Gingival displacement for impression making in fixed prosthodontics: Contemporary principles, materials, and techniques

Dental Clinics of North America

Volumn 58, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 45-68

  Baba, Nadim Z ^a   Goodacre, Charles J ^a   Jekki, Rami ^a   Won, John ^a  

^a LOMA LINDA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Definitive impression; Materials; Provisionals

Indexed keywords

BIOMEDICAL AND DENTAL MATERIALS;

DEFINITIVE IMPRESSION; DENTAL IMPRESSION; DENTAL SURGERY; EQUIPMENT; FIXED PARTIAL DENTURE; GINGIVA; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; MATERIALS; METHODOLOGY; PROVISIONALS; REVIEW;

DEFINITIVE IMPRESSION; MATERIALS; PROVISIONALS;

DENTAL IMPRESSION MATERIALS; DENTAL IMPRESSION TECHNIQUE; DENTURE, PARTIAL, FIXED; GINGIVA; HUMANS; TOOTH PREPARATION, PROSTHODONTIC;

EID: 84888160233     PISSN: 00118532     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2013.09.002     Document Type: Review

References (140)

1. Wilson R.D., Maynard G. Intracrevicular restorative dentistry. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1981, 1:34-49.
2. Silness J. Periodontal conditions in patients treated with dental bridges. 3. The relationship between the location of the crown margin and the periodontal condition. JPeriodontal Res 1970, 5:225-229.
3. Valderhaug J., Ellingsen J.E., Jokstad A. Oral hygiene, periodontal conditions and carious lesions in patients treated with dental bridges. A 15-year clinical and radiographic follow-up study. JClin Periodontol 1993, 20:482-489.
4. Richter W.A., Mahler D.B. Physical properties vs. clinical performance of pure gold restorations. JProsthet Dent 1973, 29:434-438.
5. Koth D.L. Full crown restorations and gingival inflammation in a controlled population. JProsthet Dent 1982, 48:681-685.
6. Brandau H.E., Yaman P., Molvar M. Effect of restorative procedures for a porcelain jacket crown on gingival health and height. Am J Dent 1988, 1:119-122.
7. Sorensen J.A., Doherty F.M., Newman M.G., et al. Gingival enhancement in fixed prosthodontics: Part I. Clinical findings. JProsthet Dent 1991, 65:100-107.
8. Löe H., Silness J. Tissue reactions to string packs used in fixed restorations. JProsthet Dent 1963, 13:318-323.
9. Azzi R., Tsao T.F., Carranza F.A., et al. Comparative study of gingival retraction methods. JProsthet Dent 1983, 50:561-565.
10. Xhonga F.A. Gingival retraction techniques and their healing effect on the gingiva. JProsthet Dent 1971, 26:640-648.
11. Ruel J., Schuessler P.J., Malament K., et al. Effect of retraction procedures on the periodontium in humans. JProsthet Dent 1980, 44:508-515.
12. de Gennaro G.G., Landesman H.M., Calhoun J.E., et al. Acomparison of gingival inflammation related to retraction cords. JProsthet Dent 1982, 47:384-389.
13. Liu C.M., Huang F.M., Yang L.C., et al. Cytotoxic effects of gingival retraction cords on human gingival fibroblasts invitro. JOral Rehabil 2004, 31:368-372.
14. Nowakowska D., Saczko J., Kulbacka J., et al. Cytotoxic potential of vasoconstrictor experimental gingival retraction agents - invitro study on primary human gingival fibroblasts. Folia Biol (Praha) 2012, 58:37-43.
15. Kopac I., Batista U., Cvetko E., et al. Viability of fibroblasts in cell culture after treatment with different chemical retraction agents. JOral Rehabil 2002, 29:98-104.
16. Harrison J.D. Effect of retraction materials on the gingival sulcus epithelium. JProsthet Dent 1961, 11:514-521.
17. Knoernschild K.L., Campbell S.D. Periodontal tissue responses after insertion of artificial crowns and fixed partial dentures. JProsthet Dent 2000, 84:492-498.
18. Ochsenbein C., Ross S. Areevaluation of osseous surgery. Dent Clin North Am 1969, 13:87-102.
19. Weisgold A.S. Contours of full crown restoration. Alpha Omegan 1977, 70:77-89.
20. Seibert J.S., Lindhe J. Esthetics and periodontal therapy. Textbook of clinical periodontology 1989, 477-514. Munksgaard, Copenhagen (Denmark). 2nd edition. J. Lindhe (Ed.).
21. Claffey N., Shanley D. Relationship of gingival thickness and bleeding to loss of probing attachment in shallow sites following nonsurgical periodontal therapy. JClin Periodontol 1986, 13:654-657.
22. Olsson M., Lindhe J., Marinello C.P. On the relationship between crown form and clinical features of the gingiva in adolescents. JClin Periodontol 1993, 20:570-577.
23. Olsson M., Lindhe J. Periodontal characteristics in individuals with varying form of the upper central incisors. JClin Periodontol 1991, 18:78-82.
24. Gargiulo A.W., Wentz F., Orban B. Dimensions and relations of the dentogingival junction in humans. JPeriodontol 1961, 32:261-267.
25. Schroeder H.E., Listgarten M.A. Fine structure of the developing epithelial attachment of human teeth. Monogr Dev Biol 1971, 2:1-134.
26. Vacek J.S., Gher M.E., Assad D.A., et al. The dimensions of the human dentogingival junction. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1994, 14:154-165.
27. Ingber J.S., Rose L.F., Coslet J.G. The "biologic width" - a concept in periodontics and restorative dentistry. Alpha Omegan 1977, 70:62-65.
28. Nevins M., Skurow H.M. The intracrevicular restorative margin, the biologic width, and the maintenance of the gingival margin. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1984, 4:30-49.
29. Maynard J.G., Wilson R.D. Physiologic dimensions of the periodontium significant to the restorative dentist. JPeriodontol 1979, 50:170-174.
30. Hansen P.A., Tira D.E., Barlow J. Current methods of finish-line exposure by practicing prosthodontists. JProsthodont 1999, 8:163-170.
31. Bennani V., Aarts J.M., He L.H. Acomparison of pressure generated by cordless gingival displacement techniques. JProsthet Dent 2012, 107:388-392.
32. Al Hamad K.Q., Azar W.Z., Alwaeli H.A., et al. Aclinical study on the effects of cordless and conventional retraction techniques on the gingival periodontal health. JClin Periodontol 2008, 35:1053-1058.
33. Benson B.W., Bomberg T.J., Hatch R.A., et al. Tissue displacement methods in fixed prosthodontics. JProsthet Dent 1986, 55:157-292.
34. Fischer D.E. Tissue management: a new solution to an old problem. Gen Dent 1987, 35:178-182.
35. Ramadan F.A., El-Sadeek M., Hassanein E.S. Histopathologic response of gingival tissues to hemodent and aluminum chloride solutions as tissue displacement materials. Egypt Dent J 1972, 18:337-352.
36. Baharav H., Kupershmidt I., Laufer B.Z., et al. The effect of sulcular width on the accuracy of impression materials in the presence of an undercut. Int J Prosthodont 2004, 17:585-589.
37. Anneroth G., Goeransson P. Exposing the gingival margin by taking impressions with elastic material - some clinical and histopathological aspects. Odontol Tidskr 1965, 73:394-409.
38. Löe H., Theilade E., Jensen S.B. Experimental gingivitis in man. JPeriodontol 1965, 36:177-187.
39. Wassell R.W., Barker D., Walls A.W. Crowns and other extra-coronal restorations: impression materials and technique. Br Dent J 2002, 192:679-690.
40. Anneroth G., Nordenram A. Reaction of the gingiva to the application of threads in the gingival pocket for taking impressions with elastic material. An experimental histologic study. Odontol Revy 1969, 20:301-310.
41. Reiman M.B. Exposure of subgingival margins by nonsurgical gingival displacement. JProsthet Dent 1976, 36:649-654.
42. Feng J., Aboyoussef H., Weiner S., et al. The effect of gingival retraction procedures on periodontal indices and crevicular fluid cytokine levels: a pilot study. JProsthodont 2006, 15:108-112.
43. Phatale S., Marawar P.P., Byakod G., et al. Effect of retraction materials on gingival health: a histopathological study. JIndian Soc Periodontol 2010, 14:35-39.
44. Donovan T.E., Gandara B.K., Nemetz H. Review and survey of medicaments used with gingival retraction cords. JProsthet Dent 1985, 53:525-531.
45. Fisher D.W. Conservative management of the gingival tissue for crowns. Dent Clin North Am 1976, 20:273-284.
46. Tupac R.G., Neacy K. Acomparison of gingival displacement with gingitage technique. JProsthet Dent 1981, 46:509-515.
47. Ferrari M., Cagidiaco M.C., Ercoli C. Tissue management with a new gingival retraction material: a preliminary clinical report. JProsthet Dent 1996, 75:242-247.
48. Kumbuloglu O., User A., Toksavul S., et al. Clinical evaluation of different gingival retraction cords. Quintessence Int 2007, 38:91.e92-91.e98.
49. Jokstad A. Clinical trial of gingival retraction cords. JProsthet Dent 1999, 81:258-261.
50. Morgano S.M., Malone W.F., Gregoire S.E., et al. Tissue management with dental impression materials. Am J Dent 1989, 2:279-284.
51. Weir D.J., Williams B.H. Clinical effectiveness of mechanical-chemical tissue displacement methods. JProsthet Dent 1984, 51:326-329.
52. Nowakowska D., Saczko J., Kulbacka J., et al. Dynamic oxidoreductive potential of astringent retraction agents. Folia Biol (Praha) 2010, 56:236-238.
53. Kellam S.A., Smith J.R., Scheffel S.J. Epinephrine absorption from commercial gingival retraction cords in clinical patients. JProsthet Dent 1992, 68:761-765.
54. Runyan D.A., Reddy T.G., Shimoda L.M. Fluid absorbency of retraction cords after soaking in aluminum chloride solution. JProsthet Dent 1988, 60:676-678.
55. Shaw D.H., Krejci R.F. Gingival retraction preference of dentists in general practice. Quintessence Int 1986, 17:277-280.
56. Vernale C. Cardiovascular response to local dental anesthesia with epinephrine in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1960, 13:942-952.
57. Pelzner R.B., Kempler D., Stark M.M., et al. Human blood pressure and pulse rate response to racemic epinephrine retraction cord. JProsthet Dent 1978, 39:287-292.
58. Woycheshin F.F. An evaluation of the drugs used for gingival retraction. JProsthet Dent 1964, 14:769-776.
59. Houston J.B., Appleby R.C., DeCounter L., et al. Effect of r-epinephrine-impregnated retraction cord on the cardiovascular system. JProsthet Dent 1970, 24:373-376.
60. Forsyth R.P., Stark M.M., Nicholson R.J., et al. Blood pressure responses to epinephrine-treated gingival retraction strings in the rhesus monkey. JAm Dent Assoc 1967, 78:1315-1319.
61. Csillag M., Nyiri G., Vag J., et al. Dose-related effects of epinephrine on human gingival blood flow and crevicular fluid production used as a soaking solution for chemo-mechanical tissue retraction. JProsthet Dent 2007, 97:6-11.
62. Hilley M.D., Milam S.B., Giescke A.H., et al. Fatality associated with the combined use of halothane and gingival retraction cord. Anesthesiology 1984, 60:587-588.
63. Land M.F., Couri C.C., Johnston W.M. Smear layer instability caused by hemostatic agents. JProsthet Dent 1996, 76:477-482.
64. Bowles W.H., Tardy S.J., Vahadi A. Evaluation of new gingival retraction agents. JDent Res 1991, 70:1447-1449.
65. Buchanan W.T., Thayer K.E. Systemic effects of epinephrine-impregnated retraction cord in fixed partial denture prosthodontics. JAm Dent Assoc 1982, 104:482-484.
66. Felpel L.P. Areview of pharmacotherapeutics for prosthetic dentistry: Part I. JProsthet Dent 1997, 77:285-292.
67. Bader J.D., Bonito A.J., Shugars D.A. Asystematic review of cardiovascular effects of epinephrine on hypertensive dental patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2002, 93:647-653.
68. Yagiela J.A. Adverse drug interactions in dental practice: interactions associated with vasoconstrictors. Part V of a series. JAm Dent Assoc 1999, 130:701-709.
69. Meechan J.G., Jastak J.T., Donaldson D. The use of epinephrine in dentistry. JCan Dent Assoc 1994, 60:825-834.
70. Mohan M., Gupta A., Shenoy V., et al. Pharmacological agents in dentistry: a review. Br J Pharmaceut Res 2011, 1:66-87.
71. Akca E.A., Yildirim E., Dalriz M., et al. Effects of different retractions medicaments on gingival tissue. Quintessence Int 2006, 37:53-59.
72. Ciancio S.G., Bourgault P.C. Clinical pharmacology for dental professionals 1989, 316. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago. 3rd edition.
73. Woody R.D., Miller A., Staffanou R.S. Review of the pH of hemostatic agents used in tissue displacement. JProsthet Dent 1993, 70:191-192.
74. Land M.F., Rosenstiel S.F., Sandrik J.L. Disturbance of the dentinal smear layer by acidic hemostatic agents. JProsthet Dent 1994, 72:4-7.
75. Kuphasuk W., Harnirattisai C., Senawongse P., et al. Bond strengths of two adhesive systems to dentin contaminated with a hemostatic agent. Oper Dent 2007, 32:399-505.
76. Ayo-Yusuf O.A., Driessen C.H., Botha A.J. SEM-EDX study of prepared human dentin exposed to gingival retraction fluids. JDent 2005, 33:731-739.
77. O'Keefe K.L., Pinzon L.M., Rivera B., et al. Bond strength of composite to astringent-contaminated dentin using self-etching adhesives. Am J Dent 2005, 18:168-172.
78. O'Mahony A., Spencer P., Williams K., et al. Effect of 3 medicaments on the dimensional accuracy and surface detail reproduction of polyvinyl siloxane impressions. Quintessence Int 2000, 31:201-206.
79. Sabio S., Franciscone P.A., Mondelli J. Effect of conventional and experimental gingival retraction solutions on the tensile strength and inhibition of polymerization of four types of impression materials. JAppl Oral Sci 2008, 16:280-285.
80. Machado C.E., Guedes C.G. Effects of sulfur-based hemostatic agents and gingival retraction cords handled with latex gloves on the polymerization of polyvinyl siloxane impression materials. JAppl Oral Sci 2011, 19:628-633.
81. de Camargo L.M., Chee W.W., Donovan T.E. Inhibition of polymerization of polyvinyl siloxanes by medicaments used on gingival retraction cords. JProsthet Dent 1993, 70:114-117.
82. Conrad H.J., Holtan J.R. Internalized discoloration of dentin under porcelain crowns: a clinical report. JProsthet Dent 2009, 101:153-157.
83. Kopac I., Sterle M., Marion L. Electron microscopic analysis of the effects of chemical retraction agents on cultured rat keratinocytes. JProsthet Dent 2002, 87:51-56.
84. Labban N. Asimple technique to reduce the risk of irreversible gingival recession after the final impression. JProsthodont 2011, 20:649-651.
85. Beier U.S., Kranewitter R., Dumfahrt H. Quality of impressions after use of the Magic FoamCord gingival retraction system - a clinical study of 269 abutment teeth. Int J Prosthodont 2009, 22:143-147.
86. Poss S. An innovative tissue-retraction material. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2002, 23(Suppl 1):13-17.
87. Manolakis A, Bartsch N, Hahn P. Clinical comparison of a gingiva retraction paste and impregnated cords (abstract 1837). Paper presented at: International Association for Dental Research/American Association for Dental Research/Canadian Association for Dental Research 82nd General Session. Honolulu, March 12, 2004.
88. Yang J.C., Tsai C.M., Chen M.S., et al. Clinical study of a newly developed injection-type gingival retraction material. Chin Dent J 2005, 24:147-152.
89. Bennani V., Schwass D., Chandler N. Gingival retraction techniques for implants versus teeth. JAm Dent Assoc 2008, 139:1354-1363.
90. Aldridge T., Brennan P.A., Crosby-Jones A., et al. Use of a polyvinyl acetyl sponge (Merocel®) nasal pack to prevent kinking of the endotracheal tube used during laser excision. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013, 51(3):268.
91. La Forgia A. Mechanical-chemical and electrosurgical tissue retraction for fixed prosthesis. JProsthet Dent 1964, 14:1107-1114.
92. Podshadley A.G., Lundeen H.C. Electrosurgical procedures in crown and bridge restorations. JAm Dent Assoc 1968, 77:1321-1326.
93. Gherlone E.F., Maiorana C., Grassi R.F., et al. The use of 980-nm diode and 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser for gingival retraction in fixed prostheses. JOral Laser Appl 2004, 4:183-190.
94. Malone W.F., Manning J.L. Electrosurgery in restorative dentistry. JProsthet Dent 1968, 20:417-425.
95. Lampert S.H. Combined electrosurgery and gingival retraction. JProsthet Dent 1970, 23:164-172.
96. Noble W.H., McClatchey K.D., Douglass G.D. Ahistologic comparison of effects of electrosurgical resection using different electrodes. JProsthet Dent 1976, 35:575-579.
97. Dawes J.C., Mahabir R.C., Hillier K., et al. Electrosurgery in patients with pacemakers/implanted cardioverter defibrillators. Ann Plast Surg 2006, 57:33-36.
98. Stone K.R., McPherson C.A. Assessment and management of patients with pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Crit Care Med 2004, 32:S155-S165.
99. Maness W.L., Roeber F.W., Clark R.E., et al. Histologic evaluation of electrosurgery with varying frequency and waveform. JProsthet Dent 1978, 40:304-308.
100. Coelho D.H., Cavallaro J., Rothschild E.A. Gingival recession with electrosurgery for impression making. JProsthet Dent 1975, 33:422-426.
101. Krejci R.F., Reinhardt R.A., Wentz F.M., et al. Effects of electrosurgery on dog pulps under cervical metallic restorations. Oral Surg 1982, 54:575-582.
102. Robertson P.B., Lüscher B., Spangberg L.S., et al. Pulpal and periodontal effects of electrosurgery involving cervical metallic restorations. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1978, 46:702-710.
103. D'Souza R. Pulpal and periapical immune response to electrosurgical contact of cervical metallic restorations in monkeys. Quintessence Int 1986, 17:803-808.
104. Klug R.G. Gingival tissue regeneration following electrical retraction. JProsthet Dent 1966, 16:955-962.
105. Eisenmann D., Malone W.F., Kusek J. Electron microscopic evaluation of electrosurgery. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1970, 29:660-665.
106. Aremband D., Wade A.B. Acomparative wound healing study following gingivectomy by electrosurgery and knives. JPeriodontal Res 1973, 8:42-50.
107. Glickman I., Imber L.R. Comparison of gingival resection with electrosurgery and periodontal knives - A biometric and histologic study. JPeriodontol 1970, 41:142-148.
108. Nixon K.C., Adkins K.F., Keys D.W. Histological evaluation of effects produced in alveolar bone following gingival incision with an electrosurgical scalpel. JPeriodontol 1975, 46:40-44.
109. Brady W.F. Periodontal and retorative considerations in rotary gingival curettage. JAm Dent Assoc 1982, 105:231-236.
110. Kamansky F.W., Tempel T.R., Post A.C. Gingival tissue response to rotary curettage. JProsthet Dent 1984, 52:380-383.
111. DeVitre R., Galburt R.B., Maness W.J. Biometric comparison of bur and electrosurgical retraction methods. JProsthet Dent 1985, 53:179-182.
112. Scott A. Use of an erbium laser in lieu of retraction cord: a modern technique. Gen Dent 2005, 53:116-119.
113. Abdel Gabbar F., Aboulazm S.F. Comparative study on gingival retraction using mechanochemical procedure and pulsed Nd-YAG laser irradiation. Egypt Dent J 1996, 41:1001-1006.
114. Christensen G.J. Is the current generation of technology facilitating better dentistry?. JAm Dent Assoc 2011, 142:959-963.
115. Price C., Whitehead F.I. Impression materials as foreign bodies. Br Dent J 1972, 133:9-14.
116. O'Leary T.J., Standish S.M., Bloomer R.S. Severe periodontal destruction following impression procedures. JPeriodontol 1973, 44:43-48.
117. Blankenau R.J., Kelsey W.P., Cavel W.T. Apossible allergic response to polyether impression material: a case report. JAm Dent Assoc 1984, 108:609-610.
118. Shapiro N. Severe gingival damage after polysiloxane impression procedures. A case report. JPeriodontol 1988, 59:769-770.
119. Glenwright H.D. Bone regeneration following damage by polysulphide impression material. A case report. JClin Periodontol 1975, 2:250-252.
120. Felton D.A., Kanoy B.E., Bayne S.C., et al. Effect of invivo crown margin discrepancies on periodontal health. JProsthet Dent 1991, 65:357-364.
121. Waerhaug J. Effect of rough surfaces upon gingival tissue. JDent Res 1956, 35:323-325.
122. Chiche G. Improving marginal adaptation of provisional restorations. Quintessence Int 1990, 21:325-329.
123. Orkin D.A., Reddy J., Bradshaw D. The relationship of the position of crown margins to gingival health. JProsthet Dent 1987, 57:421-424.
124. Dragoo M.R., Williams G.B. Periodontal tissue reactions to restorative procedures, part II. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1982, 2:34-45.
125. Waerhaug J., Zander H.A. Reaction of gingival tissues to self-curing acrylic restorations. J Am Dent Assoc 1957, 54(6):760-768.
126. Richards N.D., Mitchell R.J. Effects of materials and techniques on accuracy of temporary fixed partial dentures. JDent Res 1984, 63:336. [abstract 1484].
127. Koumjian J.H., Holmes J.B. Marginal accuracy of provisional restorative materials. JProsthet Dent 1990, 63:639-642.
128. Tjan A.H., Castelnuovo J., Shiotsu G. Marginal fidelity of crowns fabricated from six proprietary provisional materials. JProsthet Dent 1997, 77:482-485.
129. Barghi N., Simmons W. The marginal integrity of the temporary acrylic resin crown. JProsthet Dent 1976, 36:274-277.
130. Zwetchkenbaum S., Weiner S., Dastane A., et al. Effects of relining on long-term marginal stability of provisional crowns. JProsthet Dent 1995, 73:525-529.
131. Crispin B.J., Watson J.F., Caputo A.A. The marginal accuracy of treatment restorations: a comparative analysis. JProsthet Dent 1980, 44:283-290.
132. Monday J.J., Blais D. Marginal adaptation of provisional acrylic resin crowns. JProsthet Dent 1985, 54:194-197.
133. Ehrenberg D.S., Weiner S. Changes in marginal gap size of provisional resin crowns after occlusal loading and thermal cycling. JProsthet Dent 2000, 84:139-148.
134. Tjan A.H., Grant B.E., Godfrey M.F. Temperature rise in the pulp chamber during fabrication of provisional crowns. JProsthet Dent 1989, 62:622-626.
135. Driscoll C.F., Woosley G., Ferguson W.M. Comparison of exothermic release during polymerization of four materials used to fabricate interim restorations. JProsthet Dent 1991, 65:504-506.
136. Moulding M.B., Teplinsky P.E. Intrapulpal temperature during direct fabrication of provisional restorations. Int J Prosthodont 1990, 3:299-304.
137. Moulding M.B., Loney R.W. The effect of cooling techniques on intrapulpal temperature during direct fabrication of provisional restorations. Int J Prosthodont 1991, 4:332-336.
138. Fleisch L., Cleaton-Jones P., Forbes M., et al. Pulpal response to a bis-acryl-plastic (Protemp) temporary crown and bridge material. JOral Pathol 1984, 13:622-631.
139. Grajower R., Shaharbani S., Kaufman E. Temporary rise in pulp chamber during fabrication of temporary self-curing resin crowns. JProsthet Dent 1979, 41:535-540.
140. MacEntee M.I., Bartlett S.O., Loadholt C.B. Ahistologic evaluation of tissue response to three currently used temporary acrylic resin crowns. JProsthet Dent 1978, 39:42-46.