Scaling in situ cosmogenic nuclide production rates using analytical approximations to atmospheric cosmic-ray fluxes

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

Volumn 386, Issue , 2014, Pages 149-160

  Lifton, Nathaniel ^a   Sato, Tatsuhiko ^b   Dunai, Tibor J ^c  

^a PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b JAPAN ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY   (Japan)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

Author keywords

Geomagnetic variation; Nuclide specific scaling; Scaling model; Secondary cosmic ray spectra; Surface exposure dating

Indexed keywords

APPROXIMATION THEORY; COSMIC RAYS; COSMOLOGY; GEOMAGNETISM; MONTE CARLO METHODS; NEUTRON DETECTORS; NEUTRONS; NUCLEAR REACTIONS; PHOTOGRAPHIC EMULSIONS;

ANALYTICAL APPROXIMATION; ANALYTICAL FORMULATION; COSMIC RAY SPECTRA; GEOMAGNETIC VARIATION; SCALING MODEL; SOLAR MODULATION EFFECTS; SURFACE EXPOSURE DATING; TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIABILITY; COSMIC RAY FLUX; COSMIC-RAY SPECTRUM; COSMOGENIC NUCLIDES;

ISOTOPES;

COSMIC RAY; COSMOGENIC RADIONUCLIDE; GEOMAGNETIC FIELD; MONTE CARLO ANALYSIS; NUMERICAL MODEL;

EID: 84888338823     PISSN: 0012821X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.10.052     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Argento D.C., Reedy R.C., Stone J.O. Modeling the earth's cosmic radiation. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B, Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms 2013, 294:464-469.
2. Bachelet F., Dyring E., Iucci N. Multiplicity measurements on the IGY and NM64 neutron monitors. Can. J. Phys 1968.
3. Balco G., Stone J.O., Lifton N.A., Dunai T.J. A complete and easily accessible means of calculating surface exposure ages or erosion rates from Be-10 and Al-26 measurements. Quat. Geochronol. 2008, 3:174-195.
4. Balco G., Finkel R.C., Rayburn J.A., Ridge J.C., Schaefer J.M. Regional beryllium-10 production rate calibration for late-glacial northeastern North America. Quat. Geochronol. 2009, 4:93-107.
5. Bieber J., Clem J., Duldig M., Evenson P., Humble J., Pyle R. Latitude survey observations of neutron monitor multiplicity. J. Geophys. Res. 2004, 109:6.
6. Brown W.W. Cosmic-ray nuclear interactions in gases. Phys. Rev. 1954, 93:528-534.
7. 3H in water. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B, Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms 2000.
8. Butler R. Paleomagnetism: Magnetic Domains to Geologic Terranes 1992, Blackwell Scientific, Boston.
9. Caballero-Lopez R.A., Moraal H. Limitations of the force field equation to describe cosmic ray modulation. J. Geophys. Res. 2004, 109:A01101. pp. 1-7. 10.1029/2003JA010098.
10. Carmichael H., Bercovitch M. II. Cosmic-ray latitude survey in Canada in December 1965. Can. J. Phys. 1969, 47:2051-2055.
11. Carmichael H., Bercovitch M. V. Analysis of IQSY cosmic-ray survey measurements. Can. J. Phys. 1969, 47:2073-2093.
12. Carmichael H., Shea M., Peterson R. III. Cosmic-ray latitude survey in Western USA and Hawaii in summer 1966. Can. J. Phys. 1969, 47:2057-2065.
13. Castagnoli G., Lal D. Solar modulation effects in terrestrial production of carbon-14. Radiocarbon 1980, 22:133-158.
14. Carmichael H., Bercovitch M., Steljes J., Magidin M. I. Cosmic-ray latitude survey in North America in summer, 1965. Can. J. Phys. 1969, 47:2037-2050.
15. Clem J., Bieber J., Evenson P., Hall D., Humble J., Duldig M. Contribution of obliquely incident particles to neutron monitor counting rate. J. Geophys. Res., Space Phys. 1997, 102:26,919-26,926.
16. Cooke D., Humble J., Shea M., Smart D., Lund N., Rasmussen I., Byrnak B., Goret P., Petrou N. On cosmic-ray cut-off terminology. Nuovo Cimento C 1991, 14:213-234.
17. Desilets D., Zreda M. On scaling cosmogenic nuclide production rates for altitude and latitude using cosmic-ray measurements. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2001, 193:213-225.
18. Desilets D., Zreda M. Spatial and temporal distribution of secondary cosmic-ray nucleon intensities and applications to in situ cosmogenic dating. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2003, 206:21-42.
19. Desilets D., Zreda M., Lifton N. Comment on 'Scaling factors for production rates of in situ produced cosmogenic nuclides: a critical reevaluation by Tibor J. Dunai. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2001, 188:283-287.
20. Desilets D., Zreda M., Prabu T. Extended scaling factors for in situ cosmogenic nuclides: New measurements at low latitude. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2006, 246:265.
21. Dunai T.J. Scaling factors for production rates of in situ produced cosmogenic nuclides: a critical reevaluation. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2000, 176:157-169.
22. Dunai T.J. Influence of secular variation of the geomagnetic field on production rates of in situ produced cosmogenic nuclides. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2001, 193:197-212.
23. Dunai T.J. Reply to comment on 'Scaling factors for production rates of in situ produced cosmogenic nuclides: a critical reevaluation' by Darin Desilets, Marek Zreda and Nathaniel Lifton. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2001, 188:289-298.
24. 10Be production rate calibration for the past 12 ka deduced from the radiocarbon-dated Grotlandsura and Russenes rock avalanches at 69°N, Norway. Quat. Geochronol. 2011, 6:437-452.
25. 10Be dating of very young surfaces. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2008, 72:269.
26. Finlay C.C., Maus S., Beggan C.D., Bondar T.N., Chambodut A., Chernova T.A., Chulliat A., Golovkov V.P., Hamilton B., Hamoudi M., Holme R., Hulot G., Kuang W., Langlais B., Lesur V., Lowes F.J., Lühr H., Macmillan S., Mandea M., McLean S., Manoj C., Menvielle M., Michaelis I., Olsen N., Rauberg J., Rother M., Sabaka T.J., Tangborn A., Tøffner-Clausen L., Thébault E., Thomson A.W.P., Wardinski I., Wei Z., Zvereva T.I. International Geomagnetic Reference Field: the eleventh generation. Geophys. J. Int. 2010, 183:1216-1230.
27. Garcia-Munoz M., Mason G.M., Simpson J.A. The anomalous He-4 component in the cosmic-ray spectrum at below approximately 50 MeV per nucleon during 1972-1974. Astrophys. J. 1975, 202:265-275.
28. Gleeson L.J., Axford W.I. Solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays. Astrophys. J. 1968, 154:1011.
29. 3He production rates. Quat. Geochronol. 2010, 5:410-418.
30. 10Be production rates for western Norway. J. Quat. Sci. 2011, 27:89-96.
31. Goldhagen P., Clem J., Wilson J. The energy spectrum of cosmic-ray induced neutrons measured on an airplane over a wide range of altitude and latitude. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 2004, 110:387-392.
32. Gordon M., Goldhagen P., Rodbell K., Zabel T., Tang H., Clem J., Bailey P. Measurement of the flux and energy spectrum of cosmic-ray induced neutrons on the ground. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 2004, 51:3427-3434.
33. Grieder P. Cosmic Rays at Earth: Researcher's Reference Manual and Data Book 2001, Elsevier, Amsterdam. 1st ed.
34. Groom D., Mokhov N.V., Striganov S.I. Muon stopping power and range tables 10 MeV-100 TeV. At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 2001, 78:183-356.
35. Guyodo Y., Valet J. Global changes in intensity of the Earth's magnetic field during the past 800 kyr. Nature 1999, 399:249-252.
36. Hatton C. The neutron monitor. Prog. Elem. Part. Cosmic Ray Phys. 1971, 10:3-100.
37. Heisinger B., Lal D., Jull A., Kubik P., Ivy-Ochs S., Knie K., Nolte E. Production of selected cosmogenic radionuclides by muons: 2. Capture of negative muons. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2002, 200:357-369.
38. Heisinger B., Lal D., Jull A., Kubik P., Ivy-Ochs S., Neumaier S., Knie K., Lazarev V., Nolte E. Production of selected cosmogenic radionuclides by muons 1. Fast muons. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2002, 200:345-355.
39. Hoyt D., Schatten K. Group sunspot numbers: a new solar activity reconstruction. Sol. Phys. 1998, 181:491.
40. Hughes E., Marsden P. Response of a standard IGY neutron monitor. J. Geophys. Res. 1966, 71:1435-1444.
41. 10Be production rate at Lago Argentino, Patagonia: Implications for late-glacial climate chronology. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2011, 309:21-32.
42. Kent D., Pomerantz M. Cosmic ray intensity variations in the lower atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 1971, 76:1652-1661.
43. Kodama M., Ohuchi T. Latitude survey of neutron multiplicity using a shipborne NM-64 neutron monitor. Can. J. Phys. 1968, 46:S1090-S1093.
44. Korte M., Constable C. Continuous geomagnetic field models for the past 7 millennia: 2. CALS7K. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2005, 6:Q02H16. 10.1029/2004GC000801.
45. Korte M., Constable C. Improving geomagnetic field reconstructions for 0-3 ka. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 2011, 188:247-259.
46. Korte M., Donadini F., Constable C.G. Geomagnetic field for 0-3 ka: 2. A new series of time-varying global models. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2009, 10:1-24.
47. Korte M., Constable C., Donadini F., Holme R. Reconstructing the Holocene geomagnetic field. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2011, 312:497-505.
48. 14C in the atmosphere. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2012, 337:114-120.
49. 10Be production in the atmosphere. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2010, 291:182-188.
50. Laj, C., Kissel, C., Beer, J., Channell, J., Kent, D., Lowrie, W., Meert, J., 2004. High resolution global paleointensity stack since 75 kyr (GLOPIS-75) calibrated to absolute values. In: Timescales of the Geomagnetic Field, pp. 255-265.
51. Lal D. Investigations of Nuclear Interactions Produced by Cosmic Rays 1958, 90. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay, India.
52. Lal D. Cosmic ray labeling of erosion surfaces-In situ nuclide production rates and erosion models. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1991, 104:424-439.
53. Lal D. Cosmogenic nuclide dating: Cosmic ray interactions in minerals. Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science 2006, 419-436. Elsevier. A. Elias (Ed.).
54. Lal D., Peters B. Cosmic ray produced radioactivity on the Earth. Handbuch der Physik 1967, vol. XLVI/2:551-612. Springer, Berlin.
55. 3He production rates from Holocene lava flows in Iceland. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2006, 246:251-264.
56. Lifton N., Bieber J., Clem J., Duldig M., Evenson P., Humble J., Pyle R. Addressing solar modulation and long-term uncertainties in scaling secondary cosmic rays for in situ cosmogenic nuclide applications. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2005, 239:140-161.
57. Lifton N., Smart D.F., Shea M.A. Scaling time-integrated in situ cosmogenic nuclide production rates using a continuous geomagnetic model. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2008, 268:190-201.
58. Lingenfelter R. Production of carbon-14 by cosmic-ray neutrons. Rev. Geophys. 1963, 1:35-55.
59. Masarik J., Beer J. An updated simulation of particle fluxes and cosmogenic nuclide production in the Earth's atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114:11103.
60. Masarik J., Reedy R.C. Terrestrial cosmogenic-nuclide production systematics calculated from numerical simulations. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1995, 136:381-395.
61. Masarik J., Frank M., Schäfer J., Wieler R. Correction of in situ cosmogenic nuclide production rates for geomagnetic field intensity variations during the past 800,000 years. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2001, 65:2995-3003.
62. Nakamura T., Nunomiya T., Abe S., Terunuma K., Suzuki H. Sequential measurements of cosmic-ray neutron spectrum and dose rate at sea level in Sendai. Jpn. J. Nucl. Sci. Tech. 2005, 42:843-853.
63. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U.S. Standard Atmosphere 1976, US Government Printing Office.
64. Nishiizumi K., Welten K.C., Matsumura H., Caffee M.W., Ninomiya K., Omoto T., Nakagaki R., Shima T., Takahashi N., Sekimoto S., Yashima H., Shibata S., Bajo K., Nagao K., Kinoshita N., Imamura M., Sisterson J., Shinohara A. Measurements of high-energy neutron cross sections for accurate cosmogenic nuclide production rates. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, Suppl. 2009, 73:945.
65. O'Brien K. Extra-nuclear hadron cascade calculations using Passow's approximation. Nucl. Instrum. Methods 1969, 72:93-98.
66. O'Brien K. Cosmic-ray propagation in the atmosphere. Nuovo Cimento A 1971, 3:521-547.
67. O'Brien K. Secular variations in the production of cosmogenic isotopes in the Earth's atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 1979, 84:423-431.
68. 10Be production-rate calibration from the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Quat. Geochronol. 2010, 5:392-409.
69. Reedy R.C. Cosmogenic-nuclide production rates: Reaction cross section update. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B, Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms 2013, 294:470-474.
70. Reedy R.C., Arnold J.R. Interaction of solar and galactic cosmic-ray particles with the Moon. J. Geophys. Res. 1972, 77:537-555.
71. Rose D., Fenton K., Katzman J., Simpson J. Latitude effect of the cosmic ray nucleon and meson components at sea level from the Arctic to the Antarctic. Can. J. Phys. 1956, 34:968-984.
72. Sandström A. Cosmic ray soft component measurements during a flight from Scandinavia across the North Pole and around Asia and Europe. Suppl. Nuovo Cim. 1958, 8(10):263-276.
73. Sato T., Niita K. Analytical functions to predict cosmic-ray neutron spectra in the atmosphere. Radiat. Res. 2006, 166:544-555.
74. Sato T., Yasuda H., Niita K., Endo A., Sihver L. Development of PARMA: PHITS-based analytical radiation model in the atmosphere. Radiat. Res. 2008, 170:244-259.
75. Shea M.A., Smart D.F., Mccracken K.G. A study of vertical cutoff rigidities using sixth degree simulations of the geomagnetic field. J. Geophys. Res. 1965, 70:4117-4130.
76. Shea M., Smart D., McCall J. A five degree by fifteen degree world grid of trajectory-determined vertical cutoff rigidities. Can. J. Phys. 1968, 46:S1098-S1101.
77. Simpson J. Neutrons produced in the atmosphere by the cosmic radiations. Phys. Rev. A 1951, 83:1175-1188.
78. Simpson J., Fagot W. Properties of the low energy nucleonic component at large atmospheric depths. Phys. Rev. A 1953, 90:1068-1072.
79. Soberman R. High-altitude cosmic-ray neutron intensity variations. Phys. Rev. A 1956, 102:1399-1409.
80. Steinhilber F., Abreu J., Beer J. Solar modulation during the Holocene. Astrophys. Space Sci. Trans. 2008, 4:1-6.
81. Stone J. Air pressure and cosmogenic isotope production. J. Geophys. Res. 2000, 105:23,753-23,759.
82. Teucher M. Die Absorption der Nukleonenkomponente der kosmischen Strahlung in Luft zwischen Seehöhe und 4000 m. Z. Naturforsch. 1952, 7a:61-63.
83. Usoskin I., Solanki S., Kovaltsov G. Grand minima and maxima of solar activity: new observational constraints. Astron. Astrophys. 2007, 471:301-309.
84. Usoskin I.G., Bazilevskaya G.A., Kovaltsov G.A. Solar modulation parameter for cosmic rays since 1936 reconstructed from ground-based neutron monitors and ionization chambers. J. Geophys. Res. 2011, 116:A02104. pp. 1-9. 10.1029/2010JA016105.
85. Valet J.-P., Meynadier L., Guyodo Y. Geomagnetic dipole strength and reversal rate over the past two million years. Nature 2005, 435:802-805.
86. 21Ne measured in quartz targets after one year of exposure in the Swiss Alps. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2009, 284:417-425.
87. Yang S., Odah H., Shaw J. Variations in the geomagnetic dipole moment over the last 12,000 years. Geophys. J. Int. 2000, 140:158-162.
88. Yokoyama Y., Reyss J.-L., Guichard F. Production of radionuclides by cosmic rays at mountain altitudes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1977, 36:44-50.
89. 10Be production-rate calibration for the Arctic. J. Quat. Sci. 2013, 28:515-526.
90. Ziegler L.B., Constable C.G., Johnson C.L., Tauxe L. PADM2M: a penalized maximum likelihood model of the 0-2 Ma palaeomagnetic axial dipole moment. Geophys. J. Int. 2011, 184:1069-1089.