Availability of mental health service providers and suicide rates in Slovenia: A nationwide ecological study

Croatian Medical Journal

Volumn 54, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 444-452

  Jagodič, Helena Korošec ^a   Rokavec, Tatjana ^b   Agius, Mark ^c,d,e   Pregelj, Peter ^f,g  

^a Psychiatric Hospital Vojnik   (Slovenia)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (Slovenia)

^c BEDFORD HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^e CLARE COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

^f UNIVERSITY PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL   (Slovenia)

^g UNIVERSITY OF LJUBLJANA   (Slovenia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGED; ALCOHOL USE DISORDER; ARTICLE; DIVORCE; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE AVAILABILITY; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE; SLOVENIA; SOCIOECONOMICS; SUICIDE; UNEMPLOYMENT;

ADULT; ALCOHOL-RELATED DISORDERS; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; DIVORCE; FEMALE; HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES; MIDDLE AGED; PREVALENCE; PSYCHIATRY; SLOVENIA; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; SUICIDE; UNEMPLOYMENT;

EID: 84888413089     PISSN: 03539504     EISSN: 13328166     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2013.54.444     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Global Health Observatory Data Repository. Available from: http:// apps.who.int/ghodata/. Accessed: October 12, 2013.
2. World Health Organization suicide prevention. Available from: http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/country_ reports/en/index.html. Accessed: October 12, 2013.
3. Pregelj P, Ziherl S. Suicidality in Slovenia [in Slovene]. Zdrav Vestn. 2008;7-8:559-63.
4. Mann JJ. A current perspective of suicide and attempted suicide. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:302-11. Medline:11848728 doi:10.7326/0003-4819-136-4-200202190-00010
5. Kapusta ND, Posch M, Niederkrotenthaler T, Fischer-Kern M, Etzersdorfer E, Sonneck G. Availability of mental health service providers and suicide rates in Austria: a nationwide study. Psychiatr Serv. 2010;61:1198-203. Medline:21123403 doi:10.1176/appi. ps.61.12.1198
6. L uoma JB, Martin CE, Pearson JL. Contact with mental health and primary care providers before suicide: a review of the evidence. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:909-16. Medline:12042175 doi:10.1176/ appi.ajp.159.6.909
7. Chisholm D, Flisher AJ, Lund C, Patel V, Saxena S, Thornicroft G, et al. Scale up services for mental disorders: a call for action. Lancet. 2007;370:1241-52. Medline:17804059 doi:10.1016/S0140- 6736(07)61242-2
8. S alvador-Carulla L, Tibaldi G, Johnson S, Scala E, Romero C, Munizza C, et al. Patterns of mental health service utilization in Italy and Spain: an investigation using the European Service Mapping Schedule. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2005;40:149-59. Medline:15685407 doi:10.1007/s00127-005- 0860-y
9. D iaz-Granados N, Georgiades K, Boyle MH. Regional and individual influences on use of mental health services in Canada. Can J Psychiatry. 2010;55:9-20. Medline:20113539
10. Madianos MG, Zacharakis C, Zsitsa C, Stefanis C. The mental health care delivery system in Greece: regional variation and socioeconomic correlates. J Ment Health Policy Econ. 1999;2:169-76. Medline:11967428 doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099- 176X(199912)2:4<169::AID-MHP653.0.CO;2-T
11. Hirsch JK. A review of the literature on rural suicide: risk and protective factors, incidence, and prevention. Crisis. 2006;27:189- 99. Medline:17219751
12. Chang SS, Lu TH, Sterne JA, Eddleston M, Lin JJ, Gunnell D. The impact of pesticide suicide on the geographic distribution of suicide in Taiwan: a spatial analysis. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:260. Medline:22471759 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-260
13. Tirupati S, Conrad A, Frost B, Johnston S. Urban-rural differences in psychiatric rehabilitation outcomes. Aust J Rural Health. 2010;18:66-71. Medline:20398046 doi:10.1111/j.1440- 1584.2010.01127.x
14. Yoshimasu K, Kiyohara C, Miyashita K. Suicide risk factors and completed suicide: meta-analyses based on psychological autopsy studies. Environ Health Prev Med. 2008;13:243-56. Medline:19568911 doi:10.1007/s12199-008-0037-x
15. Freeman Cook A, Hoas H. Hide and seek: the elusive rural psychiatrist. Acad Psychiatry. 2007;31:419-22. Medline:18079500 doi:10.1176/appi.ap.31.6.419
16. Mohamed S, Neale M, Rosenheck RA. VA intensive mental health case management in urban and rural areas: veteran characteristics and service delivery. Psychiatr Serv. 2009;60:914-21. Medline:19564221 doi:10.1176/appi.ps.60.7.914
17. McGlynn EA, Asch SM, Adams J, Keesey J, Hicks J, DeCristofaro A, et al. The quality of health care delivered to adults in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:2635-45. Medline:12826639 doi:10.1056/NEJMsa022615
18. Rihmer Z, Rutz W, Barsi J. Suicide rate, prevalence of diagnosed depression and prevalence of working physicians in Hungary. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1993;88:391-4. Medline:8310845 doi:10.1111/ j.1600-0447.1993.tb03479.x
19. Tondo L, Albert MJ, Baldessarini RJ. Suicide rates in relation to health care access in the United States: an ecological study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67:517-23. Medline:16669716 doi:10.4088/JCP. v67n0402
20. Pirkola S, Sund R, Sailas E, Wahlbeck K. Community mental-health services and suicide rate in Finland: a nationwide small-area analysis. Lancet. 2009;373:147-53. Medline:19097638 doi:10.1016/ S0140-6736(08)61848-6
21. S tatistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Slovene regions in figures. Available from: www.stat.si/eng/pub_regije.asp. Accessed: October 19, 2013.
22. Walker S, Chen L, Madden R. Deaths due to suicide: the effects of certification and coding practices in Australia. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2008;32:126-30. Medline:18412681 doi:10.1111/j.1753-6405.2008.00187.x
23. Kapusta ND, Tran US, Rockett IR, De Leo D, Naylor CP, Niederkrotenthaler T, et al. Declining autopsy rates and suicide misclassification: A cross-national analysis of 35 countries. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68:1050-7. Medline:21646567 doi:10.1001/ archgenpsychiatry.2011.66
24. Zupanc T, Agius M, Videtic A, Pregelj P. Reduced blood alcohol concentration in suicide victims in response to a new national alcohol policy in Slovenia. Eur Addict Res. 2013;19:7-12. Medline:22948237 doi:10.1159/000338639
25. Kapusta ND, Niederkrotenthaler T, Etzersdorfer E, Voracek M, Dervic K, Jandl-Jager E. Influence of psychotherapist density and antidepressant sales on suicide rates. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2009;119:236-42. Medline:19076117 doi:10.1111/j.1600- 0447.2008.01314.x
26. I nstitute of Public Health of the Republic of Slovenia. Available from: www.ivz.si/Mp.aspx?ni=202. Accessed: October 19, 2013.
27. World Health Organization. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision [2010]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/ browse/2010/en. Accessed: October 13, 2013.
28. E dwards LJ. Modern statistical techniques for the analysis of longitudinal data in biomedical research. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2000;30:330-44. Medline:11015135 doi:10.1002/1099- 0496(200010)30:4<330::AID-PPUL103.0.CO;2-D
29. Kelleher MJ, Keeley HS, Corcoran P. The service implications of regional differences in suicide rates in the Republic of Ireland. Ir Med J. 1997;90:262-4. Medline:10036818
30. Ciuna A, Andretta M, Corbari L, Levi D, Mirandola M, Sorio A, et al. Are we going to increase the use of antidepressants up to that of benzodiazepines? Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;60:629-34. Medline:15448956 doi:10.1007/s00228-004-0810-8
31. Kalmar S, Szanto K, Rihmer Z, Mazumdar S, Harrison K, Mann JJ. Antidepressant prescription and suicide rates: effect of age and gender. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2008;38:363-74. Medline:18724785 doi:10.1521/suli.2008.38.4.363
32. B ramness JG, Walby FA, Tverdal A. The sales of antidepressants and suicide rates in Norway and its counties 1980- 2004. J Affect Disord. 2007;102:1-9. Medline:17223200 doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.12.002
33. Henriksson S, Isacsson G. Increased antidepressant use and fewer suicides in Jamtland county, Sweden, after a primary care education programme on the treatment of depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2006;114:159-67. Medline:16889586 doi:10.1111/ j.1600-0447.2006.00822.x
34. Gibbons RD, Hur K, Bhaumik DK, Mann JJ. The relationship between antidepressant medication use and rate of suicide. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:165-72. Medline:15699293 doi:10.1001/ archpsyc.62.2.165
35. B arak Y, Aizenberg D. Association between antidepressant prescribing and suicide in Israel. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;21:281-4. Medline:16877899 doi:10.1097/00004850- 200609000-00006
36. Korkeila J, Salminen JK, Hiekkanen H, Salokangas RK. Use of antidepressants and suicide rate in Finland: an ecological study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68:505-11. Medline:17474804 doi:10.4088/ JCP.v68n0403
37. Nakagawa A, Grunebaum MF, Ellis SP, Oquendo MA, Kashima H, Gibbons RD, et al. Association of suicide and antidepressant prescription rates in Japan, 1999-2003. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68:908-16. Medline:17592916 doi:10.4088/JCP.v68n0613
38. Guaiana G. Antidepressant prescribing and suicides in Emilia- Romagna Region (Italy) from 1999 to 2008: an ecological study. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2011;7:120-2. Medline:21760833 doi:10.2174/1745017901107010120
39. Guaiana G, Andretta M, Griez E, Biancosino B, Grassi L. Sales of antidepressants, suicides and hospital admissions for depression in Veneto Region, Italy, from 2000 to 2005: an ecological study. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2011;10:24. Medline:21962174 doi:10.1186/1744- 859X-10-24
40. Gusmao R, Quintao S, McDaid D, Arensman E, Van Audenhove C, Coffey C, et al. Antidepressant utilization and suicide in Europe: an ecological multi-national study. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e66455. Medline:23840475 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066455
41. B aldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Strombom IM, Dominguez S, Fawcett J, Licinio J, et al. Ecological studies of antidepressant treatment and suicidal risks. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2007;15:133-45. Medline:17687708 doi:10.1080/10673220701551102
42. Hassanin H, Harbi A, Saif A, Davis J, Easa D, Harrigan R. Changes in antidepressant medications prescribing trends in children and adolescents in Hawai following the FDA Black Box Warning. Hawaii Med J. 2010;69:17-9. Medline:20222492
43. Möller H-J. Is there evidence for negative effects of antidepressants on suicidality in depressive patients? A systematic review. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006;256:476-96. Medline:17143567 doi:10.1007/s00406-006-0689-8
44. B ridge JA, Iyengar S, Salary CB, Barbe RP, Birmaher B, Pincus HA, et al. Clinical response and risk for reported suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in pediatric antidepressant treatment: a metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2007;297:1683-96. Medline:17440145 doi:10.1001/jama.297.15.1683
45. Melander A, Henricson K, Stenberg P, Löwenhielm P, Malmvik J, Sternebring B, et al. Anxiolytic- hypnotic drugs: relationships between prescribing, abuse and suicide. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1991;41:525-9. Medline:1687735 doi:10.1007/BF00314979
46. E kedahl A, Lidbeck J, Lithman T, Noreen D, Melander A. Benzodiazepine prescribing patterns in a high- prescribing Scandinavian community. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1993;44:141-6. Medline:8095896 doi:10.1007/BF00315471
47. Carlsten A, Waern M. Are sedatives and hypnotics associated with increased suicide risk of suicide in the elderly? BMC Geriatr. 2009;9:20. Medline:19497093 doi:10.1186/1471-2318-9-20
48. Arsenault-Lapierre G, Kim C, Turecki G. Psychiatric diagnoses in 3275 suicides: a meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2004;4:37. Medline:15527502 doi:10.1186/1471-244X-4-37
49. Nock MK, Hwang I, Sampson NA, Kessler RC. Mental disorders, comorbidity and suicidal behaviour: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication. Mol Psychiatry. 2010;15:868-76. Medline:19337207 doi:10.1038/mp.2009.29
50. B ernal M, Haro JM, Bernert S, Brugha T, de Graaf R, Bruffaerts R, et al. Risk factors for suicidality in Europe: results from the ESEMED study. J Affect Disord. 2007;101:27-34. Medline:17074395 doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.09.018
51. Kovše K. Alcohol consumption and indicators of misuse of alcohol in Slovenia in year 2007. [in Slovene]. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Inštitut za varovanje zdravja RS 2009. Available from: http://www.ivz.si/ odvisnost?pi=5&_5_Filename=455.pdf&_5_MediaId=455&_5_ AutoResize=false&pl=40-5.3. Accessed: October 13, 2013.
52. Pompili M, Serafini G, Innamorati M, Dominici G, Ferracuti S, Kotzalidis GD, et al. Suicidal behavior and alcohol abuse. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2010;7:1392-431. Medline:20617037 doi:10.3390/ijerph7041392
53. Ramstedt M. Alcohol and sucide in 14 European countries. Addicition. 2001;96 Suppl 1:S59-75. Medline:11228079
54. Marusic A. Suicide mortality in Slovenia: regional variation. Crisis. 1998;19:159-66. Medline:10331313
55. S chneider B, Grebner K, Schnabel A, Hampel H, Georgi K, Seider A. Impact of employment status and work- related factors on risk of completed suicide. A case- control psychological autopsy study. Psychiatry Res. 2011;190:265-70. Medline:21890214 doi:10.1016/j. psychres.2011.07.037
56. Ying YH, Chang K. A study of suicide and socioeconomic factors. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2009;39:214-26. Medline:19527162 doi:10.1521/suli.2009.39.2.214
57. Corcoran P, Nagar A. Suicide and marital status in Northern Ireland. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2010;45:795-800. Medline:19763365 doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0120-7
58. Masocco M, Pompili M, Vichi M, Vanacore N, Lester D, Tatarelli R. Suicide and marital status in Italy. Psychiatr Q. 2008;79:275-85. Medline:18600458 doi:10.1007/s11126-008-9072-4