A new model of cosmogenic production of radiocarbon 14C in the atmosphere

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

Volumn 337-338, Issue , 2012, Pages 114-120

  Kovaltsov, Gennady A ^a   Mishev, Alexander ^b,c   Usoskin, Ilya G ^b,d  

^a IOFFE INSTITUTE   (Russian Federation)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OULU   (Finland)

^c INSTITUTE FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH AND NUCLEAR ENERGY   (Bulgaria)

^d UNIVERSITY OF OULU   (Finland)

Author keywords

Cosmic rays; Cosmogenic isotopes; Earth's atmosphere; Radiocarbon 14C

Indexed keywords

CARBON CYCLES; COSMIC-RAY PARTICLES; COSMOGENIC; COSMOGENIC ISOTOPES; GLOBAL PRODUCTION; MONTE CARLO; PRE-INDUSTRIAL EPOCH; PRODUCTION RATES; RADIOCARBON 14C; SOLAR ACTIVITY; SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLES; YIELD FUNCTION;

COSMIC RAYS; ISOTOPES; SOLAR ENERGY;

C (PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE);

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; CARBON CYCLE; CARBON ISOTOPE; COSMIC RAY; COSMOGENIC RADIONUCLIDE; MONTE CARLO ANALYSIS; NUMERICAL MODEL;

EID: 84862666460     PISSN: 0012821X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.05.036     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Adriani O., Barbarino G.C., Bazilevskaya X., et al. PAMELA measurements of cosmic-ray proton and Helium spectra. Science 2011, 332:69-72.
2. Alanko-Huotari K., Usoskin I.G., Mursula K., Kovaltsov G.A. Cyclic variations of the heliospheric tilt angle and cosmic ray modulation. Adv. Space Res. 2007, 40:1064-1069.
3. Alcaraz J., Alpat B., Ambrosi G., et al. Cosmic protons. Phys. Lett. B 2000, 490:27-35.
4. Alcaraz J., Alpat B., Ambrosi G., et al. Helium in near Earth orbit. Phys. Lett. B 2000, 494:193-202.
5. 10Be records. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1997, 150:453-462.
6. Beer J. Neutron monitor records in broader historical context. Space Sci. Rev. 2000, 93:107-119.
7. Beer J., McCracken K., von Steiger R. Cosmogenic Radionuclides: Theory and Applications in the Terrestrial and Space Environments 2012, Springer, Berlin.
8. Bolin B., Degens E., Kempe S., Ketner P.E. The Global Carbon Cycle 1979, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
9. Burger R., Potgieter M., Heber B. Rigidity dependence of cosmic ray proton latitudinal gradients measured by the Ulysses spacecraft: implications for the diffusion tensor. J. Geophys. Res. 2000, 105:27447-27456.
10. Castagnoli G., Lal D. Solar modulation effects in terrestrial production of Carbon-14. Radiocarbon 1980, 22:133-158.
11. Clem J.M., Bieber J.W., Evenson P., Hall D., Humble J.E. Contribution of obliquely incident particles to neutron monitor counting rate. J. Geophys. Res. 1997, 102:26919-26926.
12. Damon P., Sternberg R. Global production and decay of radiocarbon. Radiocarbon 1989, 31:697-703.
13. Dergachev, V., Veksler, V., 1991. Application of the Radiocarbon Method for Studies of the Environment in the Past. A.F. Ioffe Phys-Tech Inst., Acad. Sci. USSR, Leningrad, USSR (in Russian).
14. Desorgher L., Flückiger E.O., Gurtner M., Moser M.R., Bütikofer R. Atmocosmics: a Geant 4 code for computing the interaction of cosmic rays with the Earth's atmosphere. Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 2005, 20:6802-6804.
15. Dorman L. Cosmic Rays in the Earth's Atmosphere and Underground 2004, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
16. Dorman L. Cosmic Rays in Magnetospheres of the Earth and other Planets 2009, Springer, New York.
17. Elsasser W., Nay E., Winkler J. Cosmic-ray intensity and geomagnetism. Nature 1956, 178:1226-1227.
18. Fermi, E., 2010. In: Esposito, S., Pisanti, O. (Eds.), Neutron Physics for Nuclear Reactions: Unpublished Writings by Enrico Fermi. World Scientific Publishing, Singapore.
19. 4He component in the cosmic-ray spectrum at below approximately 50MeV per nucleon during 1972-1974. Astrophys. J. 1975, 202:265-275.
20. Geant4 Collaboration, Agostinelli, S., Allison, J., Amako, K., et al., 2003. Geant4-a simulation toolkit. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 506, 250-303.
21. Goslar T. Absolute production of radiocarbon and the long-term trend of atmospheric radiocarbon. Radiocarbon 2001, 43:743-749.
22. Heck, D., Knapp, J., Capdevielle, J., Schatz, G., Thouw, T., 1998. Corsika: a Monte Carlo code to simulate extensive air showers. In: FZKA 6019. Forschungszentrum, Karlsruhe.
23. Hedin A.E. Extension of the MSIS thermosphere model into the middle and lower atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 1991, 96:1159-1172.
24. Herbst K., Kopp A., Heber B., Steinhilber F., Fichtner H., Scherer K., Matthiä D. On the importance of the local interstellar spectrum for the solar modulation parameter. J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115:D00I20.
25. Hudson H.S. Solar flares add up. Nat. Phys. 2010, 6(9):637-638.
26. Korff S., Mendell R. Variations in radiocarbon production in the Earth's atmosphere. Radiocarbon 1980, 22(2):159-165.
27. Korte M., Constable C., Donadini F., Holme R. Reconstructing the Holocene geomagnetic field. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2011, 312:497-505.
28. 10Be production in the atmosphere. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2010, 291:182-188.
29. Kromer B. Radiocarbon and dendrochronology. Dendrochronologia 2009, 27(1):15-19.
30. Lal D. Theoretically expected variations in the terrestrial cosmic-ray production rates of isotopes. Solar-Terrestrial Relationships and the Earth Environment in the last Millennia, Proceedings of the International School of Physics "Enrico Fermi", Course XCV 1988, 216-233. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. G. Cini Castagnoli (Ed.).
31. Lal D., Suess H. The radioactivity of the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 1968, 18:407-434.
32. LaViolette P.A. Evidence for a solar flare cause of the pleistocene mass extinction. Radiocarbon 2011, 53(2):303-323.
33. Light E.S., Merker M., Verschell H.J., Mendell R.B., Korff S.A. Time dependent worldwide distribution of atmospheric neutrons and of their products. 2. Calculation. J. Geophys. Res. 1973, 78:2741-2762.
34. Lingenfelter R. Production of carbon 14 by cosmic-ray neutrons. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 1963, 1:35-55.
35. Lingenfelter R., Ramaty R. Astrophysical and geophysical variations in C-14 production. Radiocarbon Variations and Absolute Chronology: Proceedings of the 12th Nobel Symposium 1970, 513-537. John Wiley & Sons, NY. I. Olsson (Ed.).
36. Lockwood J.A., Webber W.R. Comparison of the rigidity dependence of the 11-year cosmic ray variation at the earth in two solar cycles of opposite magnetic polarity. J. Geophys. Res. 1996, 101(October):21573-21580.
37. Masarik J., Beer J. Simulation of particle fluxes and cosmogenic nuclide production in the Earth's atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104:12099-12111.
38. Masarik J., Beer J. An updated simulation of particle fluxes and cosmogenic nuclide production in the Earth's atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114:D11103.
39. Masarik J., Reedy R.C. Terrestrial cosmogenic-nuclide production systematics calculated from numerical simulations. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1995, 136:381-395.
40. McCracken K., McDonald F., Beer J., Raisbeck G., Yiou F. A phenomenological study of the long-term cosmic ray modulation, 850-1958 AD. J. Geophys. Res. 2004, 109(A18):12103.
41. Muscheler R., Joos F., Beer J., Müller S., Vonmoos M., Snowball I. Solar activity during the last 1000 yr inferred from radionuclide records. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2007, 26:82-97.
42. Nakamura K., Hagiwara K., Hikasa K., et al. Review of particle physics. J. Phys. G 2010, 37(7A):1-1422.
43. O'Brien K. Secular variations in the production of cosmogenic isotopes in the Earth's atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 1979, 84:423-431.
44. O'Brien K. Limitations of the use of the vertical cut-off to calculate cosmic-ray propagation in the Earth's atmosphere. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry 2008, 128:259-260.
45. O'Brien K. The local all-particle cosmic-ray spectrum. Astrophys. J. 2010, 716:544-549.
46. O'Brien K., de la Zerda Lerner A., Shea M.D.F.S. The production of cosmogenic isotopes in the Earth's atmosphere and their inventories. The Sun in Time 1991, 317-342. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, USA. C. Sonett, M. Giampapa, M. Matthews (Eds.).
47. Picone J.M., Hedin A.E., Drob D.P., Aikin A.C. NRLMSISE-00 empirical model of the atmosphere: statistical comparisons and scientific issues. J. Geophys. Res. 2002, 107. (Cite ID 1468).
48. Reimer P.J., Baillie M.G.L., Bard E., et al. INTCAL09 and Marine09 radiocarbon age calibration curves, 0-50000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 2009, 51(4):1111-1150.
49. Simpson J.A. Elemental and isotopic composition of the galactic cosmic rays. Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 1983, 33:323-382.
50. Snowball I., Muscheler R. Palaeomagnetic intensity data: an Achilles heel of solar activity reconstructions. Holocene 2007, 17:851-859.
51. Solanki S., Usoskin I., Kromer B., Schüssler M., Beer J. Unusual activity of the sun during recent decades compared to the previous 11,000 years. Nature 2004, 431:1084-1087.
52. Steinhilber F., Abreu J.A., Beer J. Solar modulation during the Holocene. Astrophys. Space Sci. Trans. 2008, 4:1-6.
53. 14C and century-scale solar oscillations. Nature 1989, 338:405-408.
54. Stuiver M., Quay P. Changes in atmospheric Carbon-14 attributed to a variable sun. Science 1980, 207:11-19.
55. Tylka, A., Dietrich, W., 2009. A new and comprehensive analysis of proton spectra in ground-level enhanced (GLE) solar particle events. In: 31th International Cosmic Ray Conference. Universal Academy Press, Lodź, Poland.
56. 7Be isotope in the atmosphere: full 3D modelling. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113.
57. Usoskin I., Solanki S., Kovaltsov G., Beer J., Kromer B. Solar proton events in cosmogenic isotope data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33:L08107.
58. Usoskin I.G., Alanko-Huotari K., Kovaltsov G.A., Mursula K. Heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays: monthly reconstruction for 1951-2004. J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110:A12108.
59. Usoskin I.G., Bazilevskaya G.A., Kovaltsov G.A. Solar modulation parameter for cosmic rays since 1936 reconstructed from ground-based neutron monitors and ionization chambers. J. Geophys. Res. 2011, 116:A022104.
60. Usoskin I.G., Desorgher L., Velinov P., Storini M., Flückiger E.O., Bütikofer R., Kovaltsov G.A. Ionization of the Earth's atmosphere by solar and galactic cosmic rays. Acta Geophys. 2009, 57:88-101.
61. Usoskin I.G., Solanki S.K., Kovaltsov G.A. Grand minima and maxima of solar activity: new observational constraints. Astron. Astrophys. 2007, 471:301-309.
62. Webber W., Higbie P. Production of cosmogenic Be nuclei in the Earth's atmosphere by cosmic rays: its dependence on solar modulation and the interstellar cosmic ray spectrum. J. Geophys. Res. 2003, 108:1355.
63. 36Cl in the Earth's atmosphere by solar and galactic cosmic rays. J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112.
64. Webber W.R., Higbie P.R. Galactic propagation of cosmic ray nuclei in a model with an increasing diffusion coefficient at low rigidities: a comparison of the new interstellar spectra with Voyager data in the outer heliosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114:A02103.