Category fluency in schizophrenia research: Is it an executive or semantic measure?

Cognitive Neuropsychiatry

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 81-95

  Neill, Erica ^a,b   Gurvich, Caroline ^a   Rossell, Susan L ^a,b  

^a Australia   (Australia)

^b SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Australia)

Author keywords

executive function; schizophrenia; semantic memory; verbal fluency

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISCRIMINANT VALIDITY; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; FLUENCY DISORDER; HUMAN; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEMANTIC MEMORY; SEMANTICS; TASK PERFORMANCE;

ADULT; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY; SEMANTICS; TASK PERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS;

EID: 84888641262     PISSN: 13546805     EISSN: 14640619     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2013.807233     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Andreasen, N. C. (1979). Thought, language, and communication disorders. Archive of General Psychiatry, 36, 1315-1338. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1979. 01780120045006
2. Baddeley, A., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory: The multiple-component model. In A. Miyake & P. Shah (Eds.), Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control (pp. 28-61). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
3. Baliz, Y. (2008). Inhalant abuse in adolescents: An initial study of cognitive functioning (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Victoria University, Melbourne.
4. Barrera, A., McKenna, P. J., & Berrios, G. E. (2005). Formal thought disorder in schizophrenia: An executive or a semantic deficit? Psychological Medicine, 35, 121-132. doi:10.1017/S003329170400279X
5. Basso, M. R., Nasrallah, H. A., Olson, S. C., & Bornstein, R. A. (1998). Neuropsychological correlates of negative, disorganized and psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 31, 99-111. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(98)00023-1
6. Bokat, C. E., & Goldberg, T. E. (2003). Letter and category fluency in schizophrenic patients: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 64, 73-78. doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(02)00282-7
7. Bozeat, S., Lambon Ralph, M. A., Patterson, K., Garrard, P., & Hodges, J. R. (2000). Nonverbal semantic impairment in semantic dementia. Neuropsychologia, 38, 1207-1215. doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(00)00034-8
8. Bozikas, V. P., Kosmidis, M. H., & Karavatos, A. (2005). Disproportionate impairment in semantic verbal fluency in schizophrenia: Differential deficit in clustering. Schizophrenia Research, 74, 51-59. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.05.001
9. Caramazza, A., & Mahon, B. Z. (2003). The organization of conceptual knowledge: The evidence from category-specific semantic deficits. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 354-361. doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00159-1
10. Chen, E. Y. H., Wilkins, A. J., & McKenna, P. J. (1994). Semantic memory is both impaired and anomalous in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 24, 193-202. doi:10.1017/S0033291700026957
11. Chlipala, L. M. (2010). Organised semantic fluency and executive functioning in an adult clinical sample and community sample (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of North Texas.
12. Delis, D., Kaplan, E., & Kramer, J. (2001). Delis-Kaplan executive function system San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation/Harcourt Brace & Company.
13. Donohoe, G., Corvin, A., & Robertson, I. (2006). Evidence that specific executive functions predict symptom variance among schizophrenia patients with a predominantly negative symptom profile. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 11, 13-32. doi:10.1080/13546800444000155
14. Doughty, O. J., & Done, D. J. (2009). Is semantic memory impaired in schizophrenia? A systematic review and meta-analysis of 91 studies. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 14, 473-509. doi:10.1080/13546800903073291
15. Ewing, J. A. M. (1985). The neurocognitive mechanisms underlying perseveration (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Victoria., British Columbia.
16. First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. M. (1997). Structured Clinical Interview Diagnostic (SCID) for DSM-IV Axis I disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
17. Giovannetti, T., Goldstein, R. Z., Schullery, M., Barr, W. B., & Bilder, R. M. (2003). Category fluency in first-episode schizophrenia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9, 384-393. doi:10.1017/S1355617703930049
18. Goldberg, Aloia, M. S., Gourovitch, M. L., Missar, D., Pickar, D., & Weinberger, D. R. (1998). Cognitive substrates of thought disorder I: The semantic system. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 1671-1676.
19. Granholm, E., Chock, D., & Morris, S. (1998). Pupillary responses evoked during verbal fluency tasks indicate semantic network dysfunction in schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 20, 856-872. doi:10.1076/jcen.20.6.856.1107
20. Grogan, A., Green, D. W., Ali, N., Crinion, J. T., & Price, C. J. (2009). Structural correlates of semantic and phonemic fluency ability in first and second languages. Cerebral Cortex, 19, 2690-2698. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp023
21. Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2004). A meta-analytic review of verbal fluency performance following focal cortical lesions. Neuropsychology, 18, 284-295. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.18.2.284
22. Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). A meta-analytic review of verbal fluency deficits in schizophrenia relative to other neurocognitive deficits. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 10, 1-33. doi:10.1080/13546800344000309
23. Henry, J. D., Crawford, J. R., & Phillips, L. H. (2004). Verbal fluency performance in dementia of the Alzheimer's type: A meta-analysis. Neuropsychologia, 42, 1212-1222. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.02.001
24. Hodges, J. R., Salmon, D. P., & Butters, N. (1992). Semantic memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease: Failure of access or degraded knowledge? Neuropsychologia, 30, 301- 314. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(92)90104-T
25. Holthausen, E. A. E., Wiersma, D., Sitskoorn, M. M., Dingemans, P. M., Schene, A. H., & van den Bosch, R. J. (2003). Long-term memory deficits in schizophrenia: Primary or secondary dysfunction? Neuropsychology, 17, 539-547. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.17.4.539
26. Joyce, E. M., Collinson, S. L., & Crichton, P. (1996). Verbal fluency in schizophrenia: Relationship with executive function, semantic memory and clinical alogia. Psychological Medicine, 26, 39-49. doi:10.1017/ S0033291700033705
27. Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., & Opler, L. A. (1987). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13, 261-276. doi:10.1093/schbul/13.2.261
28. Kiefer, M., Ahlegian, M., & Spitzer, M. (2005). Working memory capacity, indirect semantic priming, and Stroop interference: Pattern of interindividual prefrontal performance differences in healthy volunteers. Neuropsychology, 19, 332-344. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.19.3.332
29. Kosmidis, M. H., Bozikas, V. P., Vlahou, C. H., Kiosseoglou, G., Giaglis, G., & Karavatos, A. (2005). Verbal fluency in institutionalized patients with schizophrenia: Age-related performance decline. Psychiatry Research, 134, 233-240. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.02.003
30. Kozora, E., & Cullum, M. (1995). Generative naming in normal aging: Total output and qualitative changes using phonemic and semantic constraints. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 9, 313-320. doi:10.1080/13854049508400495
31. Kremen, W. S., Seidman, L. J., Faraone, S. V., & Tsuang, M. T. (2003). Is there a disproportionate impairment in semantic or phonemic fluency in schizophrenia? Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9, 79-88. doi:10.1017/S1355617703910095
32. Kubota, Y., Toichi, M., Shimizu, M., Mason, R. A., Coconcea, C. M., Findling, R. L., . . . Calabrese, J. R. (2005). Prefrontal activation during verbal fluency tests in schizophrenia: A near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) study. Schizophrenia Research, 77, 65-73. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.01.007
33. Kuperberg, G. R., McGuire, P. K., & Anthony, D. (1998). Reduced sensitivity to linguistic context in schizophrenic thought disorder: Evidence from on-line monitoring for words in linguistically anomalous sentences. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 423-434. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.107.3.423
34. Leucht, S., Kane, J. M., Kissling, W., Hamann, J., Etschel, E., & Engel, R. R. (2005). What does the PANSS mean? Schizophrenia Research, 79, 231-238. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.04.008
35. Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., & Loring, D. W. (2004). Executive function and reasoning. In Neuropsychological assessment (4th ed., pp. 611-641). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
36. Luria, A. R. (1966). Higher cortical functions in man. Oxford: Basic Books.
37. McKay, A. P., McKenna, P. J., Bentham, P., Mortimer, A. M., Holbery, A., & Hodges, J. R. (1996). Semantic memory is impaired in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 39, 929-937. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(95)00250-2
38. McKenna, P. J., Mortimer, A. M., & Hodges, J. R. (1994). Semantic memory and schizophrenia. In A. S. David & J. C. Cutting (Eds.), The neuropsychology of schizophrenia (pp. 163-178). Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
39. Melinder, M. R. D., Barch, D. M., Heydebrand, G., & Csernansky, J. G. (2005). Easier tasks can have better discriminating power: The case of verbal fluency. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 385-391. doi:10.1037/0021-843X. 114.3.383
40. Miller, G. A., & Chapman, J. P. (2001). Misunderstanding analysis of covariance. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 40-48. doi:10.1037/0021-843X. 110.1.40
41. Murphy, K. J., Rich, J. B., & Troyer, A. K. (2006). Verbal fluency patterns in amnestic mild cognitive impairment are characteristic of Alzheimer's type dementia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12, 570-574. doi:10.1017/S1355617706060590
42. N'Kaoua, B., Lespinet, V., Barsse, A., Rougier, A., & Claverie, B. (2001). Exploration of hemispheric specialization and lexico-semantic processing in unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy with verbal fluency tasks. Neuropsychologia, 39, 635-642. doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(00)00139-1
43. Norman, D. A., & Shallice, T. (1986). Attention to action: Willed and automatic control of behaviour. In G. E. S. R. J. Davidson & D. Shapiro (Eds.), Consciousness and self-regulation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 4, pp. 1-18). New York, NY: Plenum.
44. Overall, J. E., & Gorham, D. R. (1962). The brief psychiatric rating scale. Psychological Report, 10, 799-812. doi:10.2466/pr0.1962.10.3.799
45. Phillips, T. J., James, A. C. D., Crow, T. J., & Collinson, S. L. (2004). Semantic fluency is impaired but phonemic and design fluency are preserved in early-onset schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 70(2-3), 215-222. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2003.10.003
46. Raffard, S., & Bayard, S. (2012). Understanding the executive functioning heterogeneity in schizophrenia. Brain and Cognition, 79, 60-69. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2012.01.008
47. Reed, R. A., Harrow, M., Herbener, E. S., & Martin, E. M. (2002). Executive function in schizophrenia: Is it linked to psychosis and poor life functioning? Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190, 725-732. doi:10.1097/00005053-200211000-00001
48. Robert, P. H., Lafont, V., Medecin, I., Berthet, L., Thauby, S., Baudu, C., & Darcourt, G. (1998). Clustering and switching strategies in verbal fluency tasks: Comparison between schizophrenics and healthy adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 4, 539-546. doi:10.1017/ S1355617798466025
49. Roper, M. N. (2007). A comparison of two forms of treatment for children with attention deficit disorder: Effects on executive function and behaviour (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Victoria University, Melbourne.
50. Rossell, S., Batty, R., & Hughes, L. (2008). Impaired semantic memory in the formation and maintenance of delusions post-traumatic brain injury: A new cognitive model of delusions. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 260, 571-581. doi:10.1007/s00406-010-0101-6
51. Rossell, S. L., & David, A. S. (2006). Are deficits in schizophrenia due to problems with access or storage? Schizophrenia Research, 82, 121-134. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.11.001
52. Rossell, S. L., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Shapleske, J., & David, A. S. (1999). Is semantic fluency differentially impaired in schizophrenic patients with delusions? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 21, 629-642. doi:10.1076/jcen.21.5.629.865
53. Salmon, D. P., Heindel, W. C., & Lange, K. L. (1999). Differential decline in word generation from phonemic and semantic categories during the course of Alzheimer's disease: Implications for the integrity of semantic memory. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 5, 692-703. doi:10.1017/S1355617799577126
54. Spitzer, M. (1997). A cognitive neuroscience view of schizophrenic thought disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 23, 29-50. doi:10.1093/schbul/23.1.29
55. Spreen, O., & Strauss, E. (2008). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms and commentary (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
56. Stirling, J., Hellewell, J., Blakey, A., & Deakin,W. (2006). Thought disorder in schizophrenia is associated with both executive dysfunction and circumscribed impairments in semantic function. Psychological Medicine, 36, 475-484. doi:10.1017/S0033291705006884
57. Stuss, D. T., & Alexander, M. P. (2000). Executive functions and the frontal lobes: A conceptual view. Psychological Research, 63, 289-298. doi:10.1007/s004269900007
58. Sumiyoshi, C., Ertugrul, A., Yagcioglu, A. E. A., & Sumiyoshi, T. (2009). Semantic memory deficits based on category fluency performance in schizophrenia: Similar impairment patterns of semantic organization across Turkish and Japanese patients. Psychiatry Research, 167(1-2), 47-57. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.12.009
59. Tombaugh, T. N., Kozak, J., & Rees, L. (1999). Normative data stratified by age and education for two measures of verbal fluency: FAS and animal naming. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 14, 167-177. doi:10.1016/s0887-6177(97)00095-4
60. Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organisation of memory (pp. 382-402). New York, NY: Academic Press.
61. Tyler, L. K., & Moss, H. E. (2001). Towards a distributed account of conceptual knowledge. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5, 244-252. doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01651-x
62. Vinogradov, S., Kirkland, J., Poole, J. H., Drexler, M., Ober, B. A., & Shenaut, G. K. (2003). Both processing speed and semantic memory organization predict verbal fluency in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 59(2-3), 269-275. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(02)00200-1