Application of data fusion in human health risk assessment for hydrocarbon mixtures on contaminated sites

Toxicology

Volumn 313, Issue 2-3, 2013, Pages 160-173

  Dyck, Roberta ^a   Islam, M Shafiqul ^a   Zargar, Amin ^a   Mohapatra, Asish ^b   Sadiq, Rehan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b HEALTH CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Contaminated sites; Data fusion; Dempster Shafer theory; Human health risk assessment; Petroleum hydrocarbons

Indexed keywords

2 METHYLHEXANE; 2,5 DIMETHYLHEXANE; 3 METHYLPENTANE; 3,4 DIMETHYLHEXANE; CYCLOHEXANE; DECANE; GASOLINE; HEPTANE; HEXANE; ISOHEXANE; NONANE; PENTANE; PETROLEUM DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; DRUG MIXTURE; HYDROCARBON; POLLUTANT;

ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK; BAYESIAN LEARNING; BLOOD TOXICITY; CONTAMINATION; DEMPSTER SHAFER THEORY; FUZZY SYSTEM; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; LIVER GRANULOMA; LIVER TOXICITY; MACHINE LEARNING; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROTOXICITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; TANK; CHEMISTRY; DRUG MIXTURE; POLLUTANT; PROCEDURES; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; THEORETICAL MODEL; TOXICITY; CONTAMINATED SITES; DATA FUSION; DEMPSTER-SHAFER THEORY; HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT; METHODOLOGY; PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS; STATISTICS;

COMPLEX MIXTURES; DATA INTERPRETATION, STATISTICAL; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; HUMANS; HYDROCARBONS; MODELS, THEORETICAL; RISK ASSESSMENT;

CONTAMINATED SITES; DATA FUSION; DEMPSTER-SHAFER THEORY; HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT; PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS;

EID: 84888227708     PISSN: 0300483X     EISSN: 18793185     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.11.010     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Aerts S., Lambrechts D., Maity S., Van Loo P., Coessens B., De Smet F., Tranchevant L.C., De Moor B., Marynen P., Hassan B., Carmeliet P., Moreau Y. Gene prioritization through genomic data fusion. Nat. Biotechnol. 2006, 24(5):537-544.
2. API (American Petroleum Institute), 1982. Med. Res. Pub. 32-30226, October.
3. API (American Petroleum Institute), 1983. Med. Res. Pub. 30-32846.
4. ATSDR Toxicological Profile for Gasoline 1995, US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
5. ATSDR Toxicological Profiles for Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) 1999, US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
6. Bahima J., Menendez-Gallego M. Identification of volatile metabolites of inhaled n-heptane in rat urine. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1984, 76(3):473-482.
7. Banks D., Datta G., Karr A., Lynch J., Niemi J., Vera F. Bayesian CAR models for syndromic surveillance on multiple data streams: theory and practice. Inform. Fusion 2012, 13(2):105-116.
8. Barron-Adame J.M., Cortina-Januchs M.G., Vega-Corona A., Andina D., Martinez-Echevarria J.I.S. Data fusion and neural network combination method for air pollution level monitoring. 7th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics, 2009 (INDIN 2009) 2009.
9. Biodynamics Inc., 1978. 26 Week Inhalation Toxicity Study of n-Hexane in the Rat. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC. EPA -FYI-AX-1081-0137.
10. Boström, H., Andler, S.F., Brohede, M., Johansson, R., Karlsson, A., van Laere, J., Niklasson, L., Nilsson, M., Persson, A., Ziemke, T., 2007. On the definition of information fusion as a field of research. School of Humanities and Informatics Available from:. http://his.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2%3A2391/FULLTEXT01.
11. Burkom H.S., Ramac-Thomas L., Babin S., Holtry R., Mnatsakanyan Z., Yund C. An integrated approach for fusion of environmental and human health data for disease surveillance. Stat. Med. 2011, 30:470-479.
12. Bus J.S., White E.L., Tyl R.W., Barrow C.S. Perinatal toxicity and metabolism of nhexane in Fischer-344 rats after inhalation exposure during gestation. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1979, 51(2):295-302.
13. Carpenter C.P., Geary D.L., Myers R.C., Nachreiner D.J., Sullivan L.J., King J.M. Petroleum hydrocarbon toxicity studies XVII: animal response to n-nonane vapor. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1978, 44(1):53-62.
14. Cavender F., Casey H., Salem H., Graham D., Swenberg J., Gralla E. A 13-week vapor inhalation study of n-hexane in rats with emphasis on neurotoxic effects. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1984, 4(2):191-201.
15. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME), 2005. Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) Advisory Sub Group, 2005 Review of Canada-Wide Standards for Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soil: Report of the Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) Advisory Sub Group.
16. CCME, 2008. Canada-Wide Standard for Petroleum Hydrocarbons (PHC) in Soil: Scientific Rationale Supporting Technical Document. January 2008 PN 1399. ISBN: 978-1-896997-77-3.
17. Criteria Group for Occupational Standards Scientific Basis for Swedish Occupational Standards IV 1983, Natl. Board Occupational Safety and Health, Sweden, pp. 161-169.
18. Dasarathy B.V. Sensor fusion potential exploitation - innovative architectures and illustrative applications. Proc. IEEE 1997, 85:24-33.
19. Démotier S., Schön W., Denoeux T. Risk assessment based on weak information using belief functions: a case study in water treatment. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part C 2006, 36(3):382-396.
20. Dempster A.P. Upper and lower probabilities induced by a multivalued mapping. Ann. Math. Stat. 1967, 38(2):325-339.
21. Dunnick J., Graham D., Yang R., Haber S., Brown H. Thirteen-week toxicity study of n-hexane in B6C3F1 mice after inhalation exposure. Toxicology 1989, 57(2):163-172.
22. Edwards D.A., Androit M.D., Amoruso M.A., Tummey A.C., Bevan C.J., Tveit A., Hayes L.A., Yongren S.H., Nakles D.V. Development of Fraction Specific Reference Doses (RfDs) and Reference Concentrations (RfCs) for Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH). Volume 4 of the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Criteria Working Group Series 1997, Amherst Scientific Publishers, Amherst, MA.
23. Egan G., Spencer P., Schaumburg H., Murray K.J., Bischoff M., Scala R. n-Hexane-free hexane mixture fails to produce nervous system damage. Neurotoxicology 1980, 1:515-524.
24. Equilibrium Environmental Inc., GlobalTox Toxicology Focused Solutions and Wilson Scientific Consulting Inc., 2005. Evaluation of issues related to the development of updated petroleum hydrocarbon constituent toxicity reference values and development of an updated toxicity reference value for C6-C10 aliphatic hydrocarbons.
25. Esteban J., Starr A., Willetts R., Hannah P., Bryanston-Cross P. A Review of data fusion models and architectures: towards engineering guidelines. Neural Comput. Appl. 2005, 14:273-281.
26. Ferson, S., Kreinovich, V., Ginzburg, L., Myers, D.S., Sentz, K., 2003. Constructing probability boxes and Dempster-Shafer structures. Sandia Report SAND2002-4015.
27. Frontali N., Amantaini M.C., Spagnolo A., Guarcini A.M., Saltari M.C., Brugnone F., Perbellini L. Experimental neurotoxicity and urinary metabolites of the C5-C7 aliphatic hydrocarbons used as glue solvents in shoe manufacture. Clin. Toxicol. 1981, 18(12):1357-1367.
28. Galvin J., Bond G. 2-Methylpentane(isohexane), CAS#107-83-5. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 1999, 58(1-2):81-92.
29. Galvin J., Bond G. 3-methylpentane (isohexane) CAS#96-14-0. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 1999, 58(1-2):93-102.
30. Health Canada Federal Contaminated Site Risk Assessment in Canada: Part VIII: Guidance for Soil Vapour Intrusion Assessment at Contaminated Sites, Draft 2008, Health Canada, Contaminated Sites Division, Safe Environments Programme, Ottawa, ON.
31. Health Canada Federal Contaminated Site Risk Assessment in Canada, Part V: Guidance on Complex Human Health Detailed Quantitative Risk Assessment for Chemicals (DQRACHEM), Version 1.0, Draft 2010, Health Canada, Contaminated Sites Division, Safe Environments Programme, Ottawa, ON.
32. Health Canada, 2010b. Environmental and Workplace Health-Contaminated Sites, Available from: (visited 13.07.10). http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/contamsite/index-eng.php.
33. Hers I. Recent developments for assessment and management of soil vapour intrusion, Dr. Ian Hers, GolderAssociates Ltd. Vancouver, BC. MEIA 2nd Annual Remediation & Prevention Conference 2010.
34. Howd R., Bingham L., Steeger T., Rebert C., Pryor G. Relation between schedules of exposure to hexane and plasma levels of 2,5-hexanedione. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol. 1982, 4(1):87-91.
35. Huang C., Kato K., Shibata E., Sugimura K., Hisanaga N., Ono Y., Takeuchi Y. Effects of chronic n-hexane exposure on nervous system-specific and muscle-specific proteins. Arch. Toxicol. 1989, 63(5):381-385.
36. Huang J., Shibata E., Kato K., Asaeda N., Takeuchi Y. Chronic exposure to n-hexane induces changes in nerve-specific marker proteins in the distal peripheral nerve of the rat. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 1992, 11:323-327.
37. Ichihara G., Saito I., Kamijima M., Yu X., Shibata E., Toida M., Takeuchi Y. Urinary 2,5-hexanedione increases with potentiation of neurotoxicity in chronic coexposure to n-hexane and methyl ethyl ketone. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 1998, 71(2):100-104.
38. IRDC, 1992. 6-Month continuous inhalation exposures of rats to hexane mixtures - Phase 1.
39. Johnson P.C., Ettinger R.A. Heuristic model for predicting the intrusion rate of contaminant vapors into buildings. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1991, 25(8):1445-1452.
40. Johnson K., Minor C., Guthrie V., Rose-Pehrsson S.L. Intelligent data fusion for wide-area assessment of UXO contamination. Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess. 2009, 23(2):237-252.
41. Lanckriet G.R.G., Deng M., Cristianini N., Jordan M.I., Noble W.S. Kernel-based data fusion and its application to protein function prediction in yeast. Proceedings of the Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing 2004, 300-311.
42. Khan A.S., Fleischauer A., Casani J., Groseciose S.L. The next public health revolution: public health information fusion and social networks. Am. J. Public Health 2010, 100(7):1237-1242.
43. Litton Bionetics, 1979. Teratology Study in Rats n-Hexane. Unpublished Study Prepared for American Petroleum Institute. Kensington, MD.
44. Llinas, J., Bowman, C., Rogova, G., Steinberg, A., 2004. Revisiting the JDL data fusion model II. In: Svensson, P., Schubert, J. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION 2004).
45. Lungarella G., Barni-Comparini I., Fonzi L. Pulmonary changes induced in rabbits by longterm exposure to n-hexane. Arch. Toxicol. 1984, 55(4):224-228.
46. MacEwen, J.D., Vernot, E.H., 1985. Chronic inhalation exposure of experimental animals to methylcyclohexane. Toxic Hazards Research Unit Annual Technical Report, AAMRL-TR-85-058, pp. 33-45.
47. Malley L.A., Bamberger J.R., Stadler J.C., Elliot G.S., Hansen J.F., Chiu T., Grabowski J.S., Pavkov K.L. Subchronic toxicity of cylcohexane in rats and mice by inhalation exposure. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 2000, 23(4):539-553.
48. Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MADEP), 2003. Updated Petroleum Hydrocarbon Fraction Toxicity Values for the VPH/EPH/APH Methodology. Prepared by: Office of Research and Standards, Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection. Boston, MA.
49. Mast, T.J., Decker, J.R., Clark, M.L., Rossignol, E., Westerberg, R.B., McCulloch, M., et al., 1987. Inhalation developmental toxicology studies: teratology study of n-hexane in rats. Report No. NIH-YO1-ES-70153. Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA.
50. Mast, T.J., Decker, J.R., Stoney, K.H., Westerberg, R.B., Evanoff, J.J., Rommereim, R.L., Weigel, R.J., 1988. Inhalation developmental toxicology studies: teratology study of n-hexane in mice. Report No. NIH-Y01-ES-70153. Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA.
51. National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Science and Decisions: Advancing Risk Assessment 2009, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
52. National Toxicology Program (NTP), 1991. Report on the Toxicity Studies of n-Hexane in B6C3F1 Mice. Research Triangle Park, NC.
53. Olson C.T., Yu K.O., Hobson D.W., Serve M.P. The metabolism of n-octane in Fischer 344 rats. Toxicol. Lett. 1986, 31(2):147-150.
54. Ono Y., Takeuchi Y., Hisanaga N. A comparative study on the toxicity of n-hexane and its isomers on the peripheral nerve. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 1981, 48(3):289-294.
55. Ono Y., Takeuchi Y., Hisanaga N., Iwata M. Neurotoxicity of petroleum benzene compared with n-hexane. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 1982, 50:219-229.
56. Palisade Corporation, 2010. @RISK for Excel, Risk Analysis Add-in for Microsoft Excel, Version 5.5.1: Industrial Edition.
57. Park I.S., Park J.W. A novel total petroleum hydrocarbon fractionation strategy for human health risk assessment for petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated site management. J. Hazard. Mater. 2010, 179:1128-1135.
58. Parnell M., Henningsen G., Hixson C., Yu K., McDonald G., Serve M. The metabolism of methylcyclohexane in Fischer 344 rats. Chemosphere 1988, 17(7):1321-1327.
59. Perbellini L., Brugnone F., Cocheo V., De Rosa E., Bartolucci G. Identification of the n-heptane metabolites in rat and human urine. Arch. Toxicol. 1986, 58(4):229-234.
60. Ping J., Chen B., Husain T. Risk assessment of ambient air quality by stochastic-based fuzzy approaches. Environ. Eng. Sci. 2010, 27(3):233-246.
61. Pryor G., Bingham L., Dickinson J., Robert C., Howd R. Importance of schedule of exposure to hexane in causing neuropathy. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol. 1982, 4:71-78.
62. Rabovsky J., Judy D., Pailes W. In vitro effects of straight chain alkanes (n-hexane through n-dodecane) on rat liver and lung cytochrome P450. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1986, 18:409-421.
63. Sadiq R., Rodriguez M.J. Predicting water quality in the distribution system using evidential theory. Chemosphere 2005, 59(2):177-188.
64. Sadiq R., Najjaran H., Kleiner Y. Investigating evidential reasoning for the interpretation of microbial water quality in a distribution network. Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess. 2006, 21(1):63-73.
65. Sadiq R., Islam M.S., Zargar A., Dyck R. Risk Assessment Framework for Contaminated Sites: A Critical Review and Potential Applications of Data Fusion Methods 2011, Health Canada, Calgary, AB, p. 121.
66. Sanz P., Flores I., Soriano T., Repetto G., Repetto M. In vitro quantitative structure-activity relationship assessment of pyrrole adducts production by gamma-diketone forming neurotoxic solvents. Toxicol. In Vitro 1995, 9(5):783-787.
67. Satpathy S., Mohapatra A. A data fusion based digital investigation model as an effective forensic tool in the risk assessment and management of cyber security systems. The 6th International Conference on Cybernetics and Information Technologies, Systems and Applications: CITSA 2009 2009.
68. Sayre L., Shearson C., Wongmongkolrit T., Medori R., Gambetti P. Structural basis of gamma-diketone neurotoxicity: non-neurotoxicity of 3,3-dimethyl-2,5-hexanedione, a gamma-diketone incapable of pyrrole formation. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1986, 84:36-44.
69. Schmitt, K., 2006. Combining information in human health risk assessment. Available from: (visited 07.09.10). http://gradworks.umi.com/32/02/3202383.html.
70. Sentz, K., Ferson, S., 2002. Combination of evidence in Dempster-Shafer theory. Sandia Report SAND2002-2835.
71. Serve M.P., Bombick D., Roberts J., McDonald G., Mattie D., Yu K. The metabolism of 2,5-dimethylhexane in male Fischer 344 rats. Chemosphere 1991, 22(1-2):77-84.
72. Serve M.P., Bombick D.D., Clemens J.M., McDonald G.A., Mattie D.R. The metabolism of 2-methylheptane in male Fischer 344 rats. Chemosphere 1992, 24(5):517-524.
73. Serve M.P., Bombick D.D., Clemens J.M., Mcdonald G.A., Hixson C.J., Mattie D.R. The metabolism of 3-methylheptane in male Fischer rats. Chemosphere 1993, 26(9):1667-1677.
74. Serve M.P., Bombick D.D., Clemens J.M., Rezek T.M., Mcdonald G.A., Mattie D.R. The metabolism of 4-methylheptane in male Fischer 344 rats. Chemosphere 1994, 28(9):1571-1579.
75. Serve M.P., Bombick D., Baughman T., Jarnot B., Ketcha M., Mattie D. The metabolism of n-nonane in male Fischer 3-44 rats. Chemosphere 1995, 31(2):2661-2668.
76. Sevigny J.H., Tindal M.J., Robins G.L., Staudt W., Servin L. Importance of different volatile petroleum hydrocarbon fractions in human health risk assessment. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 2003, 9(4):987-1001.
77. Steinberg, A., Bowman, C., White, F., 1999. Revisions to the JDL data fusion model. Available from:. http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai%3Fverb=getRecord%26metadataPrefix=html%26identifier=ADA391479.
78. Steinberg, A., Bowman, C., 2004. Rethinking the JDL data fusion levels, NSSDF JHAPL. Available from: (visited 07.09.10). http://scholar.google.com/scholar%3Fhl=en%26btnG=Search%26q=intitle%3ARethinking+the+JDL+data+fusion+levels%230.
79. Takeuchi Y., Ono Y., Hisanaga N. A comparative study of the toxicity of npentane, n-hexane, and n-heptane to the peripheral nerve of the rat. Clin. Toxicol. 1981, 18(12):1395-1402.
80. United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) Supplementary Guidance for Conducting Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures, EPA/630/R-00/002 2000, Risk Assessment Forum Technical Panel, Washington, DC.
81. US EPA, 2012. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Available from: (accessed 28.03.12). http://www.epa.gov/iris/help_gloss.htm.
82. Valentini F., Agnesi R., Vecchio L.D., Bartolucci G., De Rosa E. Does n-heptane cause peripheral neurotoxicity? A case report in a shoemaker. Occup. Med. 1994, 44(2):102-104.
83. Wilson Scientific Consulting Inc. and Meridian Environmental Inc., 2007. Review of the irritancy of C6-C8 aliphatics. No. H4002-040953/001/XSB, C6-C8 Aliphatics HECS-SEP-BC 06/07-35.
84. Yager R.R. On the Dempster-Shafer framework and new combination rules-1. Inform. Sci. 1987, 41(2):93-137.
85. Yuasa J., Kishi R., Eguchi T., Harabuchi I., Kawai T., Ikeda M., Sugimoto R., Matsumoto H., Miyake H. Investigation on neurotoxicity of occupational exposure to cyclohexane: a neurophysiological study. Occup. Environ. Med. 1996, 53(3):174-179.
86. Zargar, A., Dyck, R., Islam, M.S., Mohapatra, A., Sadiq, R., 2012. Data fusion methods for human health risk assessment: review and application. J. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess., in press.
87. Zhang Y., Collins L., Carin L. Unexploded ordnance detection using Bayesian physics-based data fusion. Integr. Comput. Aided Eng. 2003, 10(3):231-247.