메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 40, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 125-143

Gout and the Heart

Author keywords

Coronary; Gout; Mortality; Risk cardiovascular; Uric acid

Indexed keywords

ALLOPURINOL; COLCHICINE; PLACEBO; PROBENECID; URIC ACID;

EID: 84888179287     PISSN: 0889857X     EISSN: 15583163     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2013.10.004     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (14)

References (54)
  • 1
    • 0026592267 scopus 로고
    • Two independent mutational events in the loss of urate oxidase during hominoid evolution
    • Wu X., Muzny D.M., Lee C.C., et al. Two independent mutational events in the loss of urate oxidase during hominoid evolution. JMol Evol 1992, 34(1):78-84.
    • (1992) JMol Evol , vol.34 , Issue.1 , pp. 78-84
    • Wu, X.1    Muzny, D.M.2    Lee, C.C.3
  • 2
    • 0019787519 scopus 로고
    • Uric acid provides an antioxidant defense in humans against oxidant-and radical-caused aging and cancer: a hypothesis
    • Ames B.N., Cathcart R., Schwiers E., et al. Uric acid provides an antioxidant defense in humans against oxidant-and radical-caused aging and cancer: a hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981, 78(11):6858-6862.
    • (1981) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.78 , Issue.11 , pp. 6858-6862
    • Ames, B.N.1    Cathcart, R.2    Schwiers, E.3
  • 3
    • 33747043614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gout and the risk of acute myocardial infarction
    • Krishnan E., Baker J.F., Furst D.E., et al. Gout and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. Arthritis Rheum 2006, 54(8):2688-2696.
    • (2006) Arthritis Rheum , vol.54 , Issue.8 , pp. 2688-2696
    • Krishnan, E.1    Baker, J.F.2    Furst, D.E.3
  • 5
    • 80053497428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2008
    • Zhu Y., Pandya B.J., Choi H.K. Prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2008. Arthritis Rheum 2011, 63(10):3136-3141.
    • (2011) Arthritis Rheum , vol.63 , Issue.10 , pp. 3136-3141
    • Zhu, Y.1    Pandya, B.J.2    Choi, H.K.3
  • 6
    • 77950538946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of gout in women: fifty-two-year followup of a prospective cohort
    • Bhole V., de Vera M., Rahman M.M., et al. Epidemiology of gout in women: fifty-two-year followup of a prospective cohort. Arthritis Rheum 2010, 62(4):1069-1076.
    • (2010) Arthritis Rheum , vol.62 , Issue.4 , pp. 1069-1076
    • Bhole, V.1    de Vera, M.2    Rahman, M.M.3
  • 9
    • 0002427349 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological background and design: the Framingham Study. Proceedings of the American Statistical Association sesquicentennial invited paper sessions
    • D'Agostino RB, Kannel WB. Epidemiological background and design: the Framingham Study. Proceedings of the American Statistical Association sesquicentennial invited paper sessions. 1989. p. 707-18.
    • (1989) , pp. 707-718
    • D'Agostino, R.B.1    Kannel, W.B.2
  • 10
    • 0023839830 scopus 로고
    • Gout and coronary heart disease: the Framingham Study
    • Abbott R.D., Brand F.N., Kannel W.B., et al. Gout and coronary heart disease: the Framingham Study. JClin Epidemiol 1988, 41(3):237-242.
    • (1988) JClin Epidemiol , vol.41 , Issue.3 , pp. 237-242
    • Abbott, R.D.1    Brand, F.N.2    Kannel, W.B.3
  • 11
    • 0019207608 scopus 로고
    • Changing trends of mortality in gout
    • Elsevier
    • Yü T.A., Talbott J.H. Changing trends of mortality in gout. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1980, 10(1):1-9. Elsevier.
    • (1980) Semin Arthritis Rheum , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-9
    • Yü, T.A.1    Talbott, J.H.2
  • 12
    • 0019804111 scopus 로고
    • Aretrospective study on the cause of death, in Japan, of patients with gout
    • Nishioka K., Mikanagi K. Aretrospective study on the cause of death, in Japan, of patients with gout. Ryumachi 1981, 21:29.
    • (1981) Ryumachi , vol.21 , pp. 29
    • Nishioka, K.1    Mikanagi, K.2
  • 13
    • 33947615191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severity of gouty arthritis is associated with Q-wave myocardial infarction: a large-scale, cross-sectional study
    • Chen S.Y., Chen C.L., Shen M.L. Severity of gouty arthritis is associated with Q-wave myocardial infarction: a large-scale, cross-sectional study. Clin Rheumatol 2007, 26(3):308-313.
    • (2007) Clin Rheumatol , vol.26 , Issue.3 , pp. 308-313
    • Chen, S.Y.1    Chen, C.L.2    Shen, M.L.3
  • 14
    • 84879029589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperuricaemia and gout in New Zealand rural and urban Māori and non-Māori communities
    • Stamp L.K., Wells J.E., Pitama S., et al. Hyperuricaemia and gout in New Zealand rural and urban Māori and non-Māori communities. Intern Med J 2013, 43(6):678-684.
    • (2013) Intern Med J , vol.43 , Issue.6 , pp. 678-684
    • Stamp, L.K.1    Wells, J.E.2    Pitama, S.3
  • 15
    • 85044692891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gout, diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the Aotearoa New Zealand adult population: co-prevalence and implications for clinical practice
    • Winnard D., Wright C., Jackson G., et al. Gout, diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the Aotearoa New Zealand adult population: co-prevalence and implications for clinical practice. NZ Med J 2011, 126(1368):53-64.
    • (2011) NZ Med J , vol.126 , Issue.1368 , pp. 53-64
    • Winnard, D.1    Wright, C.2    Jackson, G.3
  • 16
    • 0017072522 scopus 로고
    • Occurrence of gout in Copenhagen males aged 40-59
    • De Muckadell O.B., Gyntelberg F. Occurrence of gout in Copenhagen males aged 40-59. Int J Epidemiol 1976, 5(2):153-158.
    • (1976) Int J Epidemiol , vol.5 , Issue.2 , pp. 153-158
    • De Muckadell, O.B.1    Gyntelberg, F.2
  • 17
    • 0030757184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gout and risk for subsequent coronary heart disease: the Meharry-Hopkins study
    • Gelber A.C., Klag M.J., Mead L.A., et al. Gout and risk for subsequent coronary heart disease: the Meharry-Hopkins study. Arch Intern Med 1997, 157(13):1436.
    • (1997) Arch Intern Med , vol.157 , Issue.13 , pp. 1436
    • Gelber, A.C.1    Klag, M.J.2    Mead, L.A.3
  • 18
    • 44349151051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term cardiovascular mortality among middle-aged men with gout
    • Krishnan E., Svendsen K., Neaton J.D., et al. Long-term cardiovascular mortality among middle-aged men with gout. Arch Intern Med 2008, 168(10):1104.
    • (2008) Arch Intern Med , vol.168 , Issue.10 , pp. 1104
    • Krishnan, E.1    Svendsen, K.2    Neaton, J.D.3
  • 19
    • 34548142983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Independent impact of gout on mortality and risk for coronary heart disease
    • Choi H.K., Curhan G. Independent impact of gout on mortality and risk for coronary heart disease. Circulation 2007, 116(8):894-900.
    • (2007) Circulation , vol.116 , Issue.8 , pp. 894-900
    • Choi, H.K.1    Curhan, G.2
  • 20
    • 77953690414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Independent impact of gout on the risk of acute myocardial infarction among elderly women: a population-based study
    • De Vera M.A., Rahman M.M., Bhole V., et al. Independent impact of gout on the risk of acute myocardial infarction among elderly women: a population-based study. Ann Rheum Dis 2010, 69(6):1162-1164.
    • (2010) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.69 , Issue.6 , pp. 1162-1164
    • De Vera, M.A.1    Rahman, M.M.2    Bhole, V.3
  • 21
    • 84860918911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality due to coronary heart disease and kidney disease among middle-aged and elderly men and women with gout in the Singapore Chinese Health Study
    • Teng G.G., Ang L.W., Saag K.G., et al. Mortality due to coronary heart disease and kidney disease among middle-aged and elderly men and women with gout in the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Ann Rheum Dis 2012, 71(6):924-928.
    • (2012) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.71 , Issue.6 , pp. 924-928
    • Teng, G.G.1    Ang, L.W.2    Saag, K.G.3
  • 22
    • 77953479639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gout: an independent risk factor for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality
    • Kuo C.F., See L.C., Luo S.F., et al. Gout: an independent risk factor for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Rheumatology 2010, 49(1):141-146.
    • (2010) Rheumatology , vol.49 , Issue.1 , pp. 141-146
    • Kuo, C.F.1    See, L.C.2    Luo, S.F.3
  • 23
    • 84869219070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gout and subsequent increased risk of cardiovascular mortality in non-diabetics aged 50 and above: a population-based cohort study in Taiwan
    • Kok V.C., Horng J.T., Lin H.L., et al. Gout and subsequent increased risk of cardiovascular mortality in non-diabetics aged 50 and above: a population-based cohort study in Taiwan. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2012, 12(1):108.
    • (2012) BMC Cardiovasc Disord , vol.12 , Issue.1 , pp. 108
    • Kok, V.C.1    Horng, J.T.2    Lin, H.L.3
  • 24
    • 84880323787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Independent and conjoint associations of gout and hyperuricaemia with total and cardiovascular mortality
    • Stack A., Hanley A., Casserly L., et al. Independent and conjoint associations of gout and hyperuricaemia with total and cardiovascular mortality. QJM 2013, 106(7):647-658.
    • (2013) QJM , vol.106 , Issue.7 , pp. 647-658
    • Stack, A.1    Hanley, A.2    Casserly, L.3
  • 25
    • 77953663063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperuricemia and incident heart failure
    • Krishnan E. Hyperuricemia and incident heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 2009, 2(6):556-562.
    • (2009) Circ Heart Fail , vol.2 , Issue.6 , pp. 556-562
    • Krishnan, E.1
  • 26
    • 0037461111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uric acid and survival in chronic heart failure validation and application in metabolic, functional, and hemodynamic staging
    • Anker S.D., Doehner W., Rauchhaus M., et al. Uric acid and survival in chronic heart failure validation and application in metabolic, functional, and hemodynamic staging. Circulation 2003, 107(15):1991-1997.
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.107 , Issue.15 , pp. 1991-1997
    • Anker, S.D.1    Doehner, W.2    Rauchhaus, M.3
  • 27
    • 84862687850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comorbidities of gout and hyperuricemia in the US General Population: NHANES 2007-2008
    • Zhu Y., Pandya B.J., Choi H.K. Comorbidities of gout and hyperuricemia in the US General Population: NHANES 2007-2008. Am J Med 2012, 125(7):679-687.e1.
    • (2012) Am J Med , vol.125 , Issue.7
    • Zhu, Y.1    Pandya, B.J.2    Choi, H.K.3
  • 28
    • 84859098332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gout and the risk for incident heart failure and systolic dysfunction
    • Krishnan E. Gout and the risk for incident heart failure and systolic dysfunction. BMJ Open 2012, 2(1):e000282.
    • (2012) BMJ Open , vol.2 , Issue.1
    • Krishnan, E.1
  • 29
    • 0036180824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of allopurinol on mortality and hospitalisations in chronic heart failure: a retrospective cohort study
    • Struthers A., Donnan P., Lindsay P., et al. Effect of allopurinol on mortality and hospitalisations in chronic heart failure: a retrospective cohort study. Heart 2002, 87(3):229-234.
    • (2002) Heart , vol.87 , Issue.3 , pp. 229-234
    • Struthers, A.1    Donnan, P.2    Lindsay, P.3
  • 30
    • 77955442528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gout, allopurinol use, and heart failure outcomes
    • Thanassoulis G., Brophy J.M., Richard H., et al. Gout, allopurinol use, and heart failure outcomes. Arch Intern Med 2010, 170(15):1358.
    • (2010) Arch Intern Med , vol.170 , Issue.15 , pp. 1358
    • Thanassoulis, G.1    Brophy, J.M.2    Richard, H.3
  • 31
    • 0037047070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allopurinol improves endothelial dysfunction in chronic heart failure
    • Farquharson C.A., Butler R., Hill A., et al. Allopurinol improves endothelial dysfunction in chronic heart failure. Circulation 2002, 106(2):221-226.
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.106 , Issue.2 , pp. 221-226
    • Farquharson, C.A.1    Butler, R.2    Hill, A.3
  • 32
    • 33845447368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-dose allopurinol improves endothelial function by profoundly reducing vascular oxidative stress and not by lowering uric acid
    • George J., Carr E., Davies J., et al. High-dose allopurinol improves endothelial function by profoundly reducing vascular oxidative stress and not by lowering uric acid. Circulation 2006, 114(23):2508-2516.
    • (2006) Circulation , vol.114 , Issue.23 , pp. 2508-2516
    • George, J.1    Carr, E.2    Davies, J.3
  • 33
    • 77953615298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of high-dose allopurinol on exercise in patients with chronic stable angina: a randomised, placebo controlled crossover trial
    • Noman A., Ang D.S., Ogston S., et al. Effect of high-dose allopurinol on exercise in patients with chronic stable angina: a randomised, placebo controlled crossover trial. Lancet 2010, 375(9732):2161-2167.
    • (2010) Lancet , vol.375 , Issue.9732 , pp. 2161-2167
    • Noman, A.1    Ang, D.S.2    Ogston, S.3
  • 34
    • 77955729725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of allopurinol in chronic kidney disease progression and cardiovascular risk
    • Goicoechea M., de Vinuesa S.G., Verdalles U., et al. Effect of allopurinol in chronic kidney disease progression and cardiovascular risk. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010, 5(8):1388-1393.
    • (2010) Clin J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.5 , Issue.8 , pp. 1388-1393
    • Goicoechea, M.1    de Vinuesa, S.G.2    Verdalles, U.3
  • 35
    • 84872678868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-dose colchicine for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease
    • Nidorf S.M., Eikelboom J.W., Budgeon C.A., et al. Low-dose colchicine for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. JAm Coll Cardiol 2013, 61(4):404-410.
    • (2013) JAm Coll Cardiol , vol.61 , Issue.4 , pp. 404-410
    • Nidorf, S.M.1    Eikelboom, J.W.2    Budgeon, C.A.3
  • 36
    • 75749130719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperuricemia and coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Kim S.Y., Guevara J.P., Kim K.M., et al. Hyperuricemia and coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2010, 62(2):170-180.
    • (2010) Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) , vol.62 , Issue.2 , pp. 170-180
    • Kim, S.Y.1    Guevara, J.P.2    Kim, K.M.3
  • 37
    • 17644412023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease
    • Hansson G.K. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. NEngl J Med 2005, 352(16):1685-1695.
    • (2005) NEngl J Med , vol.352 , Issue.16 , pp. 1685-1695
    • Hansson, G.K.1
  • 38
    • 0033552883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atherosclerosis-an inflammatory disease
    • Epstein F.H., Ross R. Atherosclerosis-an inflammatory disease. NEngl J Med 1999, 340(2):115-126.
    • (1999) NEngl J Med , vol.340 , Issue.2 , pp. 115-126
    • Epstein, F.H.1    Ross, R.2
  • 39
    • 0037432305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in women diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis
    • Solomon D.H., Karlson E.W., Rimm E.B., et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in women diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. Circulation 2003, 107(9):1303-1307.
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.107 , Issue.9 , pp. 1303-1307
    • Solomon, D.H.1    Karlson, E.W.2    Rimm, E.B.3
  • 40
    • 33751012122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis
    • Han C., Robinson D.W., Hackett M.V., et al. Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. JRheumatol 2006, 33(11):2167-2172.
    • (2006) JRheumatol , vol.33 , Issue.11 , pp. 2167-2172
    • Han, C.1    Robinson, D.W.2    Hackett, M.V.3
  • 41
    • 84872975814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased cardiovascular risk factors in different rheumatic diseases compared with the general population
    • Meek I.L., Picavet H.S.J., Vonkeman H.E., et al. Increased cardiovascular risk factors in different rheumatic diseases compared with the general population. Rheumatology 2013, 52(1):210-216.
    • (2013) Rheumatology , vol.52 , Issue.1 , pp. 210-216
    • Meek, I.L.1    Picavet, H.S.J.2    Vonkeman, H.E.3
  • 42
    • 77954202860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammation, oxidative stress and lipids: the risk triad for atherosclerosis in gout
    • Krishnan E. Inflammation, oxidative stress and lipids: the risk triad for atherosclerosis in gout. Rheumatology 2010, 49(7):1229-1238.
    • (2010) Rheumatology , vol.49 , Issue.7 , pp. 1229-1238
    • Krishnan, E.1
  • 43
    • 0036286849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association between gout and nephrolithiasis: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 1988-1994
    • Kramer H.M., Curhan G. The association between gout and nephrolithiasis: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 1988-1994. Am J kidney Dis 2002, 40(1):37-42.
    • (2002) Am J kidney Dis , vol.40 , Issue.1 , pp. 37-42
    • Kramer, H.M.1    Curhan, G.2
  • 44
    • 0036844297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of gout: is the incidence rising?
    • Arromdee E., Michet C.J., Crowson C.S., et al. Epidemiology of gout: is the incidence rising?. JRheumatol 2002, 29(11):2403-2406.
    • (2002) JRheumatol , vol.29 , Issue.11 , pp. 2403-2406
    • Arromdee, E.1    Michet, C.J.2    Crowson, C.S.3
  • 45
    • 33646703978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New insights into gout epidemiology
    • Mikuls T.R., Saag K.G. New insights into gout epidemiology. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2006, 18(2):199-203.
    • (2006) Curr Opin Rheumatol , vol.18 , Issue.2 , pp. 199-203
    • Mikuls, T.R.1    Saag, K.G.2
  • 46
    • 0029095028 scopus 로고
    • The prevalence and prophylaxis of gout in England
    • Harris C.M., Lloyd D.C., Lewis J. The prevalence and prophylaxis of gout in England. JClin Epidemiol 1995, 48(9):1153-1158.
    • (1995) JClin Epidemiol , vol.48 , Issue.9 , pp. 1153-1158
    • Harris, C.M.1    Lloyd, D.C.2    Lewis, J.3
  • 47
    • 0031019889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gout is on the increase in New Zealand
    • Klemp P., Stansfield S.A., Castle B., et al. Gout is on the increase in New Zealand. Ann Rheum Dis 1997, 56(1):22-26.
    • (1997) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.56 , Issue.1 , pp. 22-26
    • Klemp, P.1    Stansfield, S.A.2    Castle, B.3
  • 48
    • 0038391240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aliterature review of the epidemiology and treatment of acute gout
    • Kim K.Y., Ralph Schumacher H., Hunsche E., et al. Aliterature review of the epidemiology and treatment of acute gout. Clin Ther 2003, 25(6):1593-1617.
    • (2003) Clin Ther , vol.25 , Issue.6 , pp. 1593-1617
    • Kim, K.Y.1    Ralph Schumacher, H.2    Hunsche, E.3
  • 50
    • 80051916416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in hyperuricemia and gout prevalence: nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan from 1993-1996 to 2005-2008
    • Chuang S.Y., Lee S.C., Hsieh Y.T., et al. Trends in hyperuricemia and gout prevalence: nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan from 1993-1996 to 2005-2008. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2011, 20(2):301-308.
    • (2011) Asia Pac J Clin Nutr , vol.20 , Issue.2 , pp. 301-308
    • Chuang, S.Y.1    Lee, S.C.2    Hsieh, Y.T.3
  • 51
    • 0020540967 scopus 로고
    • Vascular mortality in patients with gout and in their families
    • Darlington L., Slack J., Scott J. Vascular mortality in patients with gout and in their families. Ann Rheum Dis 1983, 42(3):270-273.
    • (1983) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.42 , Issue.3 , pp. 270-273
    • Darlington, L.1    Slack, J.2    Scott, J.3
  • 52
    • 0043166434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gout, just a nasty event or a cardiovascular signal? A study from primary care
    • Janssens H., Van de Lisdonk E., Bor H., et al. Gout, just a nasty event or a cardiovascular signal? A study from primary care. Fam Pract 2003, 20(4):413-416.
    • (2003) Fam Pract , vol.20 , Issue.4 , pp. 413-416
    • Janssens, H.1    Van de Lisdonk, E.2    Bor, H.3
  • 53
    • 55749097606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of incident gout and mortality in dialysis patients
    • Cohen S.D., Kimmel P.L., Neff R., et al. Association of incident gout and mortality in dialysis patients. JAm Soc Nephrol 2008, 19(11):2204-2210.
    • (2008) JAm Soc Nephrol , vol.19 , Issue.11 , pp. 2204-2210
    • Cohen, S.D.1    Kimmel, P.L.2    Neff, R.3
  • 54
    • 84871146149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of myocardial infarction among patients with gout: a nationwide population-based study
    • Kuo C.F., Yu K.H., See L.C., et al. Risk of myocardial infarction among patients with gout: a nationwide population-based study. Rheumatology 2013, 52(1):111-117.
    • (2013) Rheumatology , vol.52 , Issue.1 , pp. 111-117
    • Kuo, C.F.1    Yu, K.H.2    See, L.C.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.