What goes up must come down: The burden of bipolar depression in youth

Journal of Affective Disorders

Volumn 150, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 1048-1054

  Van Meter, Anna R ^a   Henry, David B ^b   West, Amy E ^b  

^a The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Depression; Impairment; Mania; Pediatric bipolar disorder; Quality of life

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; BIPOLAR DEPRESSION; CHILD; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; GOVERNMENT; HOPELESSNESS; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MANIA; MENTAL DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RATING SCALE; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SCHOOL CHILD; SELF CONCEPT; SELF ESTEEM; SUICIDAL IDEATION; WELLBEING;

DEPRESSION; IMPAIRMENT; MANIA; PEDIATRIC BIPOLAR DISORDER; QUALITY OF LIFE;

ADOLESCENT; AFFECT; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CHILD; COST OF ILLNESS; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE;

EID: 84888337048     PISSN: 01650327     EISSN: 15732517     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.039     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Akiskal, H., Hantouche, E., Allilaire, J.F., 2003. Bipolar II with and without cyclothymic temperament: "dark" and "sunny" expressions of soft bipolarity. Journal of Affective Disorders 73 (1-2), 49-57, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00320-8.
2. American Psychiatric Association, 1994. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fourth Ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.
3. Bastiaansen, D., Koot, H.M., Ferdinand, R.F., Verhulst, F.C., 2004. Quality of life in children with psychiatric disorders: self-, parent, and clinician report. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 43 (2), 221-230, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200402000-00019.
4. Baumer, F., Howe, M., Gallelli, K., Simeonova, D., Hallmayer, J., Chang, K., 2006. A pilot study of antidepressant-induced mania in pediatric bipolar disorder: characteristics, risk factors, and the serotonin transporter gene. Biological Psychiatry 60 (9), 1005-1012.
5. Biederman, J., Mick, E., Faraone, S., Spencer, T., Wilens, T., Wozniak, J., 2000. Pediatric mania: a developmental subtype of bipolar disorder? Biological Psychiatry 48 (6), 458-466, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00911-2.
6. Birmaher, B., Axelson, D., Goldstein, B., Strober, M., Gill, M.K., Hunt, J., Keller, M., 2009a. Four-year longitudinal course of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders: the course and outcome of bipolar youth (COBY) study. American Journal of Psychiatry 166 (7), 795-804, http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi. ajp.2009.08101569.
7. Birmaher, B., Axelson, D., Strober, M., Gill, M.K., Valeri, S., Chiappetta, L., Keller, M., 2006. Clinical course of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 63 (2), 175-183, http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.63.2.175.
8. Birmaher, B., Axelson, D., Strober, M., Gill, M.K., Yang, M., Ryan, N., Leonard, H., 2009b. Comparison of manic and depressive symptoms between children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. Bipolar Disorders 11 (1), 52-62, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00659.x.
9. Birmaher, B., Brent, D., 2007. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 46 (1), 107-125.
10. Bowden, C., 2001. Strategies to reduce misdiagnosis of bipolar depression. Psychiatric Services 52 (1), 51-55, http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.52.1.51.
11. Bullinger, M., Briitt, A.L., Erhart, M., Ravens-Sieberer, U., 2008. Psychometric properties of the KINDL-R questionnaire: results of the BELLA study. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 17 (0), 125-132.
12. Burns, G.L., Patterson, D.R., 2001. Normative data on the Eyberg child behavior inventory and Sutter-Eyberg student behavior inventory: parent and teacher rating scales of disruptive behavior problems in children and adolescents. Child and Family Behavior Therapy 23 (1), 15-28, http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J019v23n01-02.
13. Cantwell, D.P., Lewinsohn, P.M., Rohde, P., Seeley, J.R., 1997. Correspondence between adolescent report and parent report of psychiatric diagnostic data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36 (5), 610-619, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199705000-00011.
14. Chang, K., 2008. Treatment of children and adolescents at high risk for bipolar disorder. In: Geller, B., DelBello, M. (Eds.), Treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. The Guilford Press, New York.
15. Cohen, P., Cohen, J., Aiken, L., West, S., 1999. The problem of units and the circumstance for POMP. Multivariate Behavioral Research 34, 315, http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15327906MBR3403-2.
16. Cosgrove, V., Roybal, D., Chang, K., 2013. Bipolar depression in pediatric populations. Pediatric Drugs 15 (2), 83-91, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40272-013-0022-8.
17. Dilsaver, S.C., Chen, Y.-W., Swann, A.C., Shoaib, A.M., Tsai-Dilsaver, Y., Krajewski, K.J., 1997. Suicidality, panic disorder and psychosis in bipolar depression, depressive-mania and pure-mania. Psychiatry Research 73 (1), 47-56.
18. Eyberg, S.M., Ross, A.W., 1978. Assessment of child behavior problems: the validation of a new inventory. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 7 (2), 113-116, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15374417809532835.
19. Freeman, A., Youngstrom, E., Freeman, M., Youngstrom, J., Findling, R., 2011. Is caregiver-adolescent disagreement due to differences in thresholds for reporting manic symptoms? Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 21 (5), 425-32, http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cap.2011.0033.
20. Freeman, A., Youngstrom, E., Michalak, E., Siegel, R., Meyers, O., Findling, R., 2009. Quality of life in pediatric bipolar disorder. Pediatrics 123 (3), e446-e452, http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-0841.
21. Fristad, M.A., Weller, E.B., Weller, R.A., 1992. The mania rating scale: can it be used in children? a preliminary report. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 31 (2), 252-257, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199203000-00011.
22. Fristad, M.A., Weller, R.A., Weller, E.B., 1995. The mania rating scale (MRS): further reliability and validity studies with children. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry 7 (3), 127-132.
23. Geller, B., Williams, M., Zimerman, B., Frazier, J., 1996. WASH-U-KSADS (Washington University in St. Louis Kiddie schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia). Washington University, St. Louis, MO.
24. Geller, B., Zimmerman, B., Williams, M., Bolhofner, K., Craney, J., 2001. Bipolar disorder at prospective follow-up of adults who had prepubertal major depressive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 58, 125-127, http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.1.125.
25. Geller, B., Zimmerman, B., Williams, M., DelBello, M., Bolhofner, K., Craney, J., Nickelsburg, M., 2002. DSM-IV mania symptoms in a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype compared to attention-deficit hyperactive and normal controls. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacol-ogy 12 (1), 11-25, http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/10445460252943533.
26. Goldstein, T., Birmaher, B., Axelson, D., Ryan, N., Strober, M., Gill, M.K., Keller, M., 2005. History of suicide attempts in pediatric bipolar disorder: factors associated with increased risk. Bipolar Disorders 7 (6), 525-535, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00263.x.
27. Goldstein, T.R., Axelson, D.A., Birmaher, B., Brent, D.A., 2007. Dialectical behavior therapy for adolescents with bipolar disorder: a 1-year open trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 46 (7), 820-830, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/chi.0b013e31805c1613.
28. Joseph, M., Youngstrom, E., Soares, J., 2009. Antidepressant-coincident mania in children and adolescents treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Future Neurology 4 (1), 87-102, http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/14796708A1.87.
29. Kazdin, A.E., French, N.H., Unis, A.S., Esveldt-Dawson, K., 1983. Assessment of childhood depression: correspondence of child and parent ratings. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 22 (2), 157-164, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-7138(09)62329-3.
30. Kazdin, A.E., Rodgers, A., Colbus, D., 1986. The hopelessness scale for children: psychometric characteristics and concurrent validity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 54 (2), 241.
31. Keenan-Miller, D., Peris, T., Axelson, D., Kowatch, R.A., Miklowitz, D.J., 2012. Family functioning, social impairment, and symptoms among adolescents with bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 51 (10), 1085-1094, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.08.005.
32. Kowatch, R., Youngstrom, E., Danielyan, A., Findling, R., 2005. Review and meta-analysis of the phenomenology and clinical characteristics ofmania in children and adolescents. Bipolar Disorders 7 (6), 483-496, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00261.x.
33. Kupka, R.W., Altshuler, L.L., Nolen, W.A., Suppes, T., Luckenbaugh, D.A., Leverich, G.S., Post, R.M., 2007. Three times more days depressed than manic or hypomanic in both bipolar I and bipolar II disorder1. Bipolar Disorders 9 (5), 531-535, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00467.x.
34. Lewinsohn, P., Seeley, J., Klein, D., 2003. Bipolar disorders during adolescence. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 108 (s418), 47-50, http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.108.s418.10.x.
35. Licht, R., Gijsman, H., Nolen, W., Angst, J., 2008. Are antidepressants safe in the treatment of bipolar depression? A critical evaluation of their potential risk to induce switch into mania or cycle acceleration. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 118 (5), 337-346.
36. Lundh, A., Kowalski, J., Sundberg, C.J., Gumpert, C., Landen, M., 2010. Children'sGlobal Assessment Scale (CGAS) in a naturalistic clinical setting: inter-rater reliability and comparison with expert ratings. Psychiatry Research 177 (1-2), 206-210.
37. Lynch, F.L., Clarke, G.N., 2006. Estimating the economic burden of depression in children and adolescents. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 31 (6, Supplement 1), 143-151, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2006.07.001.
38. McElroy, S., Strakowski, S., West, S., Keck Jr., P., McConville, B., 1997. Phenomenology of adolescent and adult mania in hospitalized patients with bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 154 (1), 44-49.
39. Michalak, E.E., Murray, G., Young, A.H., Lam, R.W., 2008. Burden of bipolar depression. CNS Drugs 22 (5), 389-406.
40. Miklowitz, D.J., Axelson, D.A., Birmaher, B., George, E.L., Taylor, D.O., Schneck, C.D., Brent, D.A., 2004. Family-focused treatment for adolescents with bipolar disorder: results of a 2-year randomized trial. Journal of Affective Disorders 82 (Suppl 1), S113.
41. Mitchell, P.B., Malhi, G.S., 2004. Bipolar depression: phenomenological overview and clinical characteristics. Bipolar Disorders 6 (6), 530-539, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00137.x.
42. Moreno, C., Laje, G., Blanco, C., Jiang, H., Schmidt, A.B., Olfson, M., 2007. National trends in the outpatient diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder in youth. Archives of General Psychiatry 64 (9), 1032-1039, http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.9.1032.
43. Moretti, M.M., Fine, S., Haley, G., Marriage, K., 1985. Childhood and adolescent depression: child-report versus parent-report information. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 24 (3), 298-302, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-7138(09)61090-6.
44. Nivoli, A., Murru, A., Goikolea, J., Crespo, J., Montes, J., Gonzalez-Pinto, A., Vieta, E., 2011. New treatment guidelines for acute bipolar mania: a critical review. Journal of Affective Disorders, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.10.015.
45. Olfson, M., Blanco, C., Liu, L., Moreno, C., Laje, G., 2006. National trends in the outpatient treatment of children and adolescents with antipsychotic drugs. Archives of General Psychiatry 63 (6), 679-685, http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.63.6.679.
46. Pavuluri, M., Henry, D., Devineni, B., Carbray, J., Birmaher, B., 2006. Child mania rating scale: development, reliability, and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 45 (5), 550-560, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000205700.40700.50.
47. Piers, E.V., Harris, D.B., Herzberg, D.S., 2002. The Piers-Harris children's self concept scale, 2nd ed. Western Psychological Services, Los Angeles, CA.
48. Piers EV, Herzberg DS. Piers-Harris children's self-concept scale. The Way I Feel About Myself; 1969.
49. Posner K, Brent D, Lucas C, Gould M, Stanley B, Brown G, Oquendo M. Columbia-suicide severity rating scale (C-SSRS); 2008.
50. Posner, K., Brown, G.K., Stanley, B., Brent, D.A., Yershova, K.V., Oquendo, M.A., Shen, S., 2011. The Columbia-suicide severity rating scale: initial validity and internal consistency findings from three multisite studies with adolescents and adults. American Journal of Psychiatry 168 (12), 1266-1277.
51. Post, R.M., 2005. The impact of bipolar depression. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 66 (5), 5.
52. Post, R.M., 2007. Kindling and sensitization as models for affective episode recurrence, cyclicity, and tolerance phenomena. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 31 (6), 858-873, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.04.003.
53. Power, M.J., de Jong, F., Lloyd, A., 2002. The organization of the self-concept in bipolar disorders: an empirical study and replication. Cognitive Therapy and Research 26 (4), 553-561, http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1016288002929.
54. Poznanski, E., Freeman, L., Mokros, H., 1985. Children's depression rating scale-revised. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 21, 979-989.
55. Poznanski, E.O., Grossman, J.A., Buchsbaum, Y., Banegas, M., Freeman, L., Gibbons, R., 1984. Preliminary studies of the reliability and validity of the children's depression rating scale. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 23 (2), 191-197, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-198403000-00011.
56. Ravens-Sieberer, U., Bullinger, M., 2000. KINDL: Questionnaire for measuring health related quality of life in children and adolescents, Revised version, Manual. KINDL, Berlin, Germany.
57. Schraufnagel, C., Brumback, R., Harper, C., Weinberg, W., 2001. Affective illness in children and adolescents: patterns of presentation in relation to pubertal maturation and family history. Journal of Child Neurology 16 (8), 553-561.
58. Shaffer, D., Gould, M.S., Brasic, J., Ambrosini, P., Fisher, P., Bird, H., Aluwahlia, S., 1983. A children's global assessment scale (CGAS). Archives of General Psychiatry 40 (11), 1228-1231, http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790100074010.
59. Sidor, M., MacQueen, G., 2011. Antidepressants for the acute treatment of bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis, vol. 72. Physicians Postgraduate Press, Memphis, TN, ETATS-UNIS.
60. Soutullo, C., Chang, K., Di'ez-Sua' rez, A., Figueroa-Quintana, A., Escamilla-Canales, I., Rapado-Castro, M., Ortuno, F., 2005. Bipolar disorder in children and adolescents: international perspective on epidemiology and phenomenology. Bipolar Disorders 7, 497-506.
61. Spearing, M.K., Post, R.M., Leverich, G.S., Brandt, D., Nolen, W., 1997. Modification of the clinical global impressions (CGI) scale for use in bipolar illness (BP): the CGI-BP. Psychiatry Research 73 (3), 159-171, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1781(97)00123-6.
62. Spirito, A., Williams, C., Stark, L., Hart, K., 1988. The hopelessness scale for children: psychometric properties with normal and emotionally disturbed adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 16 (4), 445-458, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00914174.
63. Strober, M., 1993. The course of major depressive disorder in adolescents: I. Recovery and risk of manic switching in a follow-up of psychotic and nonpsychotic subtypes. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 32 (1), 34-42, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199301000-00006.
64. Tondo, L., Vazquez, G., Baldessarini, R.J., 2010. Mania associated with antidepressant treatment: comprehensive meta-analytic review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandina-vica 121 (6), 404-14, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01514.x.
65. Trumbull, H C, 1893 Hints on child training John D Wattles & Co, Philadelphia
66. Wee, H., Lee, W., Ravens-Sieberer, U., Erhart, M., Li, S., 2005. Validation of the english version of the KINDL® generic children's health-related quality of life instrument for an Asian population-results from a pilot test. Quality of Life Research 14 (4), 1193-1200.
67. West, A.E., Jacobs, R.H., Westerholm, R., Lee, A., Carbray, J., Heidenreich, J., Pavuluri, M.N., 2009. Child and family-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for pediatric bipolar disorder: pilot study of group treatment format. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 18 (3), 239.
68. Wozniak, J., Biederman, J., Kiely, K., Ablon, J.S., Faraone, S., Mundy, E., Mennin, D., 1995. Mania-like symptoms suggestive of childhood-onset bipolar disorder in clinically referred children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34 (7), 867-876, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199507000-00010.
69. Wozniak, J., Spencer, T., Biederman, J., Kwon, A., Monuteaux, M., Rettew, J., Lail, K., 2004. The clinical characteristics of unipolar vs. bipolar major depression in ADHD youth. Journal of Affective Disorders 82, S59-S69, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2004.05.013, Supplement (0).
70. Young, M., Fristad, M., 2007. Evidence based treatments for bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy 37 (3), 157-164, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10879-007-9050-4.
71. Young, R., Biggs, J., Ziegler, V., Meyer, D., 1978. A rating scale for mania: reliability, validityand sensitivity. The British Journal ofPsychiatry133 (5), 429-435, http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.133.5.429.
72. Youngstrom, E., Findling, R., Calabrese, J., 2003. Who are the comorbid adolescents? Agreement between psychiatric diagnosis, youth, parent, and teacher report. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 31 (3), 231-245.
73. Youngstrom, E., Findling, R., Calabrese, J., 2004a. Effects of adolescent manic symptoms on agreement between youth, parent, and teacher ratings of behavior problems. Journal of Affective Disorders 82 (1001), S5-S16.
74. Youngstrom, E., Findling, R., Calabrese, J., Gracious, B., Demeter, C., DelPorto Bedoya, D., Price, M., 2004b. Comparing the diagnostic accuracy of six potential screening instruments for bipolar disorder in youths aged 5 to 17 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 43 (7), 847-858, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000125091.35109.1e.
75. Zito, J., Safer, D., dosReis, S., Gardner, J., Magder, L., Soeken, K., Riddle, M., 2003. Psychotropic practice patterns for youth: a 10-year perspective. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 157 (1), 17-25, http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.157.1.17.