Classical conditioning and pain: Conditioned analgesia and hyperalgesia

Acta Psychologica

Volumn 145, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 10-20

  Miguez, Gonzalo ^a   Laborda, Mario A ^a,b   Miller, Ralph R ^a  

^a BINGHAMTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHILE   (Chile)

Author keywords

2343 Learning Memory; 2420 Learning Motivation; 3360 Health Psychology Medicine; Analgesia; Conditioning; Hyperalgesia; Morphine tolerance; Pain

Indexed keywords

MORPHINE; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT;

2343 LEARNING & MEMORY; 2420 LEARNING & MOTIVATION; 3360 HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY & MEDICINE; ANALGESIA; ASSOCIATION; CONDITIONED REFLEX; CONDITIONING; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG TOLERANCE; HUMAN; HYPERALGESIA; LEARNING; MENTAL STRESS; METHODOLOGY; MORPHINE TOLERANCE; ODOR; PAIN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW;

2343 LEARNING & MEMORY; 2420 LEARNING & MOTIVATION; 3360 HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY & MEDICINE; ANALGESIA; CONDITIONING; HYPERALGESIA; MORPHINE TOLERANCE; PAIN;

ANALGESIA; ANALGESICS, OPIOID; ASSOCIATION LEARNING; CONDITIONING, CLASSICAL; CUES; DRUG TOLERANCE; HUMANS; HYPERALGESIA; MORPHINE; SMELL; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 84888102364     PISSN: 00016918     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.10.009     Document Type: Review

References (157)

1. Abrahamsen G., Stock H., Caldarone B., Rosellini R. Learned helplessness inducing foot-shock can exacerbate morphine responsiveness. Physiology and Behavior 1993, 54:289-294.
2. Angst M.S., Koppert W., Pahl I., Clark J.D., Schmelz M. Short term infusion of the mu-opioid agonist remifentanil in humanscauses hyperalgesia during withdrawal. Pain 2003, 106:49-57.
3. Annau Z., Kamin L.J. The conditioned emotional response as a function of intensity of the US. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1961, 54:428-432.
4. Appelbaum B.D., Holtzman S.G. Characterization of stress-induced potentiation of opioid effects in the rat. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1984, 231:555-565.
5. Baamonde A.I., Hidalgo A., Andrés-Trelles F. Sex-related differences in the effects of morphine and stress on visceral pain. Neuropharmacology 1989, 28:967-970.
6. Bandura A., O'Leary A., Taylor C.B., Gauthier J., Gossard D. Perceived self-efficacy and pain control: Opioid and nonopioid mechanisms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1988, 55:479-488.
7. Bardo M.T., Hughes R.A. Exposure to a nonfunctional hot plate as a factor in the assessment of morphine-induced analgesia and analgesic tolerance in rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 1979, 10:481-485.
8. Bardo M.T., Valone J.M. Morphine-conditioned analgesia using a taste cue: Dissociation of taste aversion and analgesia. Psychopharmacology 1994, 114:269-274.
9. Beecher H.K. Generalization from pain of various types and diverse origins. Science 1959, 130:267-268.
10. Belenky G.L., Holaday J.W. Repeated electroconvulsive shock (ECS) and morphine tolerance: Demonstration of cross sensitivity in the rats. Life Sciences 1981, 29:553-563.
11. Bevins R.A., Valone J.M., Bradley M.C., Bardo M.T. Morphine taste conditioning and analgesia: Assessing conditioned and novelty-induced analgesia. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 1995, 3:9-14.
12. Bolles R.C., Fanselow M.S. A perceptual-defensive-recuperative model of fear and pain. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1980, 3:291-323.
13. Brodgen W.J. Sensory preconditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology 1939, 25:323-332.
14. Caldarone B.J., Abrahamsen G.C., Stock H.S., Mongeluzi D.L., Rossellini R.A. Enhancement of morphine analgesia in rats following removal from contextual conditioned fear cues. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacolgy and Biological Psychiatry 1997, 21:981-995.
15. Cappell H., LeBlanc A.E., Endrenyi L. Aversive conditioning by psychoactive drugs: Effects of morphine, alcohol and chlordiazepoxide. Psychopharmacologia 1973, 29:239-246.
16. Cepeda-Benito A., Tiffany S.T. Unsignaled morphine delivery does not disrupt the development of associative morphine tolerance in the rat. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 1996, 54:575-580.
17. Cepeda-Benito A., Tiffany S.T., Cox L. Context-specific morphine tolerance on the paw-pressure and tail-shock vocalization tests: Evidence of associative tolerance without conditioned compensatory responding. Psychopharmacology 1999, 145:426-432.
18. Chance W.T. Autoanalgesia: Opiate and non-opiate mechanisms. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 1979, 4:55-67.
19. Chance W.T., White A.C., Krynock G.M., Rosecrans J.A. Autoanalgesia: Behaviorally activated antinociception. European Journal of Pharmacology 1977, 44:283-284.
20. Chance W.T., White A.C., Krynock G.M., Rosecrans J.A. Conditioned fear-induced antinocioception and decrease binding of [3H]N-Leu-enkephalin to rat brain. Brain Research 1978, 141:371-374.
21. Chance W.T., White A.C., Krynock G.M., Rosecrans J.A. Autoanalgesia: Acquisition, blockade and relationship to opiate binding. European Journal of Pharmacology 1979, 58:461-468.
22. Chia Y.Y., Liu K., Wang J.J., Kuo M.C., Ho S.T. Intraoperative high dose fentanyl induces postoperative fentanyl tolerance. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesiology 1999, 46:872-877.
23. Chu L.F., Clark D.J., Angst M.S. Opioid tolerance and hyperalgesia in chronic pain patients after one month of oral morphine therapy: A preliminary prospective study. Journal of Pain 2006, 7:43-48.
24. Cole R.P., Miller R.R. Conditioned excitation and conditioned inhibition acquired through backward conditioning. Learning and Motivation 1999, 30:129-156.
25. Compton M.A. Cold-pressor pain tolerance in opiate and cocaine abusers: Correlates of drug type and use status. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 1994, 9:462-473.
26. Compton P., Charuvastra V.C., Kintaudi K., Ling W. Pain responses in methadone-maintained opioid abusers. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2000, 20:237-245.
27. Dafters R., Hetherington M., McCartney H. Blocking and sensory preconditioning effects in morphine analgesic tolerance: Support for a pavlovian conditioning model of drug tolerance. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 1983, 35B:1-11.
28. Davis M., Astrachan D.I. Conditioned fear and startle magnitude: Effects of different footshock or backshock intensities used in training. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 1978, 4:95-103.
29. Davis H.D., Hendersen R.W. Effect of conditioned responsiveness to pain: Long term retention and reversibility by naloxone. Behavioral Neuroscience 1985, 299:277-284.
30. Denniston J.C., Chang R.C., Miller R.R. Massive extinction attenuates the renewal effect. Learning and Motivation 2003, 34:68-86.
31. Domjan M. Biological constraints on instrumental and classical conditioning: Implications for a general process theory. The psychology of learning and motivation 1983, Vol. 17:215-277. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
32. Domjan M., Galef B.G. Biological constraints on instrumental and classical conditioning: Retrospect and prospect. Animal Learning & Behavior 1983, 11:151-161.
33. Doverty M., White J.M., Somogyi A.A., Bochner F., Ali R., Ling W. Hyperalgesic responses in methadone maintenance patients. Pain 2001, 90:91-96.
34. Droste C., Greenlee M.W., Schreck M., Roskamm H. Experimental pain thresholds and plasma beta-endorphin levels during exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 1991, 23:334-342.
35. Fanselow M.S. Naloxone attenuates rat's preference for signaled shock. Physiological Psychology 1979, 7:70-74.
36. Fanselow M.S. Shock-induced analgesia on the formalin test: Effects of shock severity, naloxone, hypophysectomy, and associative variables. Behavioral Neuroscience 1984, 98:79-95.
37. Fanselow M.S., Baackes M.P. Conditioned fear-induced opiate analgesia on the formalin test: Evidence for two motivational systems. Learning and Motivation 1982, 13:200-221.
38. Fanselow M.S., Bolles R.C. Naloxone and shock-elicited freezing in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1979, 93:736-744.
39. Fanselow M.S., Bolles R.C. Triggering of the endorphin analgesic reaction by a cue previously associated with shock: Reversal by naloxone. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 1979, 14:88-90.
40. Fitzgerald R.D. Effects of partial reinforcement with acid in the classically conditioned salivary response in dogs. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1963, 56:1056-1060.
41. Flor H. The functional alteration of the brain in chronic pain. Progress in Brain Research 2000, 129:313-322.
42. Flor H., Birbaumer N., Schulz R., Grüsser S.M., Mucha R.F. Pavlovian conditioning of opioid and nonopioid pain inhibitory mechanisms in humans. European Journal of Pain 2002, 6:395-402.
43. Flor H., Grüsser S.M. Conditioned stress-induced analgesia in humans. European Journal of Pain 1999, 3:317-324.
44. Foo H., Westbrook R.F. Naloxone-induced hypoalgesia: Effects of heat, cold and novelty. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 1991, 43B:137-156.
45. Ford G.K., Finn D.P. Clinical correlates of stress-induced analgesia: Evidence from pharmacological studies. Pain 2008, 140:3-7.
46. Freeman K.B., Riley A.L. The origins of conditioned taste aversion learning: A historical analysis. Conditioned taste aversion 2009, 9-33. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. S. Reilly, T.R. Schachtman (Eds.).
47. Frid M., Singer G. Hypnotic analgesia in conditions of stress is partially reversed by naloxone. Psychopharmacology 1979, 63:211-215.
48. Frid M., Singer G., Oei T., Rana C. Reactions to ischemic pain: Interactions between individual, situational, and naloxone effects. Psychopharmacology 1981, 73:116-119.
49. Garcia J., Kimeldorf D.J., Koelling R.A. Conditioned aversion to saccharin resulting from exposure to gamma radiation. Science 1955, 122:157-158.
50. Garcia J., Koelling R.A. Relation of cue to consequence in avoidance learning. Psychonomic Science 1966, 4:123-124.
51. Green K.F., Lee D.W. Effects of centrifugal rotation on analgesia and conditioned flavor aversions. Physiology & Behavior 1987, 40:201-205.
52. Guignard B., Bossard A.E., Coste C., Sessler D.I., Lebrault C., Alfonsi P., et al. Acute opioid tolerance: Intraoperative remifentanil increases postoperative pain and morphine requirement. Anesthesiology 2000, 93:409-417.
53. Hayes R.L., Bennett G.J., Newlon P.G., Mayer D.J. Behavioral and physiological studies of non-narcotic analgesia in the rat elicited by certain environmental stimuli. Brain Research 1978, 155:69-90.
54. Hoffman M.D., Lee J., Zhao H., Tsodikov A. Pain perception after running a 100-mile ultramarathon. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2007, 88:1042-1048.
55. Hood D.D., Curry R., Eisenach J.C. Intravenous remifentanil produces withdrawal hyperalgesia in volunteers with capsaicininduced hyperalgesia. Anaesthesia & Analgesia 2003, 97:810-815.
56. Hyson R.L., Ashcraft L.J., Drugan R.C., Grau J.W., Maier S.F. Extent and control of shock affects naltrexone sensitivity of stress-induced analgesia and reactivity to morphine. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 1982, 17:1019-1025.
57. Illich P.A., Salinas J.A., Grau J.W. Conditioned changes in pain reactivity: II. In search of the elusive phenomenon of conditioned hyperalgesia. Behavioral Neuroscience 1991, 105:478-481.
58. Imbe H., Iwai-Liao Y., Senba E. Stress-induced hyperalgesia: Animals models and putative mechanisms. Frontiers in Bioscience 2006, 11:2179-2192.
59. Janal M.N., Colt E.W., Clark W.C., Glusman M. Pain sensitivity, mood and plasma endocrine levels in man following long-distance running: Effects of naloxone. Pain 1984, 19:13-25.
60. Jensen T.S., Smith D.F. Selective association in conditioned stress-induced analgesia: Functional differences in interoceptive and exteroceptive sensory pathways. Behavioral & Neural Biology 1985, 43:218-221.
61. Johnston I.N., Westbrook R.F. Acute sickness and conditioned sickness reduces morphine analgesia. Behavioural Brain Research 2003, 142:89-97.
62. Kamin L.J. "Attention-like" processes in classical conditioning. Miami Symposium on the Prediction of Behavior: Aversive Stimulation 1968, 9-31. University of Miami Press, Coral Gables, FL. M.R. Jones (Ed.).
63. Kavaliers M., Hirst M. Tolerance to the morphine-influenced thermal response in the terrestrial snail, cepea nemoralis. Neuropharmacology 1983, 22:1321-1326.
64. Kavaliers M., Ossenkopp K. Tolerance to morphine-induced analgesia in mice: Magnetic fields function as environmental specific cues and reduce tolerance development. Life Sciences 1985, 37:1125-1135.
65. Koltyn K.F. Analgesia following exercise: A review. Sports Medicine 2000, 92:85-98.
66. Koppert W., Sittl R., Scheuber K., Alsheimer M., Schmelz M., Schuttler J. Differential modulation of remifentanil-induced analgesia and postinfusion hyperalgesia by S-ketamine and clonidine in humans. Anesthesiology 2003, 99:152-159.
67. Krank M.D., Hinson R.E., Siegel S. Conditional hyperalgesia is elicited by environmental signals of morphine. Behavioral & Neural Biology 1981, 32:148-157.
68. Krank M.D., Hinson R.E., Siegel S. Effect of partial reinforcement on tolerance to morphine-induced analgesia and weight loss in the rat. Behavioral Neuroscience 1984, 98:72-78.
69. Lewis J.W., Sherman J.E., Liebeskind J.C. Opioid and nonopioid stress analgesia: Assessment of tolerance and cross-tolerance with morphine. Journal of Neuroscience 1981, 1:358-363.
70. Lichtman A.H., Fanselow M.S. Opioid and nonopioid conditional analgesia: The role of spinal opioid, noradrenergic, and serotonergic systems. Behavioral Neuroscience 1991, 105:687-698.
71. Lolordo V.M., Droungas A. Selective associations and adaptive specializations: Food aversion and phobias. Contemporary learning theories: Instrumental conditioning theory and the impact of biological constraints on learning 1989, 145-179. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. S. Klein, R. Mowrer (Eds.).
72. Lubow R.E., Moore A.U. Latent inhibition: The effect of nonreinforced pre-exposure to the conditional stimulus. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1959, 52:415-419.
73. Lysle D.T., Fowler H. Changes in pain reactivity induced by unconditioned and conditioned excitatory and inhibitory stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 1988, 14:376-389.
74. MacLennan A.J., Jackson R.L., Maier S.F. Conditioned analgesia in the rat. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 1980, 15:387-390.
75. MacRae J.R., Siegel S. Extinction of tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine: Intracerebroventricular administration and effects of stress. Behavioral Neuroscience 1987, 101:790-796.
76. Maier S.F., Watkins L.R. Conditioned and unconditioned stress-induced analgesia: Stimulus preexposure and stimulus change. Animal Learning & Behavior 1991, 19:295-304.
77. Matsumura S., Yoneda T., Aki S., Eguchi A., Manabe Y., Tsuzuki S., et al. Intragastric infusion of glucose enhances the rewarding effect of sorbitol fatty acid ester ingestion as measured by conditioned place preference in mice. Physiology & Behavior 2010, 99:509-514.
78. Matzel L.D., Hallam S.C., Miller R.R. Contribution of conditioned opioid analgesia to the shock-induced associative US-preexposure deficit. Animal Learning & Behavior 1988, 16:486-492.
79. Matzel L.D., Miller R.R. Recruitment time of conditioned opioid analgesia. Physiology & Behavior 1987, 39:135-140.
80. Matzel L.D., Miller R.R. Development of shock-induced analgesia: A search for hyperalgesia. Behavioral Neuroscience 1989, 103:850-856.
81. McDonald R.V., Siegel S. Intra-administration associations and withdrawal symptoms: Morphine-elicited morphine withdrawal. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 2004, 12:3-11.
82. Meagher M.W., Ferguson A.R., Crown E.D., McLemore S., King T.E., Sieve A.N., et al. Shock-induced hyperalgesia: IV. Generality. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 2001, 27:219-238.
83. Melzack R. The McGill pain questionnaire: Major properties and scoring methods. Pain 1975, 1:277-299.
84. Melzack R., Wall P. Pain mechanism: A new theory. Science 1965, 150:171-179.
85. Miguez G., Witnauer J.E., Miller R.R. The role of contextual associations in producing the partial reinforcement acquisition deficit. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 2012, 38:40-51.
86. Miguez G., Witnauer J., Laborda M.A., Miller R.R. Trial spacing during extinction in AAC and ABC renewal situations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 2013, (in press). 10.1037/a0033203.
87. Miller J.S., Frombach J.C., Scherer S.L., Jagielo J.A. Pain sensitivity following taste aversion conditioning: Analgesia depends on the method used to assess taste aversion learning. Learning and Motivation 1997, 28:129-139.
88. Miller J.S., Kelly K.S., Neisewander J.L., McCoy D.F., Bardo M.T. Conditioning of morphine-induced taste aversion and analgesia. Psychopharmacology 1990, 101:472-480.
89. Millin P.M., Riccio D.C. Spontaneous recovery of tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine. Physiology & Behavior 2002, 75:465-471.
90. Mitchel J.M., Basbau A.I., Fields H.L. A locus and mechanism of action for associative morphine tolerance. Nature Neuroscience 2000, 3:47-53.
91. Morris R.W., Bouton M.E. Effect of unconditioned stimulus magnitude on the emergence of conditioned responding. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 2006, 32:371-385.
92. Moscovitch A., LoLordo V.M. Role of safety in the pavlovian backward fear conditioning procedure. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1968, 66:673-678.
93. Mucha R.F., Herz A. Motivational properties of kappa and mu opioid receptor agonists studied with place and taste preference conditioning. Psychopharmacology 1985, 86:274-280.
94. Mucha R.F., Herz A. Preference conditioning produced by opioid active and inactive isomers of levorphanol and morphine in rat. Life Sciences 1986, 38:241-249.
95. Pavlov I.P. Conditioned reflexes: An investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex 1927, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England.
96. Przewłocka B., Sumová A., Lasoń W. The influence of conditioned fear-induced stress on the opioid systems in the rat. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 1990, 37:661-666.
97. Randall C.K., Kraemer P.J., Valone J.M., Bardo M.T. Odor conditioning with morphine: Conditioned preference, aversion, and analgesia. Psychobiology 1993, 21:215-220.
98. Rescorla R.A. Conditioned inhibition of fear resulting from negative CS-US contingencies. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1969, 67:504-509.
99. Rescorla R.A. Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement following prior inhibitory conditioning. Learning and Motivation 1971, 2:113-123.
100. Rescorla R.A. Associationism in animal learning. Perspectives on learning and memory 1985, 39-61. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Hillsdale, NJ. L. Nilsson, T. Archer (Eds.).
101. Rhudy J.L., Grimes J.S., Meagher M.W. Fear-induced hypoalgesia in humans: Effects on low intensity thermal stimulation and finger temperature. Journal of Pain 2004, 5:458-468.
102. Rhudy J.L., Meagher M.W. Noise stress and human pain thresholds: Divergent effects in men and women. Journal of Pain 2001, 2:57-64.
103. Rochford J., Dawes P. Effect of naloxone on the habituation of novelty-induced hypoalgesia: The collateral inhibition hypothesis revisited. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 1993, 46:117-123.
104. Rochford J., Dawes P., Stewart J. Naloxone potentiation of novelty-induced hypoalgesia: Characterization of the a-noradrenergic receptor subtype. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 1993, 44:381-386.
105. Rochford J., Stewart J. Morphine attenuation of conditioned autoanalgesia: Implications for theories of situation-specific tolerance to morphine analgesia. Behavioral Neuroscience 1987, 101:690-700.
106. Rosecrans J.A., Chance W.T. Emotionality induced antionocioception. Proceedings of the Society for Neuroscience 1976, 2:919.
107. Rosellini R., Abrahamsen G., Stock H., Caldarone B. Modulation of the enhancement of morphine induced hypoalgesia by the number of shock trials: Covariation of a measure of context fear and hypoalgesia. Physiology Behavior 1994, 56:183-188.
108. Ross R.T. Blocking and unblocking of conditioned analgesia. Learning and Motivation 1985, 16:173-174.
109. Ross R.T. Pavlovian second-order conditioned analgesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 1986, 12:32-39.
110. Ross R.T., Randich A. Unconditioned stress-induced analgesia following exposure to brief footshock. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 1984, 10:127-137.
111. Ross R.T., Randich A. Associative aspects of conditioned analgesia evoked by a discrete CS. Animal Learning & Behavior 1985, 13:419-431.
112. Rossi N.A., Reid L.D. Affective states associated with morphine injections. Physiological Psychology 1976, 4:269-274.
113. Rozin P., Kalat J.W. Specific hungers and poison avoidance as adaptive specializations of learning. Psychological Review 1971, 78:459-486.
114. Sandkühler J. Models and mechanisms of hyperalgesia and allodynia. Physiological Reviews 2009, 89:707-758.
115. Schnur P., Martinez R.A. Independent effects of morphine and apomorphine on stereotyped gnawing in the hamster. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 1989, 32:589-594.
116. Scott V., Gijbers K. Pain perception in competitive swimmers. British Medical Journal 1981, 283:91-93.
117. Seligman M.E. On the generality of the laws of learning. Psychological Review 1970, 77:406-418.
118. Seligman M.E. Phobias and preparedness. Behavior Therapy 1971, 2:307-320.
119. Sherman J.E. The effects of conditioning and novelty on the rat's analgesic and pyretic responses to morphine. Learning and Motivation 1979, 10:383-418.
120. Sherman J.E., Strub H., Lewis J.W. Morphine analgesia: Enhancement by shock-associated cues. Behavioral Neuroscience 1984, 98:293-309.
121. Siegel S. Evidence from rats that morphine tolerance is a learned response. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1975, 89:498-506.
122. Siegel S. Morphine analgesic tolerance: Its situation specificity supports a Pavlovian conditioning model. Science 1976, 193:323-325.
123. Siegel S. Morphine tolerance acquisition as an associative process. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 1977, 3:1-13.
124. Siegel S. State dependent learning and morphine tolerance. Behavioral Neuroscience 1988, 102:228-232.
125. Siegel S. Drug anticipation and drug addiction: The 1998 H. David Archibald lecture. Addiction 1999, 94:1113-1124.
126. Siegel S. Glucose enhancement of tolerance to morphine and ethanol in rats. Psychobiology 1999, 27:372-376.
127. Siegel S. Drug tolerance, drug addiction, and drug anticipation. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2005, 14:296-300.
128. Siegel S., Allan L.G. Learning and homeostasis: Drug addiction and the McCollough effect. Psychological Bulletin 1998, 124:230-239.
129. Siegel S., Baptista M.A.S., Kim J.A., McDonald R.V., Weise-Kelly L. Pavlovian psychopharmacology: The associative basis of tolerance. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 2000, 8:276-293.
130. Siegel S., Hinson R.E., Krank M.D. The role of predrug signals in morphine analgesic tolerance: Support for a pavlovian conditioning model of tolerance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 1978, 4:188-196.
131. Siegel S., Hinson R.E., Krank M.D. Modulation of tolerance to the lethal effect of morphine by extinction. Behavioral & Neural Biology 1979, 25:257-262.
132. Siegel S., Sherman J.E., Mitchell D. Extinction of morphine analgesic tolerance. Learning and Motivation 1980, 11:289-301.
133. Sissons H.T., Miller R.R. Spontaneous recovery of excitation and inhibition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 2009, 35:419-426.
134. Sokolowska M., Siegel S., Kim J.A. Intraadministration associations: Conditional hyperalgesia elicited by morphine onset cues. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 2002, 28:309-320.
135. Spragg S.D.S. Morphine addiction in chimpanzees. Comparative Psychology Monographs 1940, 15:1-132.
136. Stock H.S., Caldaron B., Abrahamsen G., Mongeluzi D., Wilson M.A., Rossellini R.A. Sex differences in relation to conditioned fear-induced enhancement of morphine analgesia. Physiology & Behavior 2001, 72:439-447.
137. Stout S., Escobar M., Miller R.R. Trial number and compound stimuli temporal relationship as joint determinants of second-order conditioning and conditioned inhibition. Learning & Behavior 2004, 32:230-239.
138. Stout S.C., Miller R.R. Sometimes-competing retrieval (SOCR): A formalization of the comparator hypothesis. Psychological Review 2007, 114:759-783.
139. Tiffany S.T., Baker T.B. Morphine tolerance in rats: Congruence with a pavlovian paradigm. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1981, 95:747-762.
140. Tiffany S.T., Drobes D.J., Cepeda-Benito A. Contribution of associative and nonassociative processes to the development of morphine tolerance 1992.
141. Tiffany S.T., Maude-Griffin P.M. Tolerance to morphine in the rat: Associative and nonassociative effects. Behavioral Neuroscience 1988, 102:534-543.
142. Urcelay G.P., Lipatova O., Miller R.R. Constraints on enhanced extinction resulting from extinction treatment in the presence of an added excitor. Learning and Motivation 2009, 40:343-363.
143. Urcelay G.P., Miller R.R. A comparator view of Pavlovian and differential inhibition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 2006, 32:271-283.
144. Urcelay G.P., Wheeler D.S., Miller R.R. Spacing extinction trials alleviates renewal and spontaneous recovery. Learning & Behavior 2009, 37:60-73.
145. Valone J.M., Randall C.K., Kraemer P.J., Bardo M.T. Olfactory cues and morphine-induced conditioned analgesia in rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 1998, 60:115-118.
146. Vogel E.H., Castro M.E., Solar O.A., Soto F.A. Enhancement of Pavlovian conditioned immunosrupression in rats. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 2007, 67:71-81.
147. Walter T.A., Riccio D.C. Overshadowing effects in the stimulus control of morphine analgesic tolerance. Behavioral Neuroscience 1983, 97:658-662.
148. Watkins L.R., Cobelli D.A., Mayer D.J. Classical conditioning of front paw and hind paw footshock induced analgesia (FSIA): Naloxone reversibility and descending pathways. Brain Research 1982, 243:119-132.
149. Watkins L.R., Wiertelak E.P., McGorry M., Martinez J., Schwartz B., Sisk D., et al. Neurocircuitry of conditioned inhibition of analgesia: Effects of amygdala, dorsal raphe, ventral medullary, and spinal cord lesions on antianalgesia in the rat. Behavioral Neuroscience 1998, 112:360-378.
150. White N.M., Messier C. Effects of adrenal demedullation on the conditioned emotional response and on the memory improving action of glucose. Behavioral Neuroscience 1988, 102:499-503.
151. Wiertelak E.P., Smith K.P., Furness L., Mooney-Heiberger K., Mayr T., Maier S.F., et al. Acute and conditioned hyperalgesic responses to illness. Pain 1994, 56:227-234.
152. Wiertelak E.P., Watkins L.R., Maier S.F. Conditioned inhibition of analgesia. Animal Learning & Behavior 1992, 20:339-349.
153. Willer J.C., Dehen H., Cambier J. Stress-induced analgesia in humans: Endogenous opioids and naloxone-reversible depression of pain reflexes. Science 1981, 212:689-691.
154. Willer J.C., Ernst M. Diazepam reduces stress-induced analgesia in humans. Brain Research 1986, 362:398-402.
155. Williams A.E., Rhudy J.L. The influence of conditioned fear on human pain thresholds: Does preparedness play a role?. Journal of Pain 2007, 8:598-606.
156. Witnauer J.E., Miller R.R. Conditioned suppression is an inverted-U function of footshock intensity. Learning & Behavior 2013, 41:94-106.
157. Yirmiya R., Lieblich I., Liebeskind J.C., Garcia J. Lithium chloride produces illness-induced analgesia. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 1988, 26:261-262.