Advancing democracy on difficult terrain: EU democracy promotion in central Asia

European Foreign Affairs Review

Volumn 16, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 639-658

  Bossuyt, Fabienne ^a   Kubicek, Paul ^b  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^b OAKLAND UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84888393412     PISSN: 13846299     EISSN: 18758223     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.54648/eerr2011043     Document Type: Article

References (21)

1. See, e.g., A. Cooley, 'Principles in the Pipeline: Managing Transatlantic Values and Interests in Central Asia', International Affairs 84, no. 6 (2008): 1173-1188;
2. G. Crawford, 'EU Human Rights and Democracy Promotion in Central Asia: From Lofty Principles to Lowly Self-interests', Perspectives on European Politics and Society 9, no. 2 (2008): 172-191;
3. B. Dave, 'The EU and Kazakhstan: Is the Pursuit of Energy and Security Cooperation Compatible with the Promotion of Human Rights and Democratic Reforms?', in Engaging Central Asia: The European Union's New Strategy in the Heart of Eurasia, ed. N.J. Melvin (Brussels: CEPS Paperbacks, 2008), 43-67;
4. T. Carothers, Aiding Democracy Abroad (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999), 44-45.
5. J. Anderson, Kyrgyzstan: Central Asia's Island of Democracy (Amsterdam: Harwood Academic, 1999).
6. P. Kubicek, 'Applying the Democratization Literature to Post-Soviet Central Asian Statehood', in Stable Outside, Fragile Outside?: Post-Soviet Statehood in Central Asia, ed. E. Kavalski (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2010).
7. S.M. Lipset, Political Man. The Social Basis of Politics (Garden City, NJ: Doubleday, 1960).
8. For example, according to the World Bank (www.worldbank.org), GNP/capita in 2009 was USD 7,257 in Kazakhstan, compared with only USD 860 in Kyrgyzstan and USD 716 in Tajikistan. In 2008, foreign aid in Kazakhstan amounted to only 0.3% of its national income, compared with 7.1% in Kyrgyzstan and 5.7% in Tajikistan.
9. The premier source on clans in Central Asia is K. Collins, Clan Politics and Regime Transition in Central Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
10. P. Kubicek, 'Are Central Asian Leaders Learning from Upheavals in Kyrgyzstan?', Journal of Eurasian Studies 2:2 (July 2011), 115-124.
11. United Nations Development Programme, 'Civil Society and Human Development in Tajikistan' (2007), 3, at .
12. S. Radnitz, Weapons of the Wealthy: Predatory Regimes and Elite-Led Protests in Central Asia (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010).
13. For an example, see E. Marat, 'Imagined Past, Uncertain Future: The Creation of National Ideologies in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan', Problems of Post-Communism 55, no. 1 (2008): 12-24.
14. The four respective states typically feature in the bottom fifth of all countries in the World Bank Governance Indicators rankings, online at: .
15. W. Merkel, 'Embedded and Defective Democracies', Democratization 11 no. 5 (2004): 44.
16. In 2011, for instance, only EUR 1.5 million is allocated to the region under the EIDHR instrument, at .
17. European Commission, 'Annual Action Plan for Central Asia 2010', at .
18. EU Delegation to Kyryzstan, 'Project Fiche', at .
19. 47 Ibid.
20. European Commission, 'List of EIDHR Projects funded in 2009', at ;
21. European Commission, 'Annual Action Programme for Central Asia 2010', at .