Did my brain implant make me do it? Questions raised by dbs regarding psychological continuity, responsibility for action and mental competence

Neuroethics

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 527-539

  Klaming, Laura ^a   Haselager, Pim ^b  

^a TILBURG UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b RADBOUD UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Deep brain stimulation; Mental competence; Personal identity; Psychological continuity; Responsibility for action

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT;

AKATHISIA; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; COGNITION; CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR; DECISION MAKING; DEPRESSION; DRIVE; EMOTIONALITY; HUMAN; IDENTITY; IMPULSIVENESS; MANIA; MEMORY; MENTAL PERFORMANCE; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATIENT AUTONOMY; PERCEPTION; PERSONALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL BEING; PSYCHOSIS; PUNISHMENT; RESPONSIBILITY; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 84888005407     PISSN: 18745490     EISSN: 18745504     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12152-010-9093-1     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Daniele, A., A. Albanese, M.F. Contarino, P. Zinzi, A. Barbier, F. Gasparini, L.M.A. Romito, A.R. Bentivoglio, and M. Scerrati. 2003. Cognitive and behavioural effects of chronic stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in patients with Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 74: 175-182.
2. Houeto, J.L., V. Mesnage, L. Mallet, B. Pillon, M. Gargiulo, S. Tezenas du Moncel, A.M. Bonnet, B. Pidoux, D. Dormont, P. Cornu, and Y. Agid. 2002. Behavioural disorders, Parkinson's disease and subthalamic stimulation. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 72: 701-707.
3. Jahanshahi, M., C.M.A. Ardouin, R.G. Brown, J.C. Rothwell, J. Obeso, A. Albanese, M.C. Rodriguez-Oroz, E. Moro, A.L. Benabid, P. Pollak, and P. Limousin-Dowsey. 2000. The impact of deep brain stimulation on executive function in Parkinson's disease. Brain 123: 1142-1154.
4. Limousin, P., P. Krack, P. Pollak, A. Benazzouz, C. Ardouin, D. Hoffmann, and A.-L. Benabid. 1998. Electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson's disease. The New England Journal of Medicine 339(16): 1105-1111.
5. Weaver, F.W., K. Follett, M. Stern, K. Hur, C. Harris, W.J. Marks Jr., J. Rothlind, O. Sagher, D. Reda, C.S. Moy, R. Pahwa, K. Burchiel, P. Hogarth, E.C. Lai, J.E. Duda, K. Holloway, A. Samii, S. Horn, J. Bronstein, G. Stoner, J. Heemskerk, and G.D. Huang. 2009. Bilateral deep brain stimulation vs best medical therapy for patients with advanced Parkinson disease: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 301(1): 63-73.
6. Mayberg, H.S., A.M. Lozano, V. Voon, H.E. McNeely, D. Seminowicz, C. Hamani, J.M. Schwalb, and S.H. Kennedy. 2005. Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Neuron 45(5): 651-660.
7. Lozano, A.M., H.S. Mayberg, P. Giacobbe, C. Hamani, R.C. Craddock, and S.H. Kennedy. 2008. Subcallosal cingulate gyrus deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Biological Psychiatry 64(6): 461-467.
8. Gabriëls, L., P. Cosyns, B. Nuttin, H. Demeulemeester, and J. Gybels. 2003. Deep brain stimulation for treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: Psychopathological and neuropsychological outcome in three cases. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 107(4): 275-282.
9. Greenberg, B.D., D.A. Malone, G.M. Friehs, A.R. Rezai, C.S. Kubu, P.F. Malloy, S.P. Salloway, M.S. Okun, W.K. Goodman, and S.A. Rasmussen. 2006. Three-year outcomes in deep brain stimulation for highly resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 31: 2384-2393.
10. Sturm, V., D. Lenartz, A. Koulousakis, H. Treuer, K. Herholz, J.C. Klein, and J. Klosterkötter. 2003. The nucleus accumbens: A target for deep brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive- and anxiety-disorders. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy 26(4): 293-299.
11. Hamani, C., M.P. McAndrews, M. Cohn, M. Oh, D. Zumsteg, C.M. Shapiro, R.A. Wennberg, and A.M. Lozano. 2008. Memory enhancement induced by hypothalamic/fornix deep brain stimulation. Annals of Neurology 63(1): 119-123.
12. Kuhn, J., D. Lenartz, W. Huff, S. Lee, A. Koulousakis, J. Klosterkoetter, and V. Sturm. 2007. Remission of alcohol dependency following deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens: Valuable therapeutic implications? Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 78: 1152-1153.
13. Franzini, A., C. Marras, P. Ferroli, O. Bugiani, and G. Broggi. 2005. Stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus for medically intractable impulsive and violent behavior. Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery 83: 63-66.
14. Greely, H.T. 2008. Neuroscience and criminal justice: Not responsibility but treatment. Kansas Law Review 56: 1103-1138.
15. Goethals, I., F. Jacobs, C. Van der Linden, J. Caemaert, and K. Audenaert. 2008. Brain activation associated with deep brain stimulation causing dissociation in a patient with Tourette's Syndrome. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 9(4): 543-549.
16. U.S. National Institutes of Health. 2008. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) for Alzheimer's Disease (NCT00658125). http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/ NCT00658125?term=alzheimer+dbs&rank=1. Accessed October 2009.
17. Morrison, C.E., J.C. Borod, K. Perrine, A. Beric, M.F. Brin, A. Rezai, P. Kelly, D. Sterio, I. Germano, D. Weisz, and C.W. Olanow. 2004. Neuropsychological functioning following bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 19(2): 165-181.
18. Trépanier, L.L., R. Kumar, A.M. Lozano, A.E. Lang, and J.A. Saint-Cyr. 2000. Neuropsychological outcome of GPi pallidotomy and GPi or STN deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Brain and Cognition 42(3): 324-347.
19. Voon, V., C. Kubu, P. Krack, J.-L. Houeto, and A.I. Tröster. 2006. Deep brain stimulation: Neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric issues. Movement Disorders 21(14): 305-326.
20. Voon, V., P. Krack, A.E. Lang, A.M. Lozano, K. Dujardin, M. Schupbach, J. D'Ambrosia, S. Thobois, F. Tamma, J. Herzog, J.D. Speelman, J. Samanta, C. Kubu, H. Rossignol, Y.-Y. Poon, J.A. Saint-Cyr, C. Ardouin, and E. Moro. 2008. A multicentre study on suicide outcomes following subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson's disease. Brain 131: 2720-2728.
21. Burkhard, P.R., F.J.G. Vingerhoets, A. Berney, J. Bogousslavsky, J.-G. Villemure, and J. Ghika. 2004. Suicide after successful deep brain stimulation for movement disorders. Neurology 63: 2170-2172.
22. Soulas, T., J.-M. Gurruchaga, S. Palfi, P. Cesaro, J.-P. Nguyen, and G. Fenelon. 2008. Attempted and completed suicides after subthalamic nucleus stimulation for Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 79: 952-954.
23. Leentjens, A.F.G., V. Visser-Vandewalle, Y. Temel, and F.R.J. Verhey. 2004. Manipuleerbare wilsbekwaamheid: een ethisch probleem bij elektrostimulatie van de nucleaus subthalamicus voor ernstige ziekte van Parkinson. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 148: 1394-1397.
24. Mandat, T.S., T. Hurwitz, and C.R. Honey. 2006. Hypomania as an adverse effect of subthalamic nucleus stimulation: Report of two cases. Acta Neurochirurgica (Wien) 148: 895-898.
25. Chamorro-Premuzic, T. 2007. Personality and individual differences. Oxford: Blackwell.
26. Epstein, S. 1979. The stability of behavior: I. On predicting most of the people much of the time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37(7): 1097-1126.
27. Ryckman, R.M. 2008. Theories of personality. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
28. Castelli, L., P. Perozzo, M. Caglio, L. Rizzi, M. Zibetti, M. Lanotte, and L. Lopiano. 2008. Does subthalamic stimulation induce personality modifications in Parkinson's disease? A Rorschach Test explorative study. Acta Neurologica Belgica 108: 5-8.
29. Decker, M., and T. Fleischer. 2008. Contacting the brain - aspects of a technology assessment of neural implants. Biotechnology Journal 3: 1502-1510.
30. Kopell, B.H., and B.D. Greenberg. 2008. Anatomy and physiology of the basal ganglia: Implications for DBS in psychiatry. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 32: 408-422.
31. Hariz, M.I., S. Rehncrona, N.P. Quinn, J.D. Speelman, C. Wensing, and the Multicentre Advanced Parkinson's Disease Deep Brain Stimulation Group. 2008. Multicenter study on deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: An independent assessment of reported adverse events at 4 years. Movement Disorders 23: 416-421.
32. Ministerie van Justitie. 2007. Handreiking voor de beoordeling van wilsbekwaamheid. http://www.justitie.nl/images/ Handreiking%20beoordeling%20wilsonbekwaamheid%20dec2006-tcm34-34470.pdf. Accessed March 2010.
33. Butler, J. 1736. Of Personal Identity. In The Analogy of Religion, reprinted in Perry 1975/2008, 99-105; page references are to the reprinted version.
34. DeGrazia, D. 2005. Human identity and bioethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
35. Locke, J. 1694/1975. An essay concerning human understanding. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
36. MacIntyre, A. 1984. After virtue. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
37. Parfit, D. 1971. Personal identity. The Philosophical Review 80: 3-27.
38. Parfit, D. 1984. Reasons and persons. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
39. Perry, J. 1975/2008. Personal identity, 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.
40. Reid, T. 1785. Of Memory. In Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man, reprinted in Perry 1975/2008 as "Of Identity" (pp. 107-112) and "Of Mr. Locke's Account of Our Personal Identity" (pp. 113-118); page references are to the reprinted version.
41. Olson, E.T. 1997. Was I ever a fetus? Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 58: 95-109.
42. Shoemaker, S. 1970. Persons and their pasts. American Philosophical Quarterly 7: 269-285.
43. Shoemaker, S. 1996. The first-person perspective and other essays. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
44. Shoemaker, D. 2008. Personal Identity and Ethics. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/ identity-ethics/. Accessed March 2010.
45. Slors, M. 2001. The diachronic mind: An essay on personal identity, psychological continuity and the mind-body problem. Berlin: Springer.
46. Unger, P. 1990. Identity, consciousness, and value. New York: Oxford University Press.
47. Patrick, C.J., J.J. Curtin, and A. Tellegen. 2002. Development and validation of a brief form of the multidimensional personality questionnaire. Psychological Assessment 14(2): 150-163.
48. Donellan, M.B., R.D. Conger, and B. Burzette. 2005. Criterion-related validity, self-other agreement, and longitudinal analyses for the Iowa personality questionnaire: A short alternative to the MPQ. Journal of Research in Personality 39: 458-485.
49. Witt, K., C. Daniels, J. Reiff, P. Krack, J. Volkmann, M.O. Pinsker, M. Krause, V. Tronnier, M. Kloss, A. Schnitzler, L. Wojtecki, K. Botzel, A. Danek, R. Hilker, V. Sturm, A. Kupsch, E. Karner, and G. Deuschl. 2008. Neuropsychological and psychiatric changes after deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: A randomized, multicentre study. Lancet Neurology 7(7): 605-614.
50. Sensi, M., R. Eleopra, M.A. Cavallo, E. Sette, P. Milani, R. Quatrale, J.G. Capone, V. Tugnoli, M.R. Tola, E. Granieri, and P.G. Data. 2004. Explosive-aggressive behavior related to bilateral subthalamic stimulation. Parkinsonisim and Related Disorders 10: 247-251.
51. Herzog, J., J. Reiff, P. Krack, K. Witt, B. Schrader, D. Müller, and G. Deuschl. 2003. Manic episode with psychotic symptoms induced by subthalamic nucleus stimulation in a patient with Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders 18(11): 1382-1384.
52. Morse, S.J. 2006. Moral and legal responsibility and the new neuroscience. In Neuroethics: Defining the issues in theory, practice, and policy, ed. J. Iles, 33-50. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
53. Article 39, Criminal Code Netherlands. http://wetten.overheid.nl/ BWBR0001854/EersteBoek/TitelIII/Artikel39/geldigheidsdatum-29-03-2010. Accessed February 2010.
54. Frank, M.J., J. Samanta, A.A. Moustafa, and S.J. Sherman. 2007. Hold your horses: impulsivity, Deep Brain Stimulation, and medication in Parkinsonism. Science 318: 1309-1312.
55. McNally, R.J., S.A. Clancy, D.L. Schacter, and R.K. Pitman. 2000. Personality profiles, dissociation, and absorption in women reporting repressed, recovered, or continuous memories of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68: 1033-1037.
56. Merckelbach, H., and P. Muris. 2001. The causal link between self-reported trauma and dissociation: A critical review. Behaviour Research and Therapy 39: 245-254.
57. Pezzella, F.R., C. Colosimo, N. Vanacore, S. Di Rezze, M. Chianese, G. Fabbrini, and G. Meco. 2005. Prevalence and clinical features of hedonistic homeostatic dysregulation in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders 20(1): 77-81.
58. American Psychiatric Association. 1994. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
59. Breggin, P.R. 2003/2004. Suicidality, violence and mania caused by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): a review and analysis. International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine 16: 31-49.
60. Healy, D., A. Herxheimer, and D.B. Menkes. 2007. Antidepressants and violence: Problems at the interface of medicine and law. International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine 19: 17-33.
61. Kaufman, J.M. 2009. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) drugs: More risks than benefits? Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons 14(1): 7-12.
62. Dorevitch, A., Y. Frankel, A. Bar-Halperin, R. Aronzon, and L. Zilberman. 1993. Fluvoxamine-associated manic behavior: A case series. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 27(12): 1455-1457.
63. Okado, F., and K. Okajima. 2001. Violent acts associated with fluvoxamine treatment. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience 26: 339-340.
64. Merckelbach, H., M. Jelicic, C. de Ruijter. 2009. De B. heeft een persoonlijkheidsstoornis en doodt zijn vriendin. Maandblad Geestelijke Volksgezondheid 9: 747-759.
65. Haque, Q., and I. Cumming. 2003. Intoxication and legal defences. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 9: 144-151.
66. Court Arnhem. LJN AS9894. 2005.
67. Court Haarlem. LJN BK4178. 2009.
68. Kennett, J., and S. Matthews. 2002. Identity, control and responsibility: The case of dissociative identity disorder. Philosophical Psychology 15(4): 509-526.
69. Braude, S.E. 1996. Multiple personality and moral responsibility. Philosophy, Psychiatry and Psychology 3: 37-54.
70. Saks, E.R. 1995. The criminal responsibility of people with multiple personality disorder. The Psychiatric Quarterly 66: 119-131.
71. Thigpen, C.H., and H. Cleckley. 1954. A case of multiple personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 49: 135-51.
72. Sinnott-Armstrong, W., and S. Behnke. 2000. Noûs, Vol. 34, Supplement: Philosophical Perspectives, Action and Freedom 14: 301-323.
73. Stevens, L., and M.M. Prinsen. 2009. Afwezigheid van opzet bij de geestelijk gestoorde verdachte. Het gedragskundig oordeel vanuit juridisch perspectief. Expertise en Recht 5(6): 113-119.
74. Court Assen. LJN AE3911. 2002.
75. Bell, E., G. Mathieu, and E. Racine. 2009. Preparing the ethical future of deep brain stimulation. Surgical Neurology 72: 577-586.
76. Rabins, P., B.S. Appleby, J. Brandt, M.R. DeLong, L.B. Dunn, L. Gabriels, B.D. Greenberg, S.N. Haber, P.E. Holtzheimer, Z. Mari, H.S. Mayberg, E. McCann, S.P. Mink, S. Rasmussen, T.E. Schlaepfer, D.E. Vawter, J.L. Vitek, J. Walkup, and D.J.H. Mathews. 2009. Scientific and ethical issues related to deep brain stimulation for disorders of mood, behavior, and thought. Archives of General Psychiatry 66(9): 931-937.
77. Glannon, W. 2008. Stimulating brains, altering minds. Journal of Medical Ethics 35: 289-292.
78. Berghmans, R.L.P., and G.M.W.R. de Wert. 2004. Mental competence in the context of deep brain stimulation. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 148: 1373-1375.
79. Wet Bijzondere Opname in Psychiatrische Ziekenhuizen (Law on Special Admission to Psychiatric Hospitals). http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005700/ geldigheidsdatum-18-11-2009. Accessed February 2010.