punishment. NY Univ. L. Rev., 82(5), 1265-1339.
    • (2007) NY Univ. L. Rev., , vol.82 , Issue.5 , pp. 1265-1339
    • Snead, O.C.1
  • 110
    • 65549166675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Criminal Brain: Frontal Lobe Dysfunction Evidence in Capital Proceedings
    • Seiden, J.A. (2004) The Criminal Brain: Frontal Lobe Dysfunction Evidence in Capital Proceedings. Cap. Defense J., 16(2), 395-342.
    • (2004) Cap. Defense J., , vol.16 , Issue.2 , pp. 395-342
    • Seiden, J.A.1
  • 111
    • 84888744320 scopus 로고
    • Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death
    • World Health Organization 10th revision
    • World Health Organization (1992) Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death. Vol. 1, 10th revision.
    • (1992) Vol. , vol.1
  • 112
    • 84888673334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Psychiatric Association DSM-IV-TR: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, text revision. Washington, D.C.
    • American Psychiatric Association (2000) DSM-IV-TR: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, text revision. Washington, D.C.
    • (2000)
  • 113
    • 33846377233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (2006) The Brain-Disordered Defendant: Neuroscience and Legal Insanity in the Twenty-First Centur
    • The Limits of Localizing Cognitive Processes In the Brain. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press Uttal, W.R. (2001) The New Phrenology, 110
    • Redding, R.E. (2006) The Brain-Disordered Defendant: Neuroscience and Legal Insanity in the Twenty-First Century. Am. Univ. L. Rev., 56, 110; Uttal, W.R. (2001) The New Phrenology: The Limits of Localizing Cognitive Processes In the Brain. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
    • Am. Univ. L. Rev., 56,
    • Redding, R.E.1
  • 114
    • 84888762237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hoskins v. State 702 So.2d 202 (Fla. 1997).
    • Hoskins v. State (1997) 702 So.2d 202 (Fla. 1997).
    • (1997)
  • 115
    • 84888694142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hoskins v. State 735 So.2d 1281 (Fla. 1999).
    • Hoskins v. State (1999) 735 So.2d 1281 (Fla. 1999).
    • (1999)
  • 116
    • 84888671507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • People v. Morgan 719 N.E.2d 681 (Ill. 1999).
    • People v. Morgan (1999) 719 N.E.2d 681 (Ill. 1999).
    • (1999)
  • 117
    • 84888767332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • People v. Morgan 719 N.E.2d 681, 695 (Ill. 1999).
    • People v. Morgan (1999) 719 N.E.2d 681, 695 (Ill. 1999).
    • (1999)
  • 118
    • 84888668711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • People v. Holt 15 Cal.4th 619 (Cal. 1997).
    • People v. Holt (1997) 15 Cal.4th 619 (Cal. 1997).
    • (1997)
  • 119
    • 84888747129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • People v. Holt 15 Cal.4th 619, 646 (Cal. 1997).
    • People v. Holt (1997) 15 Cal.4th 619, 646 (Cal. 1997).
    • (1997)
  • 120
    • 84888670660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • People v. Holt 15 Cal.4th 619, 648 (Cal. 1997).
    • People v. Holt (1997) 15 Cal.4th 619, 648 (Cal. 1997).
    • (1997)
  • 121
    • 84888747753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexton v. State 775 So.2d 923 (Fla. 2000).
    • Sexton v. State (2000) 775 So.2d 923 (Fla. 2000).
    • (2000)
  • 122
    • 84888711261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexton v. State 775 So.2d 923, 936 (Fla. 2000).
    • Sexton v. State (2000) 775 So.2d 923, 936 (Fla. 2000).
    • (2000)
  • 123
    • 84888744106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexton v. State 775 So.2d 923, 936 (Fla. 2000).
    • Sexton v. State (2000) 775 So.2d 923, 936 (Fla. 2000).
    • (2000)
  • 124
    • 84888735257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cooper v. State 739 So.2d 82 (Fla, 1999).
    • Cooper v. State (1999) 739 So.2d 82 (Fla, 1999).
    • (1999)
  • 125
    • 84888740186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cooper v. State 739 So.2d 82, 87 (Fla, 1999).
    • Cooper v. State (1999) 739 So.2d 82, 87 (Fla, 1999).
    • (1999)
  • 127
    • 84888742640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State v. Reid 213 S.W.3d 792 (Tenn. 2006).
    • State v. Reid (2006) 213 S.W.3d 792 (Tenn. 2006).
    • (2006)
  • 128
    • 84888687094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rogers v. State 783 So.2d 980 (Fla. 2001).
    • Rogers v. State (2001) 783 So.2d 980 (Fla. 2001).
    • (2001)
  • 129
    • 84888666888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rogers v. State 783 So.2d 980, 997 (Fla. 2001).
    • Rogers v. State (2001) 783 So.2d 980, 997 (Fla. 2001).
    • (2001)
  • 130
    • 84888736833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ex parte Simpson 136 S.W.3d 660 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).
    • Ex parte Simpson (2004) 136 S.W.3d 660 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).
    • (2004)
  • 131
    • 84888737892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gill v. State 14 So.3d 946 (Fla. 2009).
    • Gill v. State (2009) 14 So.3d 946 (Fla. 2009).
    • (2009)
  • 132
    • 84888719032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gill v. State 14 So.3d 946, 964 (Fla. 2009).
    • Gill v. State (2009) 14 So.3d 946, 964 (Fla. 2009).
    • (2009)
  • 133
    • 84888723134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gill v. State 14 So.3d 946, 957(Fla. 2009).
    • Gill v. State (2009) 14 So.3d 946, 957(Fla. 2009).
    • (2009)
  • 134
    • 84888729305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • McNamara v. Borg (1991) 923 F.2d 862 (9th Cir. 1991); President's Council on Bioethics Staff An Overview of the Impact of Neuroscience Evidence in Criminal Law. In M.J. Farah (ed.) Neuroethics: An Introduction with Readings. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press
    • McNamara v. Borg (1991) 923 F.2d 862 (9th Cir. 1991); President's Council on Bioethics Staff (2010) An Overview of the Impact of Neuroscience Evidence in Criminal Law. In M.J. Farah (ed.) Neuroethics: An Introduction with Readings. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press pp. 220-231.
    • (2010) , pp. 220-231
  • 135
    • 84888677791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mr Chiesa's Brain: Can High-Tech Scans Prove that Criminal Acts are the Result of a Damaged Brain? Calif.
    • Lawyer, 26-30, 61-63; President's Council on Bioethics Staff (2010) An Overview of the Impact of Neuroscience Evidence in Criminal Law. In M.J. Farah (ed.) Neuroethics: An Introduction with Readings. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press
    • Lasden, M. (2004) Mr Chiesa's Brain: Can High-Tech Scans Prove that Criminal Acts are the Result of a Damaged Brain? Calif. Lawyer, 26-30, 61-63; President's Council on Bioethics Staff (2010) An Overview of the Impact of Neuroscience Evidence in Criminal Law. In M.J. Farah (ed.) Neuroethics: An Introduction with Readings. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press pp. 220-231.
    • (2004) , pp. 220-231
    • Lasden, M.1
  • 136
    • 84888699132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US v. Battle 264 F.Supp.2d 1088 (N.D. Ga. 2003).
    • US v. Battle (2003) 264 F.Supp.2d 1088 (N.D. Ga. 2003).
    • (2003)
  • 137
    • 84888723251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US v. Battle 264 F.Supp.2d 1088, 1167 (N.D. Ga. 2003).
    • US v. Battle (2003) 264 F.Supp.2d 1088, 1167 (N.D. Ga. 2003).
    • (2003)
  • 138
    • 84888748179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural Born Killer?
    • Farah, M.J. (2010) Neuroethics An Introduction with Readings. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press
    • Benjamin, C. (1998) Natural Born Killer? Las Vegas Rev. J., August 30; Farah, M.J. (2010) Neuroethics: An Introduction with Readings. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
    • (1998) Las Vegas Rev. J., August , vol.30
    • Benjamin, C.1
  • 139
    • 84888661200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stewart v. State 37 So.3d 243 (Fla. 2010).
    • Stewart v. State (2010) 37 So.3d 243 (Fla. 2010).
    • (2010)
  • 140
    • 84888753755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stewart v. State 37 So.3d 243, 249 (Fla. 2010).
    • Stewart v. State (2010) 37 So.3d 243, 249 (Fla. 2010).
    • (2010)
  • 141
    • 84888723694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State v. Mercer 672 S.E.2d 556 (S.C. 2009).
    • State v. Mercer (2009) 672 S.E.2d 556 (S.C. 2009).
    • (2009)
  • 142
    • 84888685019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ferrell v. State 918 So.2d 163 (Fla. 2005).
    • Ferrell v. State (2005) 918 So.2d 163 (Fla. 2005).
    • (2005)
  • 143
    • 84888677200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Robinson v. State 761 So.2d 269 (Fla. 1999).
    • Robinson v. State (1999) 761 So.2d 269 (Fla. 1999).
    • (1999)
  • 144
    • 84888697388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Robinson v. State 761 So.2d 269, 272 (Fla. 1999).
    • Robinson v. State (1999) 761 So.2d 269, 272 (Fla. 1999).
    • (1999)
  • 145
    • 84888733176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Robinson v. State 761 So.2d 269, 276 (Fla. 1999).
    • Robinson v. State (1999) 761 So.2d 269, 276 (Fla. 1999).
    • (1999)
  • 146
    • 84888680764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Robinson v. State 761 So.2d 269, 276 n.8 (Fla. 1999).
    • Robinson v. State (1999) 761 So.2d 269, 276 n.8 (Fla. 1999).
    • (1999)
  • 147
    • 84888739275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Judge OK's UCI Brain Scan of Ramon Salcido
    • Metro 1
    • Efron, S. (1999) Judge OK's UCI Brain Scan of Ramon Salcido. Los Angeles Times, October 12: Metro 1.
    • (1999) Los Angeles Times, October , vol.12
    • Efron, S.1
  • 148
    • 84888654123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schoenwetter v. State 46 So.3d 535 (Fla. 2010).
    • Schoenwetter v. State (2010) 46 So.3d 535 (Fla. 2010).
    • (2010)
  • 149
    • 84888716079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bottoson v. State 813 So.2d 31 (Fla. 2002).
    • Bottoson v. State (2002) 813 So.2d 31 (Fla. 2002).
    • (2002)
  • 150
    • 84888671972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bottoson v. State 813 So.2d 31, 34 n.4 (Fla. 2002).
    • Bottoson v. State (2002) 813 So.2d 31, 34 n.4 (Fla. 2002).
    • (2002)
  • 151
    • 84888691580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US v. Battle 264 F.Supp.2d 1088 (N.D. Ga. 2003); Ferrell v State (2005) 918 So.2d 163 (Fla. 2005); Stewart v. State (2010) 37 So.3d 243 (Fla. 2010).
    • US v. Battle (2003) 264 F.Supp.2d 1088 (N.D. Ga. 2003); Ferrell v State (2005) 918 So.2d 163 (Fla. 2005); Stewart v. State (2010) 37 So.3d 243 (Fla. 2010).
    • (2003)
  • 152
    • 84888728607 scopus 로고
    • Strickland v. Washington 466 US 668.
    • Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 US 668.
    • (1984)
  • 153
    • 84888723343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roper v. Simmons 543 US 551.
    • Roper v. Simmons (2005) 543 US 551.
    • (2005)
  • 154
    • 34548586599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroimaging and the "Complexity" of Capital Punishment
    • Snead, O.C. (2007) Neuroimaging and the "Complexity" of Capital Punishment. NY Univ. L. Rev., 82(5), 1265-1339.
    • (2007) NY Univ. L. Rev., , vol.82 , Issue.5 , pp. 1265-1339
    • Snead, O.C.1
  • 155
    • 34548586599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroimaging and the "Complexity" of Capital Punishment
    • Snead, O.C. (2007) Neuroimaging and the "Complexity" of Capital Punishment. NY Univ. L. Rev., 82(5), 1265-1339.
    • (2007) NY Univ. L. Rev., , vol.82 , Issue.5 , pp. 1265-1339
    • Snead, O.C.1
  • 156
    • 34547116176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intoxication and Settled Insanity: A Finding of Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity
    • Felix, N. and Wolbert, R. (2007) Intoxication and Settled Insanity: A Finding of Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity. J. Am. Acad. Psychiatry Law, 35, 172-182.
    • (2007) J. Am. Acad. Psychiatry Law, , vol.35 , pp. 172-182
    • Felix, N.1    Wolbert, R.2
  • 157
    • 0032806026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Voluntary Intoxication and Criminal Responsibility
    • Marlowe, D.B., Lambert, J.B. and Thompson, R.G. (1999) Voluntary Intoxication and Criminal Responsibility. Behav. Sci. Law, 17(2), 195-217.
    • (1999) Behav. Sci. Law, , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 195-217
    • Marlowe, D.B.1    Lambert, J.B.2    Thompson, R.G.3
  • 158
    • 65549166675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Criminal Brain: Frontal Lobe Dysfunction Evidence in Capital Proceedings
    • Seiden, J.A. (2004) The Criminal Brain: Frontal Lobe Dysfunction Evidence in Capital Proceedings. Cap. Defense J., 16(2), 395-420.
    • (2004) Cap. Defense J., , vol.16 , Issue.2 , pp. 395-420
    • Seiden, J.A.1
  • 159
    • 84920101252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetics, Neuroscience, and Criminal Responsibility
    • In N.A. Farahany (ed.) The Impact of Behavioral Sciences on Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • Farahany, N.A., Greely, H.T. and Coleman, J.E. (2009) Genetics, Neuroscience, and Criminal Responsibility. In N.A. Farahany (ed.) The Impact of Behavioral Sciences on Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press pp. 183-214.
    • (2009) , pp. 183-214
    • Farahany, N.A.1    Greely, H.T.2    Coleman, J.E.3
  • 160
    • 84888699231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 842 N.E
    • (Ill. App. 2006)
    • People v. Mertz (2006) 842 N.E. 2d 618, 666 (Ill. App. 2006).
    • (2006) 2d , vol.618 , pp. 666
    • People, V.1    Mertz2
  • 161
    • 0034749536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The neuropsychological basis of addictive behavior
    • Everitt, B.J., Dickinson, A. and Robbins, T.W. (2001) The neuropsychological basis of addictive behavior. Brain Res. Rev., 36, 129-138.
    • (2001) Brain Res. Rev., , vol.36 , pp. 129-138
    • Everitt, B.J.1    Dickinson, A.2    Robbins, T.W.3
  • 163
    • 0036787356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug Addiction and Its Underlying Neurobiological Basis: Neuroimaging Evidence for the Involvement of the Frontal Cortex
    • Goldstein, R.Z. and Volkow, N.D. (2002) Drug Addiction and Its Underlying Neurobiological Basis: Neuroimaging Evidence for the Involvement of the Frontal Cortex. Am. J. Psychiatry, 159, 1642-1652.
    • (2002) Am. J. Psychiatry, , vol.159 , pp. 1642-1652
    • Goldstein, R.Z.1    Volkow, N.D.2
  • 164
    • 17644374100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Neural Basis of Addiction: A Pathology of Motivation and Choice
    • Kalivas, P.W. and Volkow, N.D. (2005) The Neural Basis of Addiction: A Pathology of Motivation and Choice. Am. J. Psychiatry, 162(8), 1403-1413.
    • (2005) Am. J. Psychiatry, , vol.162 , Issue.8 , pp. 1403-1413
    • Kalivas, P.W.1    Volkow, N.D.2
  • 165
    • 84888686750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Neurobiology of Addiction: Implications for the Control of Voluntary Behavior.
    • In M.J. Farah (ed.) Neuroethics: An Introduction with Readings. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press
    • Hyman, S.E. (2010) The Neurobiology of Addiction: Implications for the Control of Voluntary Behavior. In M.J. Farah (ed.) Neuroethics: An Introduction with Readings. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press pp. 259-267.
    • (2010) , pp. 259-267
    • Hyman, S.E.1
  • 166
    • 84920095837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Addiction, Science and Criminal Responsibility.
    • In N.A. Farahany (ed.) The Impact of Behavioral Sciences on Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • Morse, S.J. (2009) Addiction, Science and Criminal Responsibility. In N.A. Farahany (ed.) The Impact of Behavioral Sciences on Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press pp. 277.
    • (2009) , pp. 277
    • Morse, S.J.1
  • 167
    • 84920095837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Addiction, Science and Criminal Responsibility.
    • In N.A. Farahany (ed.) The Impact of Behavioral Sciences on Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • Morse, S.J. (2009) Addiction, Science and Criminal Responsibility. In N.A. Farahany (ed.) The Impact of Behavioral Sciences on Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press pp. 241- 289.
    • (2009) , pp. 241-289
    • Morse, S.J.1
  • 168
    • 10044286383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prediction, Litigation, Privacy and Property: Some Possible Legal and Social Implications of Advances in Neuroscience.
    • In B. Garland (ed.) Neuroscience and the Law: Brain, Mind and the Scales of Justice. New York: Dana Press
    • Greely, H.T. (2004) Prediction, Litigation, Privacy and Property: Some Possible Legal and Social Implications of Advances in Neuroscience. In B. Garland (ed.) Neuroscience and the Law: Brain, Mind and the Scales of Justice. New York: Dana Press pp. 114-156.
    • (2004) , pp. 114-156
    • Greely, H.T.1
  • 170
    • 74549116749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Neurobiology of Psychopathy: A Neurodevelopmental Perspective
    • Gao, Y., Glenn, A.L., Schug, R.A., Yang, Y. and Raine, A.R. (2009) The Neurobiology of Psychopathy: A Neurodevelopmental Perspective. Can. J. Psychiatry, 54(12), 815.
    • (2009) Can. J. Psychiatry, , vol.54 , Issue.12 , pp. 815
    • Gao, Y.1    Glenn, A.L.2    Schug, R.A.3    Yang, Y.4    Raine, A.R.5
  • 171
    • 78049440635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Violence on the Brain: A Critique of Neuroscience in Criminal Law.
    • Redding, R.E. (2006) The Brain-Disordered Defendant: Neuroscience and Legal Insanity in the Twenty-First Century. Am. Univ. L. Rev., 56, 51-127
    • Pustilnick, A.C. (2009) Violence on the Brain: A Critique of Neuroscience in Criminal Law.Wake Forest L. Rev., 44, 183-237; Redding, R.E. (2006) The Brain-Disordered Defendant: Neuroscience and Legal Insanity in the Twenty-First Century. Am. Univ. L. Rev., 56, 51-127.
    • (2009) Wake Forest L Rev., , vol.44 , pp. 183-237
    • Pustilnick, A.C.1
  • 172
    • 72449149176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forensic Neuropsychological Assessment and Death Penalty Litigation
    • Fabian, J.M. (2009) Forensic Neuropsychological Assessment and Death Penalty Litigation. Champion, 33, 24-34.
    • (2009) Champion, , vol.33 , pp. 24-34
    • Fabian, J.M.1
  • 173
    • 84888753761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Judge to Decide Whether Dugan Jury Will Hear Controversial Science.Daily Herald, October 27;
    • Gutowski, C. (2009) Dugan Doc: Brain Testimony Not "Junk Science," Daily Herald, November 4.
    • Gutowski, C. (2009) Judge to Decide Whether Dugan Jury Will Hear Controversial Science.Daily Herald, October 27; Gutowski, C. (2009) Dugan Doc: Brain Testimony Not "Junk Science," Daily Herald, November 4.
    • (2009)
    • Gutowski, C.1
  • 174
    • 84888739671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strange Mind of A Killer: Researcher Says Dugan Rare Psychopath.
    • Daily Herald, November 6.
    • Gutowski, C. (2009) Strange Mind of A Killer: Researcher Says Dugan Rare Psychopath. Daily Herald, November 6.
    • (2009)
    • Gutowski, C.1
  • 175
    • 78049429821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • fMRI Evidence Used in Murder Sentencing
    • Miller, G. (2009) fMRI Evidence Used in Murder Sentencing. Science Insider, available at http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2009/11/fmri-evidence-u.html. Accessed May 22, 2011.
    • (2009) Science Insider , vol.22 , pp. 2011
    • Miller, G.1
  • 176
    • 78049423060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain Imaging for Legal Thinkers: A Guide for the Perplexe
    • Jones, O.D., Buckholtz, J.W., Schall, J.D. and Marois, R. (2009) Brain Imaging for Legal Thinkers: A Guide for the Perplexed. Stan. Tech. L. Rev., 5. Available at http://stlr.stanford.edu/ pdf/jones-brain-imaging.pdf. Accessed May 22, 2011.
    • (2009) Stan. Tech. L. Rev., 5. , vol.22 , pp. 2011
    • Jones, O.D.1    Buckholtz, J.W.2    Schall, J.D.3    Marois, R.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.