A predicament: Animal models and human tissue in medical research

Configurations

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 183-200

  Harrington, Jean ^a,b  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b GUY'S AND ST THOMAS' NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84888098065     PISSN: 10631801     EISSN: 10806520     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/con.2013.0014     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Robert A. J. Matthews, "Medical Progress Depends on Animal Models-Doesn't It?" Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 101:2 (2008): 95-98.
2. The term "waste" is used prolifically within documentation referring to human tissue within healthcare. See http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/medicalwaste /002to019.pdf.
3. Christopher Anderegg, Kathy Archibald, Jarrod Bailey, Murry J. Cohen, Stephen R. Kaufman, and John J. Pippin, A Critical Look at Animal Experimentation (London: Medical Research Modernization Committee, 2006).
4. Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes (Official Journal of the European Union, L276/33).
5. James G. Fox, Bennett J. Cohen, and Franklin M. Loew, eds., Laboratory Animal Medicine (San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1984).
6. Daniel Steel, Across the Boundaries: Extrapolation in Biology and Social Science (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).
7. The mouse became the standardized laboratory tool during the 1950s when Clarence Cook Little, the founder of the Jackson Laboratory in the U.S. state of Maine, used money from the Detroit car manufacturers to concentrate on breeding and distributing "the mouse model. " Little circulated the mice as "pure biological reagents"-the JAX mice-said to be the gold standard of genetic purity in mouse models. See Karen Rader, Making Mice: Standardizing Animals for American Biomedical Research, 1900-1955 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004).
8. Michel Callon, Pierre Lascoumes, and Yannick Barthe, Acting in An Uncertain World: An Essay on Technical Democracy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009).
9. Robert E. Kohler, Lords of the Fly: Drosophila Genetics and the Experimental Life (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994).
10. The use of animals in scientific procedures is regulated by the Animals Scientific Procedures Act (1986), which requires a three-level licensing system: personal license, project license, and certificate of designation (emphasis in original). http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/science-research/animal-research/.
11. Lynda Birke, Arnold Arluke, and Mike Michael, The Sacrifice: How Scientific Experiments Transform Animals and People (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2007), p. 26.
12. Cheryl Logan, "Before There Were Standards: The Role of Test Animals in the Production of Empirical Generality in Physiology, " Journal of the History of Biology 35 (2002): 329-363.
13. The white rat is an albino strain of the brown rat used extensively as a laboratory animal in biological experimentation. Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary, s.v. "white rat. " http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/white%20rat.
14. Joan H. Fujimura, Crafting Science: A Sociohistory of the Quest for the Genetics of Cancer (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996).
15. Joan H. Fujimura, Crafting Science: A Sociohistory of the Quest for the Genetics of Cancer (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996).
16. Lynda Birke, Arnold Arluke, and Mike Michael, The Sacrifice: How Scientific Experiments Transform Animals and People (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2007), p. 26.
17. Kenneth R. Chien, "Stem Cells: Lost in Translation, " Nature 428 (2004): 607-608.
18. Lynda Birke, Arnold Arluke, and Mike Michael, The Sacrifice: How Scientific Experiments Transform Animals and People (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2007), p. 26.
19. Jean Harrington, "Translational Space: An Ethnographic Study of Stem Cell Research" (Ph.D. diss., University of Exeter, 2011).
20. On September 22, 2010, the EU adopted Directive 2010/63/EU, which updates and replaces the 1986 Directive (86/609/EEC) on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. The aim of the new directive is to strengthen legislation and improve the welfare of those animals still needed to be used, as well as to firmly anchor the principle of the 3Rs in EU legislation. The directive went into effect on January 1, 2013. See http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=Oj:L2010:276:0033:0079:EN:PDF.
21. William M. S. Russell and Rex L. Burch, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique (London: Methuen, 1959).
22. Excluding the breeding of GM (genetically modified) animals and HM (harmful mutants), the total number of procedures increased in 2011 (an increase of 71,300 [or +3 percent], from 2.10 to 2.18 million). Statistics at Home Office, Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals: Great Britain, 2011, July 10, 2012. https://www.gov.uk /government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/115853/spanimals11.pdf.
23. Excluding the breeding of GM (genetically modified) animals and HM (harmful mutants), the total number of procedures increased in 2011 (an increase of 71,300 [or +3 percent], from 2.10 to 2.18 million). Statistics at Home Office, Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals: Great Britain, 2011, July 10, 2012. https://www.gov.uk /government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/115853/spanimals11.pdf.
24. Marcel Leist, Thomas Hartung, and Pierluigi Nicotera, "The Dawning of a New Age of Toxicology, " ALTEX 25:2 (2008): 103-114.
25. Jean Harrington and Neil Stephens, "A Social Science View on the FRAME Symposium: Identities and Networks, " ATLA: Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 38 (Supplement 1) (2010): 101-104.
26. For example, commercial companies like Asterand plc; see http://www.asterand.com/Asterand/.
27. For example, commercial companies like Asterand plc; see http://www.asterand.com/Asterand/.
28. The Royal College of Pathologists, Pathology: The Science Behind the Cure, "Review of the UK Health Research Funding-The Cooksey Review: Comments from the Royal College of Pathologists, " July 20, 2006. http://www.rcpath.org/resources/pdf /CookseyReview-CollegeResponse-July06.pdf.
29. Joan H. Fujimura, "Crafting Science: Standardized Packages, Boundary Objects, and 'Translation,'" in Science as Practice and Culture, ed. Andrew Pickering (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), pp. 168-211.
30. Catherine Waldby and Robert Mitchell, Tissue Economies: Blood, Organs, and Cell Lines in Late Capitalism (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006). A contemporary issue also related to the concept of gift is the broader debate on the "opt-in/opt-out" question of organ donation. http://www.uktransplant.org.uk/ukt/newsroom/state ments_and_stances/statements/opt_in_or_out.jsp.
31. Marcel Mauss, The Gift: Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societies (London: Routledge, 1922).
32. Christopher Anderegg, Kathy Archibald, Jarrod Bailey, Murry J. Cohen, Stephen R. Kaufman, and John J. Pippin, A Critical Look at Animal Experimentation (London: Medical Research Modernization Committee, 2006).
33. Rob Innes, "The Alder Hey Case: The Institution, " in Rebuilding Trust in Healthcare, ed. Jamie Harrison, Rob Innes, and Tim van Zwanenberg (Oxford: Radcliffe Publishing, 2003), pp. 47-57.
34. Human Tissue Authority, "The Impact of Legislation and Human Tissue Authority Regulation on Research, " September 2009. http://www.hta.gov.uk/_db/_documents /Impact_of_legislation_and_Human_Tissue_Authority_regulation_on_research,_September_2009.pdf.
35. National Cancer Research Institute, "Fostering the Role of Pathology in Research" (2009). http://www.ncri.org.uk/includes/publications/reports/NCRI_PathologyReport _electronic2.pdf.
36. onCore UK, "The Effect of Regulation and Governance on Research Led by Pathologists or Involving Pathology in the UK: A Report of the Survey Conducted by onCore UK..., " July 2009. http://www.pathsoc.org/files/news/EffectofRegulationand GovernanceSurveyReport-onCoreUK2009-09-07o.pdf.
37. Jean Harrington and Neil Stephens, "A Social Science View on the FRAME Symposium: Identities and Networks, " ATLA: Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 38 (Supplement 1) (2010): 101-104.