Growing matter: A review of growth in living systems

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

Volumn 29, Issue , 2014, Pages 529-543

  Kuhl, Ellen ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Biomechanics; Continuum mechanics; Finite elements; Growth; Remodeling

Indexed keywords

HORMONE;

ARTERY; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS; BIOMECHANICS; CHRONIC BRONCHITIS; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; DISEASE COURSE; EDITORIAL; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS; FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS; GROWTH; HEART FAILURE; HEART MUSCLE; HEART VALVE; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; IN-STENT RESTENOSIS; LEG LENGTH; MEDICAL DEVICE; MITRAL VALVE REGURGITATION; NONHUMAN; NUTRIENT; PLANT STEM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SKELETAL MUSCLE; SKIN; TENDON INJURY; TISSUE EXPANSION; TUMOR GROWTH; TUMOR INVASION; TURTLE;

BIOMECHANICS; CONTINUUM MECHANICS; FINITE ELEMENTS; GROWTH; REMODELING;

ANIMALS; GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 84888131447     PISSN: 17516161     EISSN: 18780180     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.10.009     Document Type: Editorial

References (115)

1. Atkinson G.F. Lessons in Botany 1900, Henry Hold & Co, New York.
2. Ambrosi D., Mollica F. On the mechanics of a growing tumor. Int. J. Eng. Sci. 2002, 40:1297-1316.
3. Ambrosi D., Mollica F. The role of stress in the growth of a multicell spheroid. J. Math. Biol. 2004, 48:477-499.
4. Araujo R.P., McElwain D.L.S. A history of the study of solid tumor growth. the contribution of mathematical modelling. Bull. Math Biol. 2004, 66:1039-1091.
5. Ambrosi D., Ateshian G.A., Arruda E.M., Cowin S.C., Dumais J., Goriely A., Holzapfel G.A., Humphrey J.D., Kemkemer R., Kuhl E., Olberding J.E., Taber L.A., Garikipati K. Perspectives on biological growth and remodeling. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 2011, 59:863-883.
6. Baker S.R. Fundamentals of expanded tissue. Head Neck 1991, 13:327-333.
7. Balbi V., Ciarletta P. Morpho-elasticity of intestinal villi. J. Roy. Soc. Interface 2013, 10:2013109.
8. Barnett J.G., Holly R.G., Ashmore C.R. Stretch-induced growth in chicken wing muscles. biochemical and morphological characterization. Am. J. Physiol. 1980, 239:C39-C46.
9. Bayly, P.V., Taber, L.A., Kroenke, C.D. Mechanical forces in cerebral cortical folding: a review of measurements and models. J Mech Behavior Biomed Mat., this issue. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.02.018.
10. Beauchenne J.G., Chambers M.M., Peterson A.E., Scott P.G. Biochemical, biomechanical, and physical changes in the skin in an experimental animal model of therapeutic tissue expansion. J. Surg. Res. 1989, 47:507-514.
11. Bennett M.R. In-stent stenosis. pathology and implications for the development of drug eluting stents. Heart 2003, 89:218-224.
12. Böl, M., Bolea Alberto, A. On a new model for inhomogeneous volume growth of elastic bodies. J Mech Behavior Biomed Mat., this issue. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.01.027.
13. Bothe W., Rausch M.K., Kvitting J.P., Echtner D.K., Walther M., Ingels N.B., Kuhl E., Miller D.C. How do annuloplasty rings affect mitral annular strains in the normal beating ovine heart?. Circulation 2012, 126:S231-S238.
14. Buganza Tepole A., Ploch C.J., Wong J., Gosain A.K., Kuhl E. Growing skin. a computational model for skin expansion in reconstructive surgery. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 2011, 59:2177-2190.
15. Buganza Tepole A., Gosain A.K., Kuhl E. Stretching skin. the physiological limit and beyond. Int. J. Nonlin. Mech. 2012, 47:938-949.
16. Cai S., Bertoldi K., Wang H., Suo Z. Osmotic collapse of a void in an elastomer. breathing, buckling and creasing. Soft Matter. 2010, 6:5770-5777.
17. Cai S., Chen D., Suo Z., Hayward R.C. Creasing instability of elastomer films. Soft Matter. 2012, 8:1301-1304.
18. Caiozzo V.J., Utkan A., Chou R., Khalafi A., Chandra H., Baker M., Rourke B., Adams G., Baldwin K., Green S. Effects of distraction on muscle length. mechanisms involved in sarcomerogenesis. Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res. 2002, 403S:S133-S145.
19. Carpentier A.F., Adams D.H., Filsoufi F. Carpentier's Reconstructive Valve Surgery 2010, Elsevier Saunders.
20. Chaput M., Handschumacher M.D., Tournoux F., Hua L., Guerrero J.L., Vlahakes G.J., Levine R.A. Mitral leaflet adaptation to ventricular remodeling. occurrence and adequacy in patients with functional mitral regurgitation. Circulation 2008, 118:845-852.
21. Chaput M., Handschumacher M.D., Guerrero J.L., Holmvang G., Dal-Bianco J.P., Sullivan S., Vlahakes G.J., Hung J., Levine R.A. Mitral leaflet adaptation to ventricular remodeling. prospective changes in a model of ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation 2009, 120:S99-S103.
22. Chen Y.C., Hoger A. Constitutive functions of elastic materials in finite growth and deformation. J. Elast. 2000, 59:175-193.
23. Ciarletta P., Ben Amar M. Papillary networks in the dermal-epidermal junction of skin. a biomechanical model. Mech. Res. Comm. 2012, 42:68-76.
24. Ciarletta P., Ambrosi D., Maugin G.A. Mass transport in morphgenetic processes. a second gradient theory for volumetric growth and material remodeling. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 2012, 60:432-450.
25. Ciarletta P., Ambrosi D., Maugin G.A., Preziosi L. Mechano-transduction in tumor growth modelling. Eur. Phys. J. E. 2013, 36:23.
26. Cosgrove D.M., Arcidi J.M., Rodriguez L., Stewart W.J., Powell K., Thomas J.D. Initial experience with the Cosgrove-Edwards Annuloplasty System. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1995, 60:499-503.
27. Daimon M., Fukuda S., Adams D.H., McCarthy P.M., Gillinov A.M., Carpentier A., Filsoufi F., Abascal V.M., Rigolin V.H., Salzberg S., Huskin A., Langenfeld M., Shiota T. Mitral valve repair with Carpentier-McCarthy-Adams IMR ETlogix annuloplasty ring for ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation 2005, 114:I588-I593.
28. Dal-Bianco J.P., Aikawa E., Bischoff J., Guerrero J.L., Handschumacher M.D., Sullivan S., Johnson B., Titus J.S., Iwamoto Y., Wylie-Sears J., Levine R.A., Carpentier A. Active adaptation of the tethered mitral valve. insights into a compensatory mechanism for functional mitral regurgitation. Circulation 2009, 120:334-342.
29. De Filippo R.E., Atala A. Stretch and growth. the molecular and physiologic influences of tissue expansion. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2002, 109:2450-2462.
30. Dervaux J., Ben Amar M. Buckling considerations in constrained growth. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 2011, 59:538-560.
31. Epstein M., Maugin G.A. Thermomechanics of volumetric growth in uniform bodies. Int. J. Plast. 2000, 16:951-978.
32. Gager C.S. Fundamentals of Botany 1916, P. Blakiston's Son & Co, Philadelphia.
33. Garikipati K. The kinematics of biological growth. Appl. Mech. Rev. 2009, 62. 030801.1-030801.7.
34. Gerber C., Meyer D.C., Frey E., von Rechenberg B., Hoppeler H., Frigg R., Jost B., Zumstein M.A. Reversion of structural muscle changes caused by chronic rotator cuff tears using continuous musculotendinous traction. J. Shoulder Elb. Surg. 2009, 18:163-171.
35. Gerdes A.M. Cardiac myocyte remodeling in hypertrophy and progression to failure. J. Card. Fail. 2002, 8:S264-268.
36. Gillam L.D. Is it time to update the definition of functional mitral regurgitation? Structural changes in the mitral leaflets with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 2008, 118:797-799.
37. Goldstein R.E., Goriely A. Dynamic buckling of morphoelastic filaments. Phys. Rev. E 2006, 74:010901.
38. Goldspink G. Sarcomere length during post-natal growth of mammalian muscle fibers. J. Cell Sci. 1968, 3:539-548.
39. Göktepe S., Abilez O.J., Kuhl E. A generic approach towards finite growth with examples of athlete's heart, cardiac dilation, and cardiac wall thickening. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 2010, 58:1661-1680.
40. Göktepe S., Abilez O.J., Parker K.K., Kuhl E. A multiscale model for eccentric and concentric cardiac growth through sarcomerogenesis. J. Theor. Biol. 2010, 265:433-442.
41. Goriely A., BenAmar M. On the definition and modeling of incremental, cumulative, and continuous growth laws in morphoelasticity. Biomech. Mod. Mechanobiol. 2007, 6:289-296.
42. Gosain A.K., Zochowski C.G., Cortes W. Refinements of tissue expansion for pediatric forehead reconstruction. a 13-year experience. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2009, 124:1559-1570.
43. Grande-Allen K.J., Borowski A.G., Troughton R.W., Houghtaling P.L., DiPaola N.R., Moravec C.S., Vesely I., Griffin B.P. Apparently normal mitral valves in patients with heart failure demonstrate biochemical and structural derangements. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2005, 45:54-61.
44. Grytz R., Sigal I.A., Ruberti J.W., Meschke G., Crawford Downs J. Lamina cribrosa thickening in early glaucoma predicted by a microstructure motivated growth and remodeling approach. Mech. Mat. 2012, 44:99-109.
45. Grytz R., Girkin C.A., Libertiaux V., Crawford Downs J. Perspectives on biomechanical growth and remodeling mechanisms in glaucoma. Mech. Res. Comm. 2012, 42:92-106.
46. Grytz, R., Fazio, M.A., Girard, M.J.A., Libertiaux, V., Bruno, L., Gardiner, S., Girkin, C.A., Downs, J.C., 2013. Material properties of the posterior human sclera. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed Mat., this issue. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.03.027.
47. Harper, J.L., Simon, B.R., Vande Geest, J.P., 2013. A one dimensional mixed porohyperelastic transport swelling finite element model with growth. J Mech Behavior Biomed Mat. this issue. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.04.019.
48. Himpel G., Kuhl E., Menzel A., Steinmann P. Computational modeling of isotropic multiplicative growth. Comput. Mod. Eng. Sci. 2005, 8:119-134.
49. Holland M.A., Kosmata T., Goriely A., Kuhl E. On the mechanics of thin films and growing surfaces. Math. Mech. Solids 2013, 18:561-575.
50. Humphrey J.D., Rajagopal K.R. A constrained mixture model for arterial adaptations to a sustained step change in blood flow. Biomech. Model Mechanobiol. 2003, 2:109-126.
51. Hunter J.J., Chien K.R. Signaling pathways for cardiac hypertrophy and failure. New Eng. J. Med. 1999, 341:1276-1283.
52. Jager P., Schmalholz S.M., Schmid D.W., Kuhl E. Brittle fracture during folding rocks - a finite element study. Philos. Mag. 2008, 88:3245-3263.
53. Jin L., Cai S., Suo Z. Creases in soft tissues generated by growth. EPL Front. Phys. 2011, 95. 64002.1-64002.6.
54. Kerckhoffs R., Omens J., McCulloch A.D. A single strain-based growth law predicts concentric and eccentric cardiac growth during pressure and volume overload. Mech. Res. Comm. 2012, 42:40-50.
55. Klepach D., Lee L.C., Wenk J.F., Ratcliffe M.B., Zohdi T.I., Navia J.A., Kassab G.S., Kuhl E., Guccione J.M. Growth and remodeling of the left ventricle. a case study of myocardial infarction and surgical ventricular restoration. Mech. Res. Comm. 2012, 42:134-141.
56. Kroon W., Delhaas T., Arts T., Bovendeerd P. Computational modeling of volumetric soft tissue growth. application to the cardiac left ventricle. Biomech. Mod. Mechanobiol. 2009, 8:301-309.
57. Kuhl E., Steinmann P. Mass- and volume specific views on thermodynamics for open systems. Proc. Roy. Soc. 2003, 459:2547-2568.
58. Kuhl E., Maas R., Himpel G., Menzel A. Computational modeling of arterial wall growth. attempts towards patient specific simulations based on computer tomography. Biomech. Mod. Mechanobiol. 2007, 6:321-331.
59. Kuhl E., Schmid D.W. Computational modeling of mineral unmixing and growth - an application of the Cahn-Hilliard equation. Comp. Mech. 2007, 39:439-451.
60. Kumar V., Abbas A.K., Fausto N. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease 2005, Elsevier Saunders.
61. Lee E.H. Elastic-plastic deformation at finite strains. J. Appl. Mech. 1969, 36:1-6.
62. Levine R.A., Hung J., Otsuji Y., Messas E., Liel-Cohen N., Nathan N., Handschumacher M.D., Guerrero J.L., He S., Yoganathan A.P., Vlahakes G.J. Mechanistic insights into functional mitral regurgitation. Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 2002, 4:125-129.
63. Li B., Cao Y.P., Feng X.Q., Gao H. Surface wrinkling of mucosa induced by volumetric growth. theory, simulation and experiment. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 2011, 59:758-774.
64. Li B., Cao Y.P., Feng X.Q., Gao H. Mechanics of morphological instabilities and surface wrinkling in soft materials. a review. Soft Matter. 2012, 8:5728-5745.
65. Lubarda V.A., Hoger A. On the mechanics of solids with a growing mass. Int. J. Solids Struct. 2002, 39:4627-4664.
66. Lubarda V.A. Constitutive theories based on the multiplicative decomposition of deformation gradient. thermoelasticity, elastoplasticity, and biomechanics. Appl. Mech. Rev. 2004, 57:95-108.
67. Menzel A. Modelling of anisotropic growth in biological tissues - a new approach and computational aspects. Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol. 2005, 3:147-171.
68. Menzel A. A fibre reorientation model for orthotropic multiplicative growth. Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol. 2007, 6:303-320.
69. Menzel A., Kuhl E. Frontiers in growth and remodeling. Mech. Res. Comm. 2012, 42:1-14.
70. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Peanut the Turtle. 2013. http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/adoptriver/peanut.html.
71. Mortier O., Holzapfel G.A., De Beule M., Van Loo D., Taeymans Y., Segers P., Verdonck P., Verhegghe B. A novel simulation strategy for stent insertion and deployment in curved coronary bifurcations. comparison of three drug-eluting stents. Annu. Biomed. Eng. 2010, 38:88-99.
72. Moulton D.E., Goriely A. Circumferential buckling instability of a growing cylindrical tube. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 2011, 59:525-537.
73. Moulton D.E., Goriely A. Possible role of differential growth in airway wall remodeling in asthma. J. Appl. Physiol. 2011, 110:1003-1012.
74. Moulton D.E., Lessinnes T., Goriely A. Morphoelastic rots. Part I. a single growing elastic rod. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 2013, 61:398-427.
75. Myers, K., Ateshian, G.A., 2013. Interstitial growth and remodeling of biological tissues: tissue composition as state variables. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mat., this issue. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.03.003.
76. Narayanan H., Verner S.N., Mills K.L., Kemkemer R., Garikipati K. In silica estimates of the free energy rates in growing tumor spheroids. J. Phys. Cond. Matter 2010, 22:194122.
77. Nelson M.R., Howard D., Jensen O.E., King J.R., Rose F.R.A.J., Waters S.L. Growth-induced buckling of an epithelial layer. Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol. 2011, 10:883-900.
78. Opie L.H., Commerford P.J., Gersh B.J., Pfeffer M.A. Controversies in ventricular remodelling. Lancet 2006, 367:356-367.
79. Pamplona D.C., Carvalho C. Characterization of human skin through skin expansion. J. Mech. Mat. Struct. 2012, 7:641-655.
80. Pamplona, D.C., Velloso, R.Q., Radwanski, H.N., 2013. On skin expansion. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mat., this issue. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.03.023.
81. Papastavrou A., Steinmann P., Kuhl E. On the mechanics of continua with boundary energies and growing surfaces. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 2013, 61:1446-1463.
82. Rausch M.K., Dam A., Göktepe S., Abilez O.J., Kuhl E. Computational modeling of growth. systemic and pulmonary hypertension in the heart. Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol. 2011, 10:799-811.
83. Rausch M.K., Bothe W., Kvitting J.P.E., Göktepe S., Miller D.C., Kuhl E. In vivo dynamic strains of the ovine anterior mitral valve leaflet. J. Biomech. 2011, 44:1149-1157.
84. Rausch M.K., Tibayan F.A., Miller D.C., Kuhl E. Evidence of adaptive mitral leaflet growth. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mat. 2012, 15:208-217.
85. Rausch M.K., Bothe W., Kvitting J.P., Swanson J.C., Miller D.C., Kuhl E. Mitral valve annuloplasty - a quantitative clinical and mechanical comparison of different annuloplasty devices. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2012, 40:750-761.
86. Rausch M.K., Tibayan F.A., Ingels N.B., Miller D.C., Kuhl E. Mechanics of the mitral annulus in chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2013, 41:2171-2180.
87. Rausch M.K., Kuhl E. On the effect of prestrain and residual stress in thin biological membranes. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 2013, 61:1955-1969.
88. Rivera R., LoGiudice J., Gosain A.K. Tissue expansion in pediatric patients. Clin. Plast. Surg. 2005, 32:35-44.
89. Roccabianca, S., Figueroa, C.A., Tellides, G., Humphrey, J.D., 2013. Quantification of regional differences in aortic stiffness in the aging human. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mat., this issue. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.01.026.
90. Rodriguez E.K., Hoger A., McCulloch A.D. Stress-dependent finite growth in soft elastic tissues. J. Biomech. 1994, 27:455-467.
91. Savin T., Kurpios N.A., shyer A.E., Florescu P., Liang H., Mahadevan L., Tabin C.J. On the growth and form of the gut. Nature 2011, 476:57-62.
92. Soares, A.L.F., van Geemen, D., van den Bogaerdt, A.J., Oomens, C.W.J., Bouten, C.V.C., Baaijens, F.P.T., 2013. Mechanics of the pulmonary valve in the aortic position. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mat., this issue. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.07.009.
93. Socci L., Pennati G., Gervaso F., Vena P. An axisymmetric computational model of skin expansion and growth. Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol. 2007, 6:177-188.
94. Taber L.A. Biomechanics of growth, remodeling and morphogenesis. Appl. Mech. Rev. 1995, 48:487-545.
95. Taber L.A., Humphrey J.D. Stress-modulated growth, residual stress, and vascular heterogeneity. J. Biomech. Eng. 2001, 123:528-535.
96. Thimann K.V., Schneider C.L. Differential growth in plant tissues. Am. J. Bot. 1938, 25:627-641.
97. Tibayan F.A., Rodriguez F., Langer F., Zasio M.K., Bailey L., Liang D., Daughters G.T., Ingels N.B., Miller D.C. Annular remodeling in chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation. ring selection implications. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2003, 76:1549-1554.
98. Timek T.A., Lai D.T., Dagum P., Liang D., Daughters G.T., Ingels N.B., Miller D.C. Mitral leaflet remodeling in dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2006, 114:I518-I523.
99. Tsamis A., Cheng A., Nguyen T.C., Langer F., Miller D.C., Kuhl E. Kinematics of cardiac growth - in vivo characterization of growth tensors and strains. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mat. 2012, 8:165-177.
100. van den Bedem H. Statistical properties of hyperbolic systems with tangential singularities. Nonlinearity 2001, 14:1393-1410.
101. Vandiver R., Goriely A. Differential growth and residual stress in cylindrical elastic structures. Philos. Trans. R. Soc A 2009, 367:3607-3630.
102. van Rappard J.H.A., Molenaar J., van Doorn K., Sonneveld G.J., Borghouts J.M.H.M. Surface-area increase in tissue expansion. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1988, 82:833-839.
103. Waffenschmidt, T., Menzel, A., 2013. Extremal states of energy of a double-layered thick-walled tube - application to residually stressed arteries. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mat., this issue. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.05.023.
104. Wenk J.F., Eslami P., Zhang Z., Xu C., Kuhl E., Gorman J.H., Robb J.D., Ratcliffe M.B., Gorman R.C., Guccione J.M. A novel method for quantifying the in-vivo mechanical effect of material injected into a myocardial infarction. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2011, 92:935-941.
105. Wiggs B.R., Hrousis C.A., Drazen J.M., Kamm R.D. On the mechanism of mucosal folding in normal and asthmatic airways. J. Appl. Physiol. 1997, 83:1814-1821.
106. Williams P.E., Goldspink G. Changes in sarcomere lengths and physiological properties in immobilized muscle. J. Anat. 1978, 127:459-468.
107. Wyczalkowski M.A., Chen Z., Filas B.A., Varner V.D., Taber L.A. Computational models for mechanics of morphogenesis. Birth Defects Res. C 2012, 96:132-152.
108. Xie, B.L., Cao, Y.P., Feng, X.Q., 2013. Effects of internal pressure and surface tension on the growth-induced wrinkling of mucosae. J. Mech. Behavior. Biomed. Mat., this issue. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.05.009.
109. Xu G., Knutsen A.K., Dikranian K., Kroenke C.D., Bayly P.V., Tabler L.A. Axons pull on the brain, but tension does not drive cortical folding. J. Biomech. Eng. 2010, 132:071013.
110. Yiu S.F., Enriquez-Sarano M., Tribouilloy C., Seward J.B., Tajik A.J. Determinants of the degree of functional mitral regurgitation in patients with systolic left ventricular dysfunction. a quantitative clinical study. Circulation 2000, 102:1400-1406.
111. Zöllner A.M., Buganza Tepole A., Kuhl E. On the biomechanics and mechanobiology of growing skin. J. Theor. Biol. 2012, 297:166-175.
112. Zöllner A.M., Buganza Tepole A., Gosain A.K., Kuhl E. Growing skin - tissue expansion in pediatric forehead reconstruction. Biomech. Mod. Mechanobiol. 2012, 11:855-867.
113. Zöllner A.M., Abilez O.J., Böl M., Kuhl E. Stretching skeletal muscle. chronic muscle lengthening through sarcomerogenesis. PLoS One 2012, 7(10):e45661.
114. Zöllner, A.M., Holland, M.A., Honda, K.S., Gosain, A.K., Kuhl, E. Growth on demand - reviewing the mechanobiology of stretched skin. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mat., in press. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.03.018.
115. Zumstein M.A., Frey E., von Rechenberg B., Frigg R., Gerber C., Meyer D.C. Device for lengthening of a musculotendinous unit by direct continuous traction in the sheep. BMC Vet. Res. 2012, 8:50.