Endothelial progenitor cells in coronary artery disease

Biological Chemistry

Volumn 394, Issue 10, 2013, Pages 1241-1252

  Donahue, Michael ^a   Quintavalle, Cristina ^b   Chiariello, Giovanni Alfonso ^c   Condorelli, Gerolama ^b   Briguori, Carlo ^a  

^a Clinica Mediterranea   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

^c TOR VERGATA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Italy)

Author keywords

Endothelial progenitor cells; Myocardial restoration; Stent endothelialization

Indexed keywords

CD133 ANTIGEN; CD34 ANTIBODY; CHROMIUM; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; METALLOPROTEINASE; MITOGENIC AGENT; PACLITAXEL; PLASMID DNA; POLYSACCHARIDE; RAPAMYCIN; RECOMBINANT ERYTHROPOIETIN; STAINLESS STEEL; TRANSCRIPTOME; VASCULOTROPIN; VASCULOTROPIN C; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR 2;

ANGIOGENESIS; APOPTOSIS; BLOOD VESSEL; BONE MARROW CELL; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL THERAPY; CLINICAL STUDY; COLONY FORMING CELL; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DRUG ELUTING STENT; ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITOR CELL; ENDOTHELIUM; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; FOLLOW UP; HEART FUNCTION; HEART INFARCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE CONTRACTILITY; HEART MUSCLE; HEART MUSCLE PERFUSION; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INTRACORONARY DRUG ADMINISTRATION; ISCHEMIA; MACROPHAGE; NON ST SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; NONHUMAN; PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION; PLEIOTROPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RESTENOSIS; REVIEW; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; HUMANS; STEM CELLS;

EID: 84888086711     PISSN: 14316730     EISSN: 14374315     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0110     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Aicher, A., Brenner, W., Zuhayra, M., Badorff, C., Massoudi, S., Assmus, B., Eckey, T., Henze, E., Zeiher, A.M., and Dimmeler, S. (2003). Assessment of the tissue distribution of transplanted human endothelial progenitor cells by radioactive labeling. Circulation 107, 2134-2139. (Pubitemid 36532196)
2. Amsalem, Y., Mardor, Y., Feinberg, M.S., Landa, N., Miller, L., Daniels, D., Ocherashvilli, A., Holbova, R., Yosef, O., Barbash, I.M., et al. (2007). Iron-oxide labeling and outcome of transplanted mesenchymal stem cells in the infarcted myocardium. Circulation 116, I-38-I-45.
3. Asahara, T., Masuda, H., Takahashi, T., Kalka, C., Pastore, C., Silver, M., Kearne, M., Magner, M., and Isner, J.M. (1999). Bone marrow origin of endothelial progenitor cells responsible for postnatal vasculogenesis in physiological and pathological neovascularization. Circ. Res. 85, 221-228. (Pubitemid 29377293)
4. Asahara, T., Murohara, T., Sullivan, A., Silver, M., Van Der Zee, R., Li, T., Witzenbichler, B., Schatteman, G., and Isner, J.M. (1997). Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis. Science 275, 964-966.
5. Assmus, B., Rolf, A., Erbs, S., Elsasser, A., Haberbosch, W., Hambrecht, R., Tillmanns, H., Yu, J., Corti, R., Mathey, D.G., et al. (2010). Clinical outcome 2 years after intracoronary administration of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells in acute myocardial infarction/Clinical Perspective. Circ Heart Fail 3, 89-96.
6. Banerjee, S., Brilakis, E., Zhang, S., Roesle, M., Lindsey, J., Philips, B., Blewett, C.G., and Terada, L.S. (2006). Endothelial progenitor cell mobilization after percutaneous coronary intervention. Atherosclerosis 189, 70-75. (Pubitemid 44441298)
7. Beijk, M.A.M., Klomp, M., Verouden, N.J.W., Van Geloven, N., Koch, K.T., Henriques, J.P.S., Baan, J., Vis, M.M., Scheunhage, E., Piek, J.J., et al. (2010). Genous™ endothelial progenitor cell capturing stent vs. The Taxus Liberte stent in patients with de novo coronary lesions with a high-risk of coronary restenosis: a randomized, single-centre, pilot study. Eur. Heart J. 31, 1055-1064.
8. Bonello, L., Basire, A., Sabatier, F., Paganelli, F., and Dignat-George, F. (2006). Endothelial injury induced by coronary angioplasty triggers mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells in patients with stable coronary artery disease 1. J. Thromb. Haemost. 4, 979-981.
9. Bozdag-Turan, I., Turan, R., Paranskaya, L., Arsoy, N., Turan, C., Akin, I., Kische, S., Ortak, J., Schneider, H., Ludovicy, S., et al. (2012). Correlation between the functional impairment of bone marrow-derived circulating progenitor cells and the extend of coronary artery disease. J. Transl. Med. 10, 143.
10. Briguori, C., Testa, U., Riccioni, R., Colombo, A., Petrucci, E., Condorelli, G., Mariani, G., D'andrea, D., De Micco, F., Rivera, N.V., et al. (2010). Correlations between progression of coronary artery disease and circulating endothelial progenitor cells. FASEB J. 24, 1981-1988.
11. Bystron, M., Cervinka, P., Spacek, R., Kvasnak, M., Jakabcin, J., Červinková, M., Kala, P., and Widimský, P. (2010). Randomized comparison of endothelial progenitor cells capture stent versus cobalt-chromium stent for treatment of ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Six-month clinical, angiographic, and IVUS follow-up. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 76, 627-631.
12. Caplan, A.I. and Dennis, J.E. (2006). Mesenchymal stem cells as trophic mediators. J. Cell. Biochem. 98, 1076-1084. (Pubitemid 44128350)
13. Carmeliet, P. (2000). Mechanisms of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. Nat. Med. 6, 389-395. (Pubitemid 30208155)
14. Carr, C.A., Stuckey, D.J., Tatton, L., Tyler, D.J., Hale, S.J.M., Sweeney, D., Schneider, J.R.E., Martin-Rendon, E., Radda, G.K., Harding, S.E., et al. (2008). Bone marrow-derived stromal cells home to and remain in the infarcted rat heart but fail to improve function: an in vivo cine-MRI study. Am. J. Physiol.- Heart C. 295, H533-H542.
15. Choi, S.H., Jung, S.Y., Kwon, S.M., and Baek, S.H. (2012). Perspectives on stem cell therapy for cardiac regeneration. Advances and challenges. Circ. J. 76, 1307-1312.
16. Deschaseaux, F.D.R., Selmani, Z., Falcoz, P.-E., Mersin, N., Meneveau, N., Penfornis, A., Kleinclauss, C., Chocron, S., Etievent, J.-P., Tiberghien, P., et al. (2007). Two types of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients receiving long-term therapy by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 562, 111-118. (Pubitemid 46466754)
17. Dimmeler, S., Aicher, A., Vasa, M., Mildner-Rihm, C., Adler, K., Tiemann, M., Rutten, H., Fichtlscherer, S., Martin, H., and Zeiher, A.M. (2001). HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) increase endothelial progenitor cells via the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway. J. Clin. Invest. 108, 391-397. (Pubitemid 32730785)
18. Duckers, H.J., Silber, S., De Winter, R., Den Heijer, P., Rensing, B., Rau, M., Mudra, H., Benit, E., Verheye, S., Wijns, W., et al. (2007). Circulating endothelial progenitor cells predict angiographic and intravascular ultrasound outcome following percutaneous coronary interventions in the HEALING-II trial: evaluation of an endothelial progenitor cell capturing stent. EuroIntervention 2007, 1.
19. Eizawa, T., Ikeda, U., Murakami, Y., Matsui, K., Yoshioka, T., Takahashi, M., Muroi, K., and Shimada, K. (2004). Decrease in circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Heart 90, 685-686. (Pubitemid 38668548)
20. Gaetani, R., Barile, L., Forte, E., Chimenti, I., Ionta, V., Di Consiglio, A., Miraldi, F., Frati, G., Messina, E., and Giacomello, A. (2009). New perspectives to repair a broken heart. Cardiovasc. Hematol. Agents Med. Chem. 7, 91-107.
21. Garg, R., Tellez, A., Alviar, C., Granada, J., Kleiman, N.S., and Lev, E.I. (2008). The effect of percutaneous coronary intervention on inflammatory response and endothelial progenitor cell recruitment. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 72, 205-209.
22. George, J.C. (2010). Stem cell therapy in acute myocardial infarction: a review of clinical trials. Transl. Res. 155, 10-19.
23. Gulati, R., Jevremovic, D., Peterson, T.E., Chatterjee, S., Shah, V., Vile, R.G., and Simari, R.D. (2003a). Diverse origin and function of cells with endothelial phenotype obtained from adult human blood. Circ. Res. 93, 1023-1025. (Pubitemid 37485031)
24. Gulati, R., Jevremovic, D., Peterson, T.E., Witt, T.A., Kleppe, L.S., Mueske, C.S., Lerman, A., Vile, R.G., and Simari, R.D. (2003b). Autologous culture-modified mononuclear cells confer vascular protection after arterial injury. Circulation 108, 1520-1526. (Pubitemid 37176461)
25. Heil, M. and Schaper, W. (2004). Influence of mechanical, cellular, and molecular factors on collateral artery growth (arteriogenesis). Circ. Res. 95, 449-458. (Pubitemid 39180925)
26. Hibbert, B., Ma, X., Pourdjabbar, A., Simard, T., Rayner, K., Sun, J., Chen, Y.-X., Filion, L., and O'Brien, E.R. (2011). Pre-procedural atorvastatin mobilizes endothelial progenitor cells: clues to the salutary effects of statins on healing of stented human arteries. Plos ONE. 6, e16413.
27. Hill, J.M., Zalos, G., Halcox, J.P.J., Schenke, W.H., Waclawiw, M.A., Quyyumi, A.A., and Finkel, T. (2003). Circulating endothelial progenitor cells, vascular function, and cardiovascular risk. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 593-600. (Pubitemid 36204953)
28. Hillebrands, J.-L., Klatter, F.A., Van Dijk, W.D., and Rozing, J. (2002). Bone marrow does not contribute substantially to endothelialcell replacement in transplant arteriosclerosis. Nat. Med. 8, 194-195. (Pubitemid 34250078)
29. Hirschi, K.K., Ingram, D.A., and Yoder, M.C. (2008). Assessing identity, phenotype, and fate of endothelial progenitor cells. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 28, 1584-1595.
30. Hofmann, M., Wollert, K.C., Meyer, G.P., Menke, A., Arseniev, L., Hertenstein, B., Ganser, A., Knapp, W.H., and Drexler, H. (2005). Monitoring of bone marrow cell homing into the infarcted human myocardium. Circulation 111, 2198-2202. (Pubitemid 40632435)
31. Hoover-Plow, J. and Gong, Y. (2012). Challenges for heart disease stem cell therapy. Vasc. Health Risk Manag. 8, 99-113.
32. Hristov, M., Fach, C., Becker, C., Heussen, N., Liehn, E.A., Blindt, R.D., Hanrath, P., and Weber, C. (2007). Reduced numbers of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with coronary artery disease associated with long-term statin treatment. Atherosclerosis 192, 413-420. (Pubitemid 46726323)
33. Hur, J., Yoon, C.-H., Kim, H.-S., Choi, J.-H., Kang, H.-J., Hwang, K.-K., Oh, B.-H., Lee, M.-M., and Park, Y.-B. (2004). Characterization of two types of endothelial progenitor cells and their different contributions to neovasculogenesis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 24, 288-293. (Pubitemid 38197580)
34. Inoue, T., Sata, M., Hikichi, Y., Sohma, R., Fukuda, D., Uchida, T., Shimizu, M., Komoda, H., and Node, K. (2007). Mobilization of CD34-positive bone marrow derived cells after coronary stent implantation: impact on restenosis. Circulation 115, 553-561. (Pubitemid 46226164)
35. Kamihata, H., Matsubara, H., Nishiue, T., Fujiyama, S., Tsutsumi, Y., Ozono, R., Masaki, H., Mori, Y., Iba, O., Tateishi, E., et al. (2001). Implantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells into ischemic myocardium enhances collateral perfusion and regional function via side supply of angioblasts, angiogenic ligands, and cytokines. Circulation 104, 1046-1052. (Pubitemid 32803883)
36. Kamihata, H., Matsubara, H., Nishiue, T., Fujiyama, S., Amano, K., Iba, O., Imada, T., and Iwasaka, T. (2002). Improvement of collateral perfusion and regional function by implantation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells into ischemic hibernating myocardium. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 22, 1804-1810. (Pubitemid 35315765)
37. Kawamoto, A., Tkebuchava, T., Yamaguchi, J.-I., Nishimura, H., Yoon, Y.-S., Milliken, C., Uchida, S., Masuo, O., Iwaguro, H., Ma, H., et al. (2003). Intramyocardial transplantation of autologous endothelial progenitor cells for therapeutic neovascularization of myocardial ischemia. Circulation 107, 461-468. (Pubitemid 36158050)
38. Kipshidze, N., Dangas, G., Tsapenko, M., Moses, J., Leon, M.B., Kutryk, M., and Serruys, P. (2004). Role of the endothelium in modulating neointimal formation: vasculoprotective approaches to attenuate restenosis after percutaneous coronary interventions. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 44, 733-739. (Pubitemid 39099565)
39. Kong, D., Melo, L.G., Gnecchi, M., Zhang, L., Mostoslavsky, G., Liew, C.C., Pratt, R.E., and Dzau, V.J. (2004a). Cytokine-induced mobilization of circulating endothelial progenitor cells enhances repair of injured arteries. Circulation 110, 2039-2046. (Pubitemid 39331919)
40. Kong, D., Melo, L.G., Mangi, A.A., Zhang, L., Lopez-Ilasaca, M., Perrella, M.A., Liew, C.C., Pratt, R.E., and Dzau, V.J. (2004b). Enhanced inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia by genetically engineered endothelial progenitor cells. Circulation 109, 1769-1775. (Pubitemid 38500680)
41. Körbling, M., Reuben, J.M., Gao, H., Lee, B.-N., Harris, D.M., Cogdell, D., Giralt, S.A., Khouri, I.F., Saliba, R.M., Champlin, R.E., et al. (2006). Recombinant human granulocyte - colonystimulating factor - mobilized and apheresis-collected endothelial progenitor cells: a novel blood cell component for therapeutic vasculogenesis. Transfusion 46, 1795-1802. (Pubitemid 44435733)
42. Lambiase, P.D., Edwards, R.J., Anthopoulos, P., Rahman, S., Meng, Y.G., Bucknall, C.A., Redwood, S.R., Pearson, J.D., and Marber, M.S. (2004). Circulating humoral factors and endothelial progenitor cells in patients with differing coronary collateral support. Circulation 109, 2986-2992. (Pubitemid 38808321)
43. Laufs, U., Werner, N., Link, A., Endres, M., Wassmann, S., Jurgens, K., Miche, E., Bohm, M., and Nickenig, G. (2004). Physical training increases endothelial progenitor cells, inhibits neointima formation, and enhances angiogenesis. Circulation 109, 220-226. (Pubitemid 38114143)
44. Laufs, U., Urhausen, A., Werner, N., Scharhag, J.R., Heitz, A., Kissner, G., Bohm, M., Kindermann, W., and Nickenig, G. (2005). Running exercise of different duration and intensity: effect on endothelial progenitor cells in healthy subjects. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. 12, 407-414. (Pubitemid 41192175)
45. Lee, J.M., Choe, W., Kim, B.-K., Seo, W.-W., Lim, W.-H., Kang, C.-K., Kyeong, S., Eom, K.D., Cho, H.-J., Kim, Y.-C., et al. (2012). Comparison of endothelialization and neointimal formation with stents coated with antibodies against CD34 and vascular endothelial-cadherin. Biomaterials 33, 8917-8927.
46. Leone, A.M., Rutella, S., Giannico, M.B., Perfetti, M., Zaccone, V., Brugaletta, S., Garramone, B., Niccoli, G., Porto, I., Liuzzo, G., et al. (2008). Effect of intensive vs standard statin therapy on endothelial progenitor cells and left ventricular function in patients with acute myocardial infarction: statins for regeneration after acute myocardial infarction and PCI (STRAP) trial. Int. J. Cardiol. 130, 457-462.
47. Leone, A.M., Valgimigli, M., Giannico, M.B., Zaccone, V., Perfetti, M., D'amario, D., Rebuzzi, A.G., and Crea, F. (2009). From bone marrow to the arterial wall: the ongoing tale of endothelial progenitor cells. Eur. Heart J. 30, 890-899.
48. Lev, E.I., Kleiman, N.S., Birnbaum, Y., Harris, D., Korbling, M., and Estrov, Z. (2005). Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and coronary collaterals in patients with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. J. Vasc. Res. 42, 408-414. (Pubitemid 41368959)
49. Lin, Y., Weisdorf, D.J., Solovey, A., and Hebbel, R.P. (2000). Origins of circulating endothelial cells and endothelial outgrowth from blood. J. Clin. Invest. 105, 71-77. (Pubitemid 30036389)
50. Llevadot, J., Murasawa, S., Kureishi, Y., Uchida, S., Masuda, H., Kawamoto, A., Walsh, K., Isner, J.M., and Asahara, T. (2001). HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor mobilizes bone marrow derived endothelial progenitor cells. J. Clin. Invest. 108, 399-405. (Pubitemid 32730786)
51. Ly, H.Q., Hoshino, K., Pomerantseva, I., Kawase, Y., Yoneyama, R., Takewa, Y., Fortier, A., Gibbs-Strauss, S.L., Vooght, C., Frangioni, J.V., et al. (2009). In vivo myocardial distribution of multipotent progenitor cells following intracoronary delivery in a swine model of myocardial infarction. Eur. Heart J. 30, 2861-2868.
52. Marboeuf, P., Corseaux, D., Mouquet, F., Van Belle, E., Jude, B., and Susen, S. (2008). Inflammation triggers colony forming endothelial cell mobilization after angioplasty in chronic lower limb ischemia. J. Thromb. Haemost. 6, 195-197.
53. Martin-Rendon, E., Brunskill, S.J., Hyde, C.J., Stanworth, S.J., Mathur, A., and Watt, S.M. (2008). Autologous bone marrow stem cells to treat acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review. Eur. Heart J. 29, 1807-1818.
54. Masuda, H., Kalka, C., Takahashi, T., Yoshida, M., Wada, M., Kobori, M., Itoh, R., Iwaguro, H., Eguchi, M., Iwami, Y., et al. (2007). Estrogen-mediated endothelial progenitor cell biology and kinetics for physiological postnatal vasculogenesis. Circ. Res. 101, 598-606. (Pubitemid 351325877)
55. Medina, R.J., O'Neill, C.L., Sweeney, M., Guduric-Fuchs, J., Gardiner, T.A., Simpson, D.A., and Stitt, A.W. (2010). Molecular analysis of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) subtypes reveals two distinct cell populations with different identities. BMC Med. Genomics 3, 1-13.
56. Meluzín, J., Mayer, J., Groch, L., Janousek, S., Hornácek, I., Hlinomaz, O., Kala, P., Panovský, R., Prásek, J., Kamínek, M., et al. (2006). Autologous transplantation of mononuclear bone marrow cells in patients with acute myocardial infarction: the effect of the dose of transplanted cells on myocardial function. Am. Heart J. 152, 975.e9-975.e15.
57. Michowitz, Y., Goldstein, E., Wexler, D., Sheps, D., Keren, G., and George, J. (2007). Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and clinical outcome in patients with congestive heart failure. Heart 93, 1046-1050. (Pubitemid 47310980)
58. Mills, N.L., Tura, O., Padfield, G.J., Millar, C., Lang, N.N., Stirling, D., Ludlam, C., Turner, M.L., Barclay, G.R., and Newby, D.E. (2009). Dissociation of phenotypic and functional endothelial progenitor cells in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Heart 95, 2003-2008.
59. Miyahara, Y., Nagaya, N., Kataoka, M., Yanagawa, B., Tanaka, K., Hao, H., Ishino, K., Ishida, H., Shimizu, T., Kangawa, K., et al. (2006). Monolayered mesenchymal stem cells repair scarred myocardium after myocardial infarction. Nat. Med. 12, 459-465.
60. Najjar, S.S., Rao, S.V., Melloni, C., Raman, S.V., Povsic, T.J., Melton, L., Barsness, G.W., Prather, K., Heitner, J.F., Kilaru, R., et al. (2011). Intravenous erythropoietin in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: REVEAL: a randomized controlled trial. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 305, 1863-1872.
61. Pelliccia, F., Cianfrocca, C., Rosano, G., Mercuro, G., Speciale, G., and Pasceri, V. (2010). Role of endothelial progenitor cells in restenosis and progression of coronary atherosclerosis after percutaneous coronary intervention: a prospective study. JACC Cardiovas. Interv. 3, 78-86.
62. Perin, E.C., Silva, G.V., Henry, T.D., Cabreira-Hansen, M.G., Moore, W.H., Coulter, S.A., Herlihy, J.P., Fernandes, M.R., Cheong, B.Y.C., Flamm, S.D., et al. (2011). A randomized study of transendocardial injection of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells and cell function analysis in ischemic heart failure (FOCUS-HF). Am. Heart J. 161, 1078-1087.e3.
63. Powell, T.M., Paul, J.D., Hill, J.M., Thompson, M., Benjamin, M., Rodrigo, M., Mccoy, J.P., Read, E.J., Khuu, H.M., Leitman, S.F., et al. (2005). Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor mobilizes functional endothelial progenitor cells in patients with coronary artery disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 25, 296-301. (Pubitemid 40189148)
64. Prater, D.N., Case, J., Ingram, D.A., and Yoder, M.C. (2007). Working hypothesis to redefine endothelial progenitor cells. Leukemia 21, 1141-1149. (Pubitemid 46831802)
65. Prunier, F., Biere, L.C., Gilard, M., Boschat, J., Mouquet, F.D.R., Bauchart, J.-J., Charbonnier, B., Genée, O., Guérin, P., Warin-Fresse, K., et al. (2012). Single high-dose erythropoietin administration immediately after reperfusion in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: results of the erythropoietin in myocardial infarction trial. Am. Heart J. 163, 200-207.e1.
66. Reddy, M.K., Vasir, J.K., Hegde, G.V., Joshi, S.S., and Labhasetwar, V. (2007). Erythropoietin induces excessive neointima formation: a study in a rat carotid artery model of vascular injury. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther. 12, 237-247. (Pubitemid 47305437)
67. Rehman, J., Li, J., Parvathaneni, L., Karlsson, G., Panchal, V.R., Temm, C.J., Mahenthiran, J., and March, K.L. (2004). Exercise acutely increases circulating endothelial progenitor cells and monocyte-/macrophage-derived angiogenic cells. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 43, 2314-2318. (Pubitemid 38757604)
68. Rentrop, K.P., Cohen, M., Blanke, H., and Phillips, R.A. (1985). Changes in collateral channel filling immediately after controlled coronary artery occlusion by an angioplasty balloon in human subjects. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 5, 587-592. (Pubitemid 15141963)
69. Risau, W. and Flamme, I. (1995). Vasculogenesis. Ann. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 11, 73-91. (Pubitemid 26019602)
70. Robey, T.E., Saiget, M.K., Reinecke, H., and Murry, C.E. (2008). Systems approaches to preventing transplanted cell death in cardiac repair. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 45, 567-581.
71. Schmidt-Lucke, C., Rossig, L., Fichtlscherer, S., Vasa, M., Britten, M., Kamper, U., Dimmeler, S., and Zeiher, A.M. (2005). Reduced number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells predicts future cardiovascular events: proof of concept for the clinical importance of endogenous vascular repair. Circulation 111, 2981-2987. (Pubitemid 40814192)
72. Schober, A., Hoffmann, R., Opree, N., Knarren, S., Iofina, E., Hutschenreuter, G., Hanrath, P., and Weber, C. (2005). Peripheral CD34+ cells and the risk of in-stent restenosis in patients with coronary heart disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 96, 1116-1122. (Pubitemid 41416606)
73. Sekiguchi, H., Ii, M., and Losordo, D.W. (2009). The relative potency and safety of endothelial progenitor cells and unselected mononuclear cells for recovery from myocardial infarction and ischemia. J. Cell. Physiol. 219, 235-242.
74. Shi, Q., Bhattacharya, V., Hong-De, W.M., and Sauvage, L.R. (2002). Utilizing granulocyte colony-stimulating factor to enhance vascular graft endothelialization from circulating blood cells. Ann Vasc. Surg. 16, 314-320. (Pubitemid 34761163)
75. Sieveking, D.P., Buckle, A., Celermajer, D.S., and Ng, M.K.C. (2008). Strikingly different angiogenic properties of endothelial progenitor cell subpopulations: insights from a novel human angiogenesis assay. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 51, 660-668. (Pubitemid 351186872)
76. Silber, S., Damman, P., Klomp, M., Beijk, M.A., Grisold, M., Ribeiro, E.E., Suryapranata, H., Wójcik, J., Hian, S.K., Tijssen, J.G., et al. (2011). Clinical results after coronary stenting with the genous™ bio-engineered R stent™: 12-month outcomes of the e-HEALING (Healthy Endothelial Accelerated Lining Inhibits Neointimal Growth) worldwide registry. EuroIntervention 6, 819-825.
77. Sorrentino, S.A., Bahlmann, F.H., Besler, C., Muller, M., Schulz, S., Kirchhoff, N., Doerries, C., Horvath, T., Limbourg, A., Limbourg, F., et al. (2007). Oxidant stress impairs in vivo reendothelialization capacity of endothelial progenitor cells from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: restoration by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist rosiglitazone. Circulation 116, 163-173. (Pubitemid 47057522)
78. Strauer, B.E., Brehm, M., Zeus, T., Kostering, M., Hernandez, A., Sorg, R.V., Kogler, G., and Wernet, P. (2002). Repair of infarcted myocardium by autologous intracoronary mononuclear bone marrow cell transplantation in humans. Circulation 106, 1913-1918. (Pubitemid 35176294)
79. Takahashi, T., Kalka, C., Masuda, H., Chen, D., Silver, M., Kearney, M., Magner, M., Isner, J.M., and Asahara, T. (1999). Ischemia- and cytokine-induced mobilization of bone marrowderived endothelial progenitor cells for neovascularization. Nat. Med. 5, 434-438. (Pubitemid 29180584)
80. Takamiya, M., Okigaki, M., Jin, D., Takai, S., Nozawa, Y., Adachi, Y., Urao, N., Tateishi, K., Nomura, T., Zen, K., et al. (2006). Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized circulating c-Kit+/Flk-1+ progenitor cells regenerate endothelium and inhibit neointimal hyperplasia after vascular injury. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 26, 751-757. (Pubitemid 43732147)
81. Timmermans, F., Van Hauwermeiren, F., De Smedt, M., Raedt, R., Plasschaert, F., De Buyzere, M.L., Gillebert, T.C., Plum, J., and Vandekerckhove, B. (2007). Endothelial outgrowth cells are not derived from CD133+ cells or CD45+ hematopoietic precursors. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 27, 1572-1579. (Pubitemid 46986112)
82. Timmermans, F., Plum, J., Yöder, M.C., Ingram, D.A., Vandekerckhove, B., and Case, J. (2009). Endothelial progenitor cells: identity defined? J. Cell. Mol. Med. 13, 87-102.
83. Tsuzuki, M. (2009). Bone marrow-derived cells are not involved in reendothelialized endothelium as endothelial cells after simple endothelial denudation in mice. Basic Res. Cardiol. 104, 601-611.
84. Urao, N., Okigaki, M., Yamada, H., Aadachi, Y., Matsuno, K., Matsui, A., Matsunaga, S., Tateishi, K., Nomura, T., Takahashi, T., et al. (2006). Erythropoietin-mobilized endothelial progenitors enhance reendothelialization via Akt-endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation and prevent neointimal hyperplasia. Circ. Res. 98, 1405-1413. (Pubitemid 43948065)
85. Vasa, M., Fichtlscherer, S., Adler, K., Aicher, A., Martin, H., Zeiher, A.M., and Dimmeler, S. (2001a). Increase in circulating endothelial progenitor cells by statin therapy in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Circulation 103, 2885-2890. (Pubitemid 32578123)
86. Vasa, M., Fichtlscherer, S., Aicher, A., Adler, K., Urbich, C., Martin, H., Zeiher, A.M., and Dimmeler, S. (2001b). Number and migratory activity of circulating endothelial progenitor cells inversely correlate with risk factors for coronary artery disease. Circ. Res. 89, e1-e7.
87. Voors, A.A., Belonje, A.M.S., Zijlstra, F., Hillege, H.L., Anker, S.D., Slart, R.H.J.A., Tio, R.A., Van't Hof, A., Jukema, J.W., Peels, H.O.J., et al. (2010). A single dose of erythropoietin in ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur. Heart J. 31, 2593-2600.
88. Walter, D.H., Rittig, K., Bahlmann, F.H., Kirchmair, R., Silver, M., Murayama, T., Nishimura, H., Losordo, D.W., Asahara, T., and Isner, J.M. (2002). Statin therapy accelerates reendothelialization: a novel effect involving mobilization and incorporation of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells. Circulation 105, 3017-3024. (Pubitemid 34693836)
89. Werner, N., Priller, J., Laufs, U., Endres, M., Böhm, M., Dirnagl, U., and Nickenig, G. (2002). Bone marrow-derived progenitor cells modulate vascular reendothelialization and neointimal formation: effect of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibition. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 22, 1567-1572.
90. Werner, N., Junk, S., Laufs, U., Link, A., Walenta, K., Bohm, M., and Nickenig, G. (2003). Intravenous transfusion of endothelial progenitor cells reduces neointima formation after vascular injury. Circ. Res. 93, e17-e24.
91. Werner, N., Kosiol, S., Schiegl, T., Ahlers, P., Walenta, K., Link, A., Böhm, M., and Nickenig, G. (2005). Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and cardiovascular outcomes. N. Engl. J. Med. 353, 999-1007. (Pubitemid 41262334)
92. Wohrle, J., Merkle, N., Mailander, V., Nusser, T., Schauwecker, P., Von Scheidt, F., Schwarz, K., Bommer, M., Wiesneth, M., Schrezenmeier, H., et al. (2010). Results of intracoronary stem cell therapy after acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. 105, 804-812.
93. Xiao, Q., Kiechl, S., Patel, S., Oberhollenzer, F., Weger, S., Mayr, A., Metzler, B., Reindl, M., Hu, Y., Willeit, J., et al. (2007). Endothelial progenitor cells, cardiovascular risk factors, cytokine levels and atherosclerosis-results from a large population-based study. Plos One. 2, e975.
94. Yoder, M.C., Mead, L.E., Prater, D., Krier, T.R., Mroueh, K.N., Li, F., Krasich, R., Temm, C.J., Prchal, J.T., and Ingram, D.A. (2007). Redefining endothelial progenitor cells via clonal analysis and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell principals. Blood 109, 1801-1809. (Pubitemid 46348173)
95. Yoshioka, T., Takahashi, M., Shiba, Y., Suzuki, C., Morimoto, H., Izawa, A., Ise, H., and Ikeda, U. (2006). Granulocyte colonystimulating factor (G-CSF) accelerates reendothelialization and reduces neointimal formation after vascular injury in mice. Cardiovasc. Res. 70, 61-69.
96. Zhao, X., Huang, L., Yin, Y., Fang, Y., and Zhou, Y. (2007). Autologous endothelial progenitor cells transplantation promoting endothelial recovery in mice. Transplant Int. 20, 712-721. (Pubitemid 47024918)