Corticospinal adaptations and strength maintenance in the immobilized arm following 3 weeks unilateral strength training

Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports

Volumn 23, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 740-748

  Pearce, A J ^a   Hendy, A ^a   Bowen, W A ^a   Kidgell, D J ^b  

^a DEAKIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b DEAKIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Cross education; Exercise; Neuroplasticity; Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARM; ARTICLE; CROSS EDUCATION; ECHOGRAPHY; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; EXERCISE; FEMALE; HEMISPHERIC DOMINANCE; HUMAN; IMMOBILIZATION; MALE; MOTOR CORTEX; MUSCLE ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION; MUSCLE STRENGTH; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; ORGAN SIZE; PHYSIOLOGY; RESISTANCE TRAINING; SKELETAL MUSCLE; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; YOUNG ADULT;

CROSS EDUCATION; EXERCISE; NEUROPLASTICITY; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARM; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL LATERALITY; HUMANS; IMMOBILIZATION; ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION; MALE; MOTOR CORTEX; MUSCLE STRENGTH; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; ORGAN SIZE; RESISTANCE TRAINING; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84888138156     PISSN: 09057188     EISSN: 16000838     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01453.x     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Berg HE, Dudley GA, Haggmark T, Ohlsen H, Tesch PA. Effects of lower limb unloading on skeletal muscle mass and function in humans. J Appl Physiol 1991: 70: 1882-1885.
2. Carroll TJ, Herbert RD, Munn J, Lee M, Gandevia SC. Contralateral effects of unilateral strength training: evidence and possible mechanisms. J Appl Physiol 2006: 101: 1514-1522.
3. Carroll TJ, Lee M, Hsu M, Sayde J. Unilateral practice of a ballistic movement causes bilateral increases in performance and corticospinal excitability. J Appl Physiol 2008: 104: 1656-1664.
4. Carson RG. Neural pathways mediating bilateral interactions between the upper limbs. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2005: 49: 641-662.
5. Cincotta M, Ziemann U. Neurophysiology of unimanual motor control and mirror movements. Clin Neurophysiol 2008: 119: 744-762.
6. Clark BC, Issac LC, Lane JL, Damron LA, Hoffman RL. Neuromuscular plasticity during and following 3wk of human forearm cast immobilization. J Appl Physiol 2008: 105: 868-878.
7. Deschenes MR, Giles JA, McCoy RW, Volek JS, Gomez AL, Kraemer WJ. Neural factors account for strength decrements observed after short-term muscle unloading. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002: 282: R578-R583.
8. Duchateau J, Hainaut K. Effects of immobilization on contractile properties, recruitment and firing rates of human motor units. J Physiol 1990: 422: 55-65.
9. Farthing J, Borowsky R, Chilibeck P, Binsted G, Sarty G. Neuro-physiological adaptations associated with cross-education of strength. Brain Topogr 2007: 20: 77-88.
10. Farthing JP. Cross-education of strength depends on limb dominance: implications for theory and application. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2009: 37: 179-187.
11. Farthing JP, Krentz JR, Magnus CRA. Strength training the free limb attenuates strength loss during unilateral immobilization. J Appl Physiol 2009: 106: 830-836.
12. Farthing JP, Krentz JR, Magnus CRA, Barss TS, Lanovaz JL, Cummine J, Esopenko C, Sarty GE, Borowsky R. Changes in fMRI cortical activation withcross-education to an immobilized limb. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011: 43: 1394-1405.
13. Fimland M, Helgerud J, Solstad G, Iversen V, Leivseth G, Hoff J. Neural adaptations underlying cross-education after unilateral strength training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009: 107: 723-730.
14. Griffin L, Cafarelli E. Transcranial magnetic stimulation during resistance training of the tibialis anterior muscle. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2007: 17: 446-452.
15. Hallett M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and the human brain. Nature 2000: 406: 147-150.
16. Hortobágyi T. Cross education and the human central nervous system. IEEE Eng Med Biol 2005: 24: 22-28.
17. Hortobágyi T, Hill JP, Houmard JA, Fraser DD, Lambert NJ, Israel RG. Adaptive responses to muscle lengthening and shortening in humans. J Appl Physiol 1996: 80: 765-772.
18. Hortobágyi T, Richardson SP, Lomarev M, Shamim E, Meunier S, Russman H, Dang N, Hallett M. Interhemispheric plasticity in humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011: 43: 1188-1199.
19. Hortobágyi T, Taylor J, Petersen N, Russell G, Gandevia S. Changes in segmental and motor cortical output with contralateral muscle contractions and altered sensory inputs in humans. J Neurophysiol 2003: 90: 2451-2459.
20. Kidgell DJ, Stokes MA, Castricum TJ, Pearce AJ. Neurophysiological responses after short-term strength training of the biceps brachii muscle. J Strength Cond Res 2010: 24: 3123-3132.
21. Kidgell DJ, Stokes MA, Pearce AJ. Strength training of one limb increases corticomotor excitability projecting to the contralateral homologous limb. Motor Control 2011: 15: 247-266.
22. Lee M, Carroll T. Cross education: possible mechanisms for the contralateral effects of unilateral resistance training. Sports Med 2007: 37: 1-14.
23. Lee M, Gandevia SC, Carroll TJ. Short-term strength training does not change cortical voluntary activation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009: 41: 1452-1460.
24. Liepert J, Tegenthoff M, Malin JP. Changes of cortical motor area size during immobilization. Electromyogr Motor C 1995: 97: 382-386.
25. Lundbye-Jensen J, Marstrand PCD, Nielsen JB. Motor skill training and strength training are associated with different plastic changes in the central nervous system. J Appl Physiol 2005: 99: 1558-1568.
26. Lundbye-Jensen J, Nielsen JB. Central nervous adaptations following 1wk of wrist and hand immobilization. J Appl Physiol 2008: 105: 139-151.
27. Magnus CRA, Barss TS, Lanovaz JL, Farthing JP. Effects of cross-education on the muscle after a period of unilateral limb immobilization using a shoulder sling and swathe. J Appl Physiol 2010: 109: 1887-1894.
28. McGregor KM, Zlatar Z, Kleim E, Sudhyadhom A, Bauer A, Phan S, Seeds L, Ford A, Manini TM, White KD, Kleim J, Crosson B. Physical activity and neural correlates of aging: a combined TMS/fMRI study. Behav Brain Res 2011: 222: 158-168.
29. Miles M, Heil D, Larson K, Conant S, Schneider S. Prior resistance training and sex influence muscle responses to arm suspension. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005: 37: 1983-1989.
30. Mountcastle VB. The columnar organization of the neocortex. Brain 1997: 120: 701-722.
31. Munn J, Herbert RD, Hancock MJ, Gandevia SC. Resistance training for strength: effect of number of sets and contraction speed. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005a: 37: 1622-1626.
32. Munn J, Herbert RD, Hancock MJ, Gandevia SC. Training with unilateral resistance exercise increases contralateral strength. J Appl Physiol 2005b: 99: 1880-1884.
33. Oldfield R. The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia 1971: 9: 97-113.
34. Pearce AJ, Kidgell DJ. Corticomotor excitability during precision motor tasks. J Sci Med Sport 2009: 12: 280-283.
35. Perez M, Cohen L. Mechanisms underlying functional changes in the primary motor cortex ipsilateral to an active hand. J Neurosci 2008: 28: 5631-5640.
36. Peterson M, Rhea M, Alvar B. Applications of the dose-response for muscular strength development: areview of meta-analytic efficacy and reliability for designing training prescription. J Strength Cond Res 2005: 19: 950-958.
37. Remple MS, Bruneau RM, VandenBerg PM, Goertzen C, Kleim JA. Sensitivity of cortical movement representations to motor experience: evidence that skill learning but not strength training induces cortical reorganization. Behav Brain Res 2001: 123: 133-141.
38. Ruff CC, Driver J, Bestmann S. Combining TMS and fMRI: from 'virtual lesions' to functional-network accounts of cognition. Cortex 2009: 45: 1043-1049.
39. Sehm B, Perez MA, Xu B, Hidler J, Cohen LG. Functional neuroanatomy of mirroring during a unimanual force generation task. Cereb Cortex 2010: 20: 34-45.
40. Suetta C, Aagaard P, Rosted A, Jakobsen AK, Duus B, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. Training-induced changes in muscle CSA, muscle strength, EMG, and rate of force development in elderly subjects after long-term unilateral disuse. J Appl Physiol 2004: 97: 1954-1961.
41. Wigerstad-Lossing I, Grimby G, Jonsson T, Morelli B, Peterson L, Renstrom P. Effects of electrical muscle stimulation combined with voluntary contractions after knee ligament surgery. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1988: 20: 93-98.
42. Williams LRT, Sullivan SJ, Seaborne DE, Morelli M. Reliability of individual differences for H-reflex recordings. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1992: 32: 42-49.
43. Wilson SA, Thickbroom GW, Mastaglia FL. Topography of excitatory and inhibitory muscle responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation in the human motor cortex. Neurosci Lett 1993: 154: 52-56.
44. Zanette G, Manganotti P, Fiaschi A, Tamburin S. Modulation of motor cortex excitability after upper limb immobilization. Clin Neurophysiol 2004: 115: 1264-1275.
45. Zhou S. Chronic neural adaptations to unilateral exercise: mechanisms of cross education. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2000: 28: 177-184.
46. Zijdewind I, Butler J, Gandevia S, Taylor J. The origin of activity in the biceps brachii muscle during voluntary contractions of the contralateral elbow flexor muscles. Exp Brain Res 2006: 175: 526-535.