Current therapies for diabetic foot infections and osteomyelitis

Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 57-70

  Sagray, Bryan A ^a   Malhotra, Sabina ^b   Steinberg, John S ^c,d  

^a KAISER PERMANENTE MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b Georgetown University School of Medicine ^*

^c GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Abscess; Diabetic foot; Infection; Ischemia; Osteomyelitis

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; C REACTIVE PROTEIN;

ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; BONE EXAMINATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; DEBRIDEMENT; DIABETIC FOOT; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; ERYTHEMA; ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE; FOOT RADIOGRAPHY; GRANULATION TISSUE; HEAT; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; NECROSIS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OSTEOMYELITIS; PAIN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PTB TEST; RECURRENT DISEASE; REVIEW; SKIN FLAP; SKIN INDURATION; SKIN REDNESS; SKIN SWELLING; SOFT TISSUE INFECTION; SUPPURATION; TREATMENT FAILURE; WOUND HEALING IMPAIRMENT; WOUND IRRIGATION;

EID: 84888270283     PISSN: 08918422     EISSN: 15582302     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpm.2013.09.003     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Richard J.L., Lavigne J.P., Sotto A. Diabetes and foot infection: more than double trouble. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2012, 28(Suppl 1):46-53.
2. Bakker K., Schaper N.C. The development of global consensus guidelines on the management and prevention of the diabetic foot 2011. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2012, 28(Suppl 1):116-118.
3. Lipsky B.A., Berendt A.R., Cornia P.B., et al. 2012 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections. Clin Infect Dis 2012, 54(12):132-173.
4. Lipsky B.A., Peters E.J., Senneville E., et al. Expert opinion on the management of infections in the diabetic foot. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2012, 28(Suppl 1):163-178.
5. Gardner S.E., Hillis S.L., Frantz R.A. Clinical signs of infection in diabetic foot ulcers with high microbial load. Biol Res Nurs 2009, 11(2):119-128.
6. Berendt A.R., Peters E.J., Bakker K., et al. Diabetic foot osteomyelitis: a progress report on diagnosis and a systematic review of treatment. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2008, 24(Suppl 1):S145-S161.
7. Grayson M.L., Gibbons G.W., Balogh K., et al. Probing to bone in infected pedal ulcers: a clinical sign of underlying osteomyelitis in diabetic patients. JAMA 1995, 273:721.
8. Shone A., Burnside J., Chipchase S., et al. Probing the validity of the probe-to-bone test in the diagnosis of osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006, 29:945. [letter].
9. Lavery L.A., Armstrong D.G., Peters E.J., et al. Probe-to-bone test for diagnosing diabetic foot osteomyelitis: reliable or relic?. Diabetes Care 2007, 30:270.
10. Mutluoglu M., Uzun G., Sildiroglu O., et al. Performance of the probe-to-bone test in a population suspected of having osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetes. JAMA 2012, 102(5):369-373.
11. Jeffcoate W.J., Lipsky B.A. Controversies in diagnosing and managing osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetes. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 39(Suppl 2):S115.
12. Palestro C.J., Love C. Nuclear medicine and diabetic foot infections. Semin Nucl Med 2009, 39(1):52-65.
13. Nawaz A., Torigian D.A., Siegelman E.S., et al. Diagnostic performance of FDG-PET, MRI, and plain film radiography (PFR) for the diagnosis of osteomyelitis in the diabetic foot. Mol Imaging Biol 2010, 12(3):335-342.
14. Meyr A.J., Singh S., Zhang X. Statistical reliability of bone biopsy for the diagnosis of diabetic foot osteomyelitis. J Foot Ankle Surg 2011, 50(6):663-667. Epub 2011 Sep 9. PMID:21907594. 10.1053/j.jfas.2011.08.005.
15. Lipsky B.A. Bone of contention: diagnosing the diabetic foot osteomyelitis. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 47(4):528-530.
16. Frykberg R.G. Team approach toward lower extremity amputation prevention in diabetes. JAm Podiatr Med Assoc 1997, 87:305-312.
17. Sumpio B.E., Aruny J., Blume P.A. The multidisciplinary approach to limb salvage. Acta Chir Belg 2004, 104:647-653.
18. Goldman F.G. Deep space infections in the diabetic patients. JAm Podiatr Med Assoc 1987, 77:431-443.
19. Van Baal J.G. Surgical treatment of the infected diabetic foot. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 39(Suppl 2):S123-S128.
20. Lee B.Y., Guerra V.J., Civelek B. Compartment syndrome in the diabetic foot. Adv Wound Care 1995, 3:36-46.
21. Rauwerda J.A. Foot debridement: anatomic knowledge is mandatory. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2000, 16(Suppl 1):S23-S26.
22. Aragon-Sanchez J., Lazaro-Martinez J.L., Pulido-Duque J., et al. From the diabetic foot ulcer and beyond: how do foot infections spread in patients with diabetes?. Diabet Foot Ankle 2012, 10.3402/dfa.v3i0.18693.
23. Taylor G.I., Minabe T. The angiosomes of mammals and other vertebrates. Plast Reconstr Surg 1992, 89(2):181-215.
24. Taylor G.I., Pan W.R. Angiosomes of the leg: anatomic study and clinical implications. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998, 102(3):599-616.
25. Attinger C.E., Evans K.K., Bulan E., et al. Angiosomes of the foot and ankle and clinical implications for limb salvage: reconstruction, incisions, and revascularization. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006, 117(Suppl 7):S261-S293.
26. Menzoian J.O., LaMorte W.W., Paniszyn C.C., et al. Symptomatology and anatomic patterns of peripheral vascular disease: differing impact of smoking and diabetes. Ann Vasc Surg 1989, 3:224-228.
27. Hobizal K.B., Wukich D.K. Diabetic foot infections: current concepts review. Diabet Foot Ankle 2012, 10.3402/dfa.v3i0.18754.
28. Chakraborti C., Le C., Yanofsky A. Sensitivity of superficial cultures in lower extremity wounds. JHosp Med 2010, 5:415-420.
29. Lipsky B.A. Osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetic patients. Clin Infect Dis 1997, 25:1318-1326.
30. Lipsky B.A. Areport from the international consensus on diagnosing and treating the infected diabetic foot. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2004, 20:568-577.
31. Levin L.S. The reconstructive ladder. An orthoplastic approach. Orthop Clin North Am 1993, 24(3):393-409.
32. Gottlieb L.J., Krieger L.M. From the reconstructive ladder to the reconstructive elevator. Plast Reconstr Surg 1994, 93(7):1503-1504.
33. Janis J.E., Kwon R.K., Attinger C.E. The new reconstructive ladder. Modifications to the traditional model. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011, 127:205S-212S.
34. Capobianco C.M., Stapleton J.J., Zgonis T. Soft tissue reconstruction pyramid in the diabetic foot. Foot Ankle Spec 2010, 3(5):241-248.
35. Zgonis T., Stapleton J.J., Roukis T.S. Advanced plastic surgery techniques for soft tissue coverage of the diabetic foot. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2007, 24(3):547-568.
36. Pinzur M.A., Sage R., Abraham M., et al. Limb salvage in infected lower extremity gangrene. Foot Ankle 1988, 8(4):212-215.
37. Scher K.S., Steele F.J. The septic foot in patients with diabetes. Surgery 1988, 104(4):661-666.
38. Donato M.C., Novicki D.C., Blume P.A. Skin grafting: historic and practical approaches. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2000, 17(4):561-598.
39. Roukis T.S., Zgonis T. Skin grafting techniques for soft-tissue coverage of diabetic foot and ankle wounds. JWound Care 2005, 14(4):173-176.
40. Llanos S., Danilla S., Barraza C., et al. Effectiveness of negative-pressure closure in the integration of split thickness skin grafts: a randomized, double-masked, controlled trial. Ann Surg 2006, 244(5):700-705.
41. Nakayama Y., Iino T., Soeda S. Anew method for the dressing of free skin grafts. Plast Reconstr Surg 1990, 86(6):1216-1219.
42. Attinger C.E., Ducic I., Zelen C. The use of local muscle flaps in foot and ankle reconstruction. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2000, 17(4):681-711.
43. Attinger C.E., Ducic I., Cooper P., et al. The role of intrinsic muscle flaps of the foot for bone coverage in foot and ankle defects in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002, 110(4):1047-1054.
44. Baumeister S.P., Spierer R., Erdmann D., et al. Arealistic complication analysis of 70 sural artery flaps in a multimorbid patient group. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003, 112(1):129-140.
45. Noack N., Hartmann B., Kuntscher M.V. Measures to prevent complications of distally based neurovascular sural flaps. Ann Plast Surg 2006, 57(1):37-40.
46. Tosun Z., Ozkan A., Karacor Z., et al. Delaying the reverse sural flap provides predictable results for complicated wounds in diabetic foot. Ann Plast Surg 2005, 54(5):562-565.
47. Buchholz H., Engelbrecht H. Uber die depotwirkung eineger antibiotica bei vermischung mit dem kunstharz palacos. Chirurg 1970, 41(11):511-515.
48. Roeder B., Van Gils C.C., Maling S. Antibiotic beads in the treatment of diabetic pedal osteomyelitis. JFoot Ankle Surg 2000, 39(2):124-130.
49. Klemm K. Antibiotic bead chains. Clin Orthop 1993, (295):63-76.
50. Fish D., Hoffman H., Danzinger L. Antibiotic-impregnated cement use in U.S. hospitals. Am J Hosp Pharm 1992, 49:2469-2474.
51. Nelson C.L., Hiddman S.G., Harrison B.H. Orthopedic infections: elution characteristics of gentamicin-PMMA beads after implantation in humans. Orthopedics 1994, 17(5):415-416.
52. Henry S.I., Hood G.A., Seligson D. Long-term implantation of gentamicin-polymethylmethacrylate antibiotic beads. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1993, (295):47-53.
53. Hanssen A.D. Local antibiotic delivery vehicles in the treatment of musculoskeletal infection. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2005, (437):91-96.
54. DeSilva G.L., Fritzler A., DeSilva S.P. Antibiotic-impregnated cement spacer for bone defects of the forearm and hand. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg 2007, 11(2):163-167.
55. Schade V.L., Roukis T.S. The role of polymethylmethacrylate antibiotic-loaded cement in addition to debridement for the treatment of soft tissue and osseous infections of the foot and ankle. JFoot Ankle Surg 2010, 49:55-62.
56. Calhoun J.H., Klemm K., Anger D.M., et al. Use of antibiotic-PMMA beads in the ischemic foot. Orthopedics 1994, 17(5):453-457.
57. Fabian G.K., deVries G., Meakin C., et al. Outcome of transmetatarsal amputations in diabetes using antibiotic beads. Foot Ankle Int 2009, 30(6):486-493.
58. Vardakas K.Z., Horianopoulou M., Falagas M.E. Factors associated with treatment failure in patients with diabetic foot infections: an analysis of data from randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008, 80:344-351.
59. Pittet D., Wyssa B., Herter-Clavel C., et al. Outcome of diabetic foot infections treated conservatively: a retrospective cohort study with long-term follow-up. Arch Intern Med 1999, 159:851-856.
60. Mutluoglu M., Sivrioglu A.K., Eroglu M., et al. The implications of the presence of osteomyelitis on outcomes of infected diabetic foot wounds. Scand J Infect Dis 2013, 45(7):497-503.
61. Oh T.S., Lee H.S., Hong J.P. Diabetic foot reconstruction using free flaps increases 5-year-survival rate. JPlast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2013, 66(2):243-250.
62. Kadukammakal J., Yau S., Urbas W. Assessment of partial first-ray resections and their tendency to progress to transmetatarsal amputations: a retrospective study. JAm Podiatr Med Assoc 2012, 102(5):412-416.
63. National diabetes fact sheet, 2011 2011, US Department of Health and Human Services. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (GA).
64. Borkosky S.L., Roukis T.S. Incidence of re-amputation following partial first ray amputation associated with diabetes mellitus and peripheral sensory neuropathy: a systematic review. Diabet Foot Ankle 2012, 10.3402/dfa.v3i0.12169.
65. Pascale R., Vitale M., Esposito S., et al. Update on diabetic foot infections. Infez Med 2012, 20(3):155-168.
66. Widatalla A.H., Mahadi S.E., Shawer M.A., et al. Diabetic foot infections with osteomyelitis: efficacy of combined surgical and medical treatment. Diabet Foot Ankle 2012, 10.3402/dfa.v3i0.18809.
67. Faglia E., Clerici G., Caminiti M., et al. Feasibility and effectiveness of internal pedal amputation of phalanx or metatarsal head in diabetic patients with forefoot osteomyelitis. JFoot Ankle Surg 2012, 51(5):593-598.
68. Aragon-Sanchez J., Lazaro-Martinez J.L., Hernandez-Herrero C., et al. Does osteomyelitis in the feet of patients with diabetes really recur after surgical treatment? Natural history of a surgical series. Diabet Med 2012, 29(6):813-818.